Kapatagan Wastes Final Paper.1

SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND ITS FACTORS OF CHALLENGES IN

BRGY. KAPATAGAN,
DIGOS CITY
ALCORDO, XYRIL RUBIE C.

ALGABRE, MERVIN LOWELL C.
AMARILLO, MARCO VICTORIO C.
CABASUG, CLERR JOHN P.
ESCOBARTE, JANLEX S.
PASCUA, JULLIAN ACE B.
PIA, CYRIL ANE
WATIN, APRIL JANE N.
A RESEARCH STUDY PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF

THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, COR JESU
COLLEGE, INC., DIGOS CITY, DAVAO DEL SUR,
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
June 2022
Republic of the Philippines
Cor Jesu College, Inc.
College of Engineering and Technology
Digos City, Davao del Sur
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
We, ALCORDO, XYRIL RUBIE C., ALGABRE, MERVIN LOWELL C.,
AMARILLO, MARCO VICTORIO C., CABASUG, CLERR JOHN P.,
ESCOBARTE, JANLEX S., PASCUA, JULLIAN ACE B., PIA, CYRIL ANE,
WATIN, APRIL JANE N., declare under pain of sanctions of Intellectual
Property Rights (IPR) Law, that this project study is original to the best of our
knowledge we declare furth er that this activity is done by us.
ALCORDO, XYRIL RUBIE C. ALGABRE, MERVIN LOWELL C.

Researcher Researcher
AMARILLO, MARCO VICTORIO CABASUG, CLERR JOHN P.

ESCOBARTE, JANLEX S. PASCUA, JULLIAN ACE B.

PIA, CYRIL ANE WATIN, APRIL JANE N.

___________________
Date
i
ABSTRACT
ALCORDO, XYRIL RUBIE C., ALGABRE, MERVIN LOWELL C., AMARILLO,

MARCO VICTORIO C., CABASUG, CLERR JOHN P., ESCOBARTE,
JANLEX S., PASCUA, JULLIAN ACE B., PIA, CYRIL ANE, WATIN, APRIL
JANE N., June 2022. Sustainable Solid Waste Management and Its Factors
of Challenges in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City. A Research Study. College
of Engineering and Technology, Cor Jesu College, Inc., Digos City, Davao del
Sur. 108 pp.
Instructor/Adviser: ENGR. JAMES RAVEN S. SARSONA
This study is entitled “Sustainable Solid Waste Management and its
Factors of Challenges in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City”, which aims to identify
the factors of the challenges in sustaining solid waste management and to know
the present practices of how the residents of Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City
in solid waste management. In this study, the researchers used a qualitative
research method specifically a case study design, and utilized non-probability
or non-random sampling specifically convenience sampling to choose
respondents and gather information. The questionnaires are given to the
respondents of this study which are household residents, barangay officials,
private sectors in Kapatagan, Digos City, and also CENRO Digos and Garbage
truck driver/collector. The results of the study show that there are four major
factors of the challenges in sustaining solid waste management such as;
Disposal, Collection System, Transportation, and Management of Solid Waste
which affect the solid waste management in Kapatagan, Digos City. The
researchers concluded that these factors need to be addressed to achieve
sustainable solid waste management.
ii
TRANSMITTAL SHEET
This research study entitled SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT AND ITS FACTORS OF CHALLENGES IN BRGY.
KAPATAGAN, DIGOS CITY prepared and submitted by ALCORDO, XYRIL
RUBIE C., ALGABRE, MERVIN LOWELL C., AMARILLO, MARCO
VICTORIO C., CABASUG, CLERR JOHN P., ESCOBARTE, JANLEX S.,
PASCUA, JULLIAN ACE B., PIA, CYRIL ANE., and WATIN, APRIL JANE N.
in partial fulfillment of the requirements in CE 326 Methods of Research for the
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENECE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, is hereby
accepted and endorsed:
ENGR. JAMES RAVEN S. SARSONA

Instructor/Adviser, Methods of Research
______________
Date
ENGR. AMIE LOU G. CISNEROS, MSCE, EnP

Program Head, Civil Engineering
______________
Date
iii
APPROVAL SHEET
This research study entitled SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT AND ITS FACTORS OF CHALLENGES IN BRGY.
KAPATAGAN, DIGOS CITY prepared and submitted by ALCORDO, XYRIL
RUBIE C., ALGABRE, MERVIN LOWELL C., AMARILLO, MARCO
VICTORIO C., CABASUG, CLERR JOHN P., ESCOBARTE, JANLEX S.,
PASCUA, JULLIAN ACE B., PIA, CYRIL ANE, WATIN, APRIL JANE N., in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of degree of BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, has passed the subject course
requirements in CE 326 Methods of Research and has been successfully
defended before this panel of examiners:
ENGR. HANNY CRESELLE GRAVINO ENGR. BEJAMIN HERMOSISIMA JR.

Member, Examining Committee Member, Examining Committee
______________ ______________
Date Date
ENGR. KRISTINE MAY MATURAN ENGR. DENVER O. REGIDOR, LSP

csp..wa
Member,mo nminaw Committee
Examining
Member, Examining Committee
ky raven
______________ ______________
Date Date
RAPHSON C. ELESTERIO, LPT, MPA

Member, Examining Committee
wa ba apil c sir peter
nnu ani?
______________
Date
ENGR. AMIE LOU G. CISNEROS, MSCE, EnP

Chair, Examining Committee
_____________
Date
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements in CE 326 Methods of

Research for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING:
ENGR. JONAS M. PLACER, M.Eng.

Dean, College of Engineering and Technology
____________
Date
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are really grateful because we managed to complete our Research
Paper within the given time by our lecturer Engr. James Raven Sarsona.
This study could not be completed without the effort and cooperation of
group members.
First, we want to thank Engr. James Raven Sarsona, an ideal teacher,
mentor, providing valuable guidance and feedback, and challenging us to grow
as a student.
And to our family as a whole for their continuous support and
understanding when undertaking our research and for their prayer for us was
what sustained us this far.
Finally, we would like to thank God, for letting us through all the
difficulties. We have experienced your guidance day by day. You are the one
who let us finish our Research Paper. We will keep on trusting you for our future.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE
Declaration of Originality i
Abstract ii
Title Page iii
Transmittal Sheet iv
Approval Sheet v
Acknowledgment vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
List of Appendices xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 2
Objectives of the Study 2
Significance of the Study 3
Scope and Delimitations of the Study 4
Operational Definition of Terms 4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND 6

LITERATRUE
Sustainable Solid Waste Management 6

Importance and Benefits of Sustainable Solid Waste
Management 9
Effects of Improper Waste Disposal 10
Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. 15
Factors contribute to Challenges in achieving Sustainable
Solid Waste Management. 17
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 18
Research Assumptions 22
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 23
Research Design 23
Locale of the Study 23
Respondents of the Study 25
Sampling Method 25
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Research Instrument 26
Data Gathering Procedure 26
Method of Data Analysis 26
CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA 29
Residential Respondents 29
Barangay Officials as Respondents 36
Local Government Unit as Respondents 45
Garbage Collector as Respondents 47
Private Sector/Resorts as Respondents 49
Kapatagan Clinic as Respondents 52
Motorcyle Shops as Respondents 53
CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS 55
Summary 55
Summary of Findings 56
Conclusions 57
Recommendations 57
REFERENCES 63
APPENDICES 68
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
1 Age and Gender of the Residential 30

Respondents
2 Number of Residential Respondent’s 30

Household Member
3 Respondents’ Residential Places in 31

Kapatagan, Digos City
4 Residential Respondents’ Responses 35

during Survey/Interview
5 Position, Committee, Age and Gender 45

of the Barangay Officials as
Respondents
6 51
Private Sectors/Resorts Respondents’
Responses during Survey/Interview
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
1 Research Paradigm 19
2 Topographic View 24
3 Location and Coordinates 24
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Title Page
A Letters 69
B Questionnaires 73
C Curriculum Vitae 82
D Documentation 90
x
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The protection of the environment and the population's health are the
most significant reasons for waste collection. Garbage that is allowed to rot
emits hazardous fumes that mix with the air and can cause breathing difficulties
in individuals. Environmental protection and welfare need of a huge population
are also important concerning effective waste management. Solid waste affects
the natural environment to a great extent and poses a serious threat as these
materials remain in one particular place or for a relatively long period unless
removed, burned, or washed away (Anand, 2010).
While Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City strive for development, their
solid wastes will pose a threat to the environment if the management of their
solid waste cannot be sustained. As the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) of
Barangay Kapatagan has been demolished due to its location that was situated
in a private lot/property. However, the residents of the said barangay are
currently relying on the garbage truck collector that the LGU Digos provide. The
garbage truck will transfer garbage from Barangay Kapatagan to Lungag, Digos
City's landfill, which is estimated 55 kilometers and 1 hour of travel. Challenges
must be identified for this community to achieve effective and long-term solid
waste management.
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Statement of the Problem
The factors of challenges for sustaining the solid waste management in
Baranqay Kapatagan, Digos City specifically areas like Mainit, Bacoco,
Marawer, and Poblacion Kapatagan are:
• Lack of solid waste facilities as their Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
was demolished.
• Insufficient vehicles for garbage collection; there is only one dump truck
assigned to colle ct all the waste in Kapatagan, Digos City, which is not
enough for the waste produced by the residents and private sectors.
• Difficult and far terrain for transporting garbage from Barangay
Kapatagan to Lungag, Digos City’s landfill.
• Lack of strong policies and regulations for solid waste management.
• There are areas in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City that the garbage
truck collector cannot reach.
Objectives of the Study
For a developing barangay like Kapatagan, Digos City Davao del Sur the
objectives of waste management are:
1. Determine and identify the factors that challenge sustaining solid waste
management. Specifically:
a.) Disposal
b.) Collection System

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c.) Transportation
d.) Management
Significance of the Study
The results of the study will be beneficial to the following:
CENRO - it will serve as the urgency for Community Environment and
Natural resources Office officials to take action on the results of this study.
Through this study, they will be able to provide a solution to help the community
of Brgy. Kapatagan to have an alternative for sanitary landfills.
Barangay Officials - the result of this study will help the barangay
officials to evaluate the policies and regulations they have regarding solid waste
management and it will help them improve and sustain the solid waste
management in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City.
Private Sectors - this study will help private sectors identify their lapses
in the solid waste they generate.
Stakeholders - the result of this study will be beneficial to the
stakeholders or the residents in Kapatagan, Digos City, to lessen the amount
of waste that can be seen in the streets of the barangay. As well as people will
have more discipline when it comes to the segregation of their waste.
Researchers - this study will provide for a further and profound
understanding of future researchers and can be a source of information and
reference for future research endeavors as well.

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Scope and Delimitations of the Study
This study focuses on solid waste management in Barangay Kapatagan,
Digos City, Davao del Sur. Places like Mainit, Bacoco, Marawer, and Poblacion
Kapatagan are having problems regarding sustaining solid waste management
effectively. The study will focus on factors contributing to the challenges in
sustainable solid waste management such as; disposal, transportation,
collection, and management of solid waste.
Definition of Terms
In relation to this study, these are the technical terms and their
definitions:
Collection system is the process of collecting the waste for transportation from
the residents of the barangay to the disposal site.
Lack facilities an insufficient number of important things, like a shortage of
garbage facilities, abolished Materials Recovery Facility (MRF), and no
regular waste collection.
Landfill sites are designed to store garbage or the place where the garbage
should be, which is not possible in the barangay since the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) did not allow it.
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) is a materials recycling facility that
facilitates the waste disposal of the barangay, the recyclable materials
can be sold to some manufacturers as new products. Aside from having

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a facility that facilitates your trash, you can also help the environment by
surrendering your garbage in the facility.
Public awareness refers to the public’s understanding of the importance of
such topics, such as segregating their waste, creating a cleanup dry
program in every Purok monthly, and being a disciplined resident. Such
measures can help to improve the community of Barangay Kapatagan
to be aware of their increasing waste and can help the betterment of the
barangay.
Solid waste garbage or trash consists of the everyday items we use and then
throw away, such as cellophane, waste food, plastics, old things that are
no longer needed like empty bottles of lotion, etc.
Sustainable to maintain the good practice of the collection of their waste,
segregation of the trash, and the discipline of the community.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE
This chapter presents the literature background, theoretical framework,
conceptual framework, and definition of terms. Previous studies are viewed to
establish the gap in this study. In exploring the literature sources, the context is
organized around themes based on the study objectives for further analysis.
Sustainable Solid Waste Management
Every household, including business owners all around the world, must
embrace solid waste management. The issue of solid waste management is
one of the most pressing concerns for local governments in both small and
major cities, owing to the increasing generation of such trash and the financial
strain it places on municipal budgets. Solid waste management is related to a
lack of understanding of several aspects that affect the overall handling system,
in addition to the high expenses. (Mansour, m. Et al. 2018). According to
Kukreja, (2020), waste begins even before products are manufactured in our
current linear economy, and a more in-depth approach to sustainable waste
management must focus on the entire life cycle of a product to enable us to
help reduce the negative environmental, social, and financial impacts of 21st-
century consumption, so sustainable waste management is the key to reducing
waste and pollution problems because it helps to keep materials in use for as
long as possible.
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Solid waste offers issues of both quantity and environmental impact,
particularly with the entry of elements dangerous to ecosystems, which is why
we need to understand the factors that influence the challenges in sustaining
solid waste management. Basic ideas and current improvements for handling
solid waste in an environmentally sustainable manner are described in
sustainable solid waste management (Wong, J. Et al. 2017). According to
Andrada, L. et al. (2019), the researchers found three practices used by the
Municipality of Sulop to sustain proper Waste Management. The following are,
Waste Segregation, Collection, and Redirection, which these certain practices
allow them to observe and maintain proper solid waste management. These
practices are introduced by the Municipal and Barangay Officials and were later
on adopted by the residents.
Waste Segregation
It is the process by which waste is separated into different elements. The
Municipality of Sulop is very strict in collecting the waste. The Municipality of
Sulop has this “No Segregation, No Collection” policy that makes the residents
more disciplined in segregating waste. The residents are obliged to separate
the biodegradable waste from non – biodegradable waste. Residual waste such
as candy wrappers and plastic cups are separated from the Material Recovery
Facility (MRF). Residents also separate diapers from cellophane and they will
be collected by the dump truck and bring it to the landfill.

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Collection
It is the transfer of solid waste from the point of use and disposal to the
point of treatment or landfill. In the municipality of Sulop, the wastes are
collected in the MRF of the municipality if it is already full. The residents are the
ones who deliver the waste and if the wastes are mixed, they will not be
collected. The residents will write their names in the MRF Logbook after the
delivery waste. The Municipality of Sulop provides “multicab or bukakang”
which is used to collect waste from the house to house every day. They strictly
weigh the waste before collecting it.
Redirection
The action of assigning or directing something to a new or different place
or purpose. The Municipality of Sulop is doing its best to redirect the waste that
they collect. One of their ways of redirecting waste is bringing the biodegradable
waste to the recyclers and vermiculture the biodegradable waste. The
Municipality of Sulop has this Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) wherein the
residents bring waste there twice a month. The cellophane and plastics are
delivered to Davao City and donated there just to dispose of them. Residual
waste such as candy wrappers and plastic cups are separated from MRF and
delivered to Sasa, Davao City because it will be ground, mixed, and used in
making plastic chairs. They also grind the collected diapers and buy these
wastes into a pit and they also do a process to make use of it. Biodegradable
wastes are also used as fertilizer.

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Importance and Benefits of Sustainable Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management is critical for supporting economic
development, human health, and a higher quality of life by reducing and
eliminating the negative environmental effects of waste products. In terms of
economics, waste management entails collecting, sorting, treating, and
recycling garbage, as well as providing a source of energy and resources when
appropriately managed. It has enormous economic potential that both public
and private entities must tap into. In terms of the social element, improved
waste management improves the quality of life for residents by increasing
hygiene and lowering health hazards associated with unlawful dumping and
inadequate rubbish collection. By enhancing air and water quality and
contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, sustainable waste
management helps to decrease the impact on the environment. Furthermore,
limiting food waste reduces the high environmental cost of creating additional
food (Leblanc, R. 2020). Sustainable waste management systems, according
to SENSA Networks (2018), help minimize pollution, produce energy, and
conserve natural resources. Solid waste management is critical not only for
environmental reasons but also for the health and growth of a community. Not
only is it vital to establish a flourishing natural ecosystem that benefits human
and animal health, but it is also critical to free up precious land from landfills,
enhance energy production, create jobs, and lower transportation and logistics
costs.
Waste management also includes 3R’s which are; reducing, reusing,
and recycling your waste, it is important for the environment and can also be
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profitable. It decreases the amount of waste in disposal, saves space in
landfills, and conserves natural resources (Faniran&Caban, 2014), using the
3R’s is indeed helpful not only in maintaining cleanliness but also in reducing
the number of waste materials and sustaining solid waste management to
improve the environment and improving the way of life. According to the Solar
Impulse Foundation (2016), reducing food waste not only helps to reduce the
high environmental cost of producing more but also helps to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions. The main benefit of sustainable waste management is to reduce
the impact on the environment by improving air and water quality and
contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Effects of Improper Waste Disposal
When food, plastic, paper, and other items are discarded, they must be
disposed of in some manner. Although waste is indeed anticipated to be
disposed of in landfills or recycling facilities, only a small fraction of waste is
disposed of in these locations. The majority of the wastes are spreading as well,
whether by wind, water, or humans. Some of these wastes are non –
biodegradable; they may break down into minute fragments with chemical
components and spread across the environment, but they do not disintegrate.
These techniques of distribution are harming the health of animals, people, and
the planet's biosphere (Bertoli, 2015). When waste is inadequately processed,
stored, transported, disposed of, or managed, it can constitute a risk to the
environment (Misra & Pandey, 2013). Pollution of the soil, air, and water can all
occur as a result of inappropriate waste disposal when any of them becomes

11
polluted with hazardous compounds. This not only contributes to the
development of greenhouse gas impacts but also has a considerable negative
impact on marine and wildlife life (Torres, J. 2017).
Environment
Identifying every polluted air in daily life, particularly through foul odors,
which are frequently created by decomposing and liquid waste materials (Labs,
E. 2016). To reduce the amount of waste, some people are incinerating it, but
this is not a good idea. Incineration of solid waste produces a variety of volatile
and gaseous pollutants that, if discharged into the atmosphere, can harm the
environment. Contaminants from the incineration site can be carried by fly ash
and dust, causing harm to delicate ecosystems. Environmental pollution has
been a threat to humanity since the dawn of time, and it continues to expand
as a result of unsustainable growth in emerging countries. Deteriorating soil
quality and an increase in abundance are serious repercussions of open waste
disposal, which has sparked public outrage. Due to a lack of skilled labor and
a limited budget for garbage removal, open dumpsites are frequent in poor
countries. It is also a significant threat to the soil (Alia & Yasmin, 2014).
In Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City, there is one situation where some
residents throw the garbage near the water source in Mainit, due to heavy rain
the garbage reached the water source which resulted in the contamination of
the water (Broa, N. 2022). Waste that gets up in water bodies alters the
chemical composition of the water negatively. This is technically referred to as

12
water contamination. This will have an impact on all aquatic habitats and affect
the quality of water. As a result, governments, scientists, non-governmental
groups, and members of the public all around the world are concerned about
plastic pollution and its massive effect on the environment (Seltenrich, 2015).
According to Lebreton (2018), 1.15 to 2.41 million tons of plastic enter the
world’s ocean each year through rivers. Because more than half of this plastic
is less dense than water, it will float once it reaches the sea. The negative
consequences of poor waste management are not only distasteful to look at,
but they also have an impact on a country's overall economy. Improper trash
disposal causes air and environmental pollution, which hurts the community
(Metropolitan Transfer Station, 2018). Pollution from waste enters rivers and
seeps into groundwater. Garbage obstructing drains causes flooding, and toxic
waste discharged into the atmosphere can harm the environment (Simmons,
2016).
Health
Waste is anything discarded by an individual, household, or,
organization. As a result, waste is a complex mixture of different substances
which is hazardous to health (Rushton, 2018). Poor waste disposal practices
lead to the accumulation of harmful substances that damage the environment
and affect health (Obinna, 2015). Uncontrolled hazardous wastes create
potential risks to human health. It can cause low birth weight, neurological
disease, cancer, nausea, and vomiting (Alam, 2013). According to Broa, N.
(2022), the irresponsible action of some residents in Kapatagan, Digos City,

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resulted in contamination of water in the water source in Mainit, and it causes
diarrhea and stomach pain to the residents who have consume the water.
Improper waste disposal can have adverse health effects on humans as over
the years it has been responsible for causing several diseases and in some
cases even death (Fenton, 2018). Overflowing waste cans provide the perfect
breeding habitat for bacteria, insects, and rodents. The same flies that visit the
rubbish can also fly around your lunch buffet and drop their offspring on your
plate. It raises your chances of catching salmonella, bacteria that causes
typhoid fever, food poisoning, diarrhea, enteric fever, gastroenteritis, and other
serious infections (Labs, E. 2016). It has been established that as the world
population grows, so does the demand for food and other necessities,
increasing the amount of trash generated every day in each household. Waste
that is not properly managed especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste
from households and the community is a serious health hazard and leads to the
spread of infectious diseases (Ahmade, 2013).
There are common diseases from waste that can cause harm to our
bodies. Overflowing waste bins are an ideal breeding ground for bacteria,
insects, and vermin. According to Labs, E. (2016) stated that the flies that visit
the garbage are also the same flies that roam around your food and drop their
offspring on the plate. Doing so increases the risk of you contracting salmonella,
which can cause typhoid fever, food poisoning, fever, gastroenteritis, and other
major illness. Jacobs (2013) stated that flies are not the neatest of insects. It
visits such places as a dump, sewers, and garbage heaps. It is feed on fecal
matter, discharges from wounds and sores, sputum, and all sorts of moist
decaying matter. Flies commonly visit waste bins and when it’s transferred to
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other places, it is transmitting bacteria from waste. Dengue fever is a disease
caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes. Garbage or waste are the
common reasons why humans get dengue fever, because mosquitoes and
other insects, sit in the places where there are piles of garbage and ultimately
spread various diseases in the area, according to Drumheller (2016). Dengue
is a major health problem in the Philippines and is endemic in all regions of the
country according to Shepard (2016). According to Radhakrishnan (2017),
mosquitoes can easily breed in open garbage sites, especially in plastic
containers. Saha (2009) stated that retention of water permits waste to form a
congenial biotope for the breeding of different mosquitoes that can cause
dengue outbreaks in the community. Improper waste management can help
mosquitoes breed and multiply. Open plastics that are dumped in the garbage
bins are a common breeding place for mosquitoes.
According to Manlabe, J. et al. (2022), some garbage is not collected by
the garbage collector, so the residents wait for another collection schedule,
which resulted in an overflowing of garbage. According to Boehlke, S. (2017),
overflowing garbage can cause air pollution which can lead to various
respiratory diseases and other adverse health effects as contaminants are
absorbed from the flu into other parts of the body. Every day it can be exposed
to bad odors which are usually caused by decomposing and liquid waste items
that spread through the air. Garbage pollution arises when the waste collected
in dumping sites keeps rotting, speeding up the odor and causing air pollution
in the surrounding area. Physicians for Social Responsibility (2013), stated that
exposure to air pollution caused by waste can trigger new cases of asthma and
provoke chronic illnesses including lung cancer and chronic obstructive

15
disease. Air pollutants also negatively and significantly harm lung development,
creating an additional risk for developing lung diseases later in life.
Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000
Rule XIV - Operations of Sanitary Landfills: Section 1. Minimum
Considerations for Siting and Designing Sanitary Landfills.
The following guidelines, standards, and criteria shall be applied in siting and
designing sanitary landfills:
a) The location of the facility shall be consistent with the overall land-use
plan of the LGU. b) The site shall be accessible from major roadways and
thoroughfares, provided that if it is not accessible, the project design shall
include means of access. c) The site shall have an adequate quantity of earth
cover material that is easily handled and compacted; as an alternative, an
offsite guaranteed source of cover material shall be identified. d) If the site is
located within two (2) kilometers of an airport runway, it shall not pose a bird
hazard to aircraft. The Owner/Operator shall institute a bird control program to
prevent hazards to aircraft if the bird population becomes significant due to the
operation of the landfill. The site shall comply with other requirements for the
safety of flying aircraft in terms of the height of structures, such as provisions
for obstruction lights if required. e) Locations of public water supply intakes
located within one (1) kilometer from the facility, including active public drinking
water supply wells, shall be shown on a facility map. f) The facility shall not be
constructed within 75 meters from a Holocene fault or known recent active fault.
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g) If significant archaeological and cultural resources are present at the site,
such resources shall be protected and preserved. h) If the site is a habitat of
listed endangered species, mitigation measures for the protection of the
species as required by applicable laws shall be included in the project proposal.
i) The site shall be chosen for the sensitivities of the community`s residents.
The Sangguniang Bayan/Lungsod of the host LGU shall adopt a resolution
confirming compliance with the pertinent siting, design criteria, and standards.
The resolution shall be deemed as having fully satisfied the public sensitivity
requirement of this section.
According to Kagawad Adlawan, R. (2022), the barangay officials in
Kapatagan have been sending letters regarding the plan of making a sanitary
landfill in the Kapatagan area but the DENR did not give permission/permit to
make a sanitary landfill because Kapatagan, Digos City is considered as a
national/natural park and it is agricultural land. There are some endangered
fauna and flora that are still found in Kapatagan, Digos City that’s why they
should be preserved and protected. Creating a sanitary landfill in Kapatagan
Area will help in sustaining solid waste but it will cause harm to the environment,
animals, and the residents in Kapatagan, Digos City. Considering the
guidelines, standards, and criteria applied in siting and designing sanitary
landfills stated in the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, Rule
XIV - Operations of Sanitary Landfills: Section 1. Minimum Considerations for
Siting and Designing Sanitary Landfills, the DENR/CENRO decision is ethical
for not giving permits to the barangay officials regarding making sanitary
landfills.
17
Factors contribute to Challenges in achieving Sustainable Solid Waste
Management
According to Leblanc, R. (2020) there are six Functional Elements of the
Waste Management System, which are Waste generation, Onsite handling/
storage, and processing, Waste collection, Waste transfer, and transport,
Waste processing and recovery, and last but not least are Disposal.
There are six functional components of the waste management system,
as outlined below:
• Waste generation: This encompasses any activities involved in
identifying materials that are no longer usable and are either gathered
for systematic disposal or thrown away.
• Onsite handling, storage, and processing: This relates to activities at
the point of waste generation, which facilitate easier collection. For
example, waste bins are placed at sites that generate sufficient waste.
• Waste collection: A crucial phase of waste management, this includes
activities such as placing waste collection bins, collecting waste from
those bins, and accumulating trash in the location where the collection
vehicles are emptied. Although the collection phase involves
transportation, this is typically not the main stage of waste
transportation.
18
• Waste transfer and transport: These are the activities involved in
moving the waste from the local waste collection locations to the regional
waste disposal site in large waste transport vehicles.
• Waste processing and recovery: This refers to the facilities,
equipment, and techniques employed to recover reusable or recyclable
materials from the waste stream and to improve the effectiveness of
other functional elements of waste management.
• Disposal: The final stage of waste management. It involves the
activities aimed at the systematic disposal of waste materials in locations
such as landfills or waste-to-energy facilities.
Theoretical Framework
This research is anchored on the "theory of internal and external
influential factors on waste disposal behavior and management", according to
Lui, S. (2019), low collection frequency, cleaning services, and limited facilities,
such as small dumpsters, are all possible external causes, while low
awareness, limited understanding, and low accountability for personal waste
are all possible internal variables that play a role in this issue. This theory is
related to our study because it tackles the factors contributing to the challenges
in sustainable waste management. Knowing the factors is crucial in
constructing a sustainable agenda regarding waste management.

19
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study showing the
association between the dependent and independent variables. The
independent variables are the factors of challenges. The factors of challenges
refer to the different problems that can contribute to sustainable solid waste
management.
Figure 1.
Research Paradigm
20
Conceptual Definition
Factors contribute to the challenges of sustainable solid waste
management and it is the independent variable that researchers control during
an experiment to determine their effect on the dependent variable.
These are the 4 major factors identified by researchers during the
interview of the residents and barangay officials in Barangay Kapagatan, Digos
City, regarding sustainable solid waste management such as transportation,
disposal, collection system, and management
Disposal is the final stage of waste management. It involves the
activities aimed at the systematic disposal of waste materials in locations such
as landfills or waste-to-energy facilities.
Disposal has sub-factors such as sanitary landfill, lack of facility (MRF)
and some of the residents don’t have compost pits. Due to these factors, the
garbage or waste is not properly disposed of, some garbage is thrown at the
cliff, especially the biodegradable. Some farmers just buried the empty plastic
bottles of chemicals used on farms.
Collection System this is a crucial phase of waste management, this
includes activities such as placing waste collection bins, collecting waste from
those bins, and accumulating trash in the location where the collection vehicles
are emptied.
The Collection System has sub-factors such as collection routes, and
collection services, but the schedule is not enough. One of the biggest concerns
of the residents is the collection routes and collection services, where the waste
of some Sitio is not collected because the Garbage truck is already filled with
21
garbage from the Poblacion Kapatagan and some places are not reached due
to the high elevation. The schedule which is Tuesday and Friday is not enough
according to the residents because they produce garbage every day.
Transportation these are the activities involved in moving the waste
from the local waste collection locations to the regional waste disposal site in
large waste transport vehicles.
Transportation has sub-factors such as lack of transportation, routes/
distance, and the capacity of the garbage truck. According to the residents, the
capacity of a garbage truck or one garbage truck is not enough for all the
resident’s garbage. The distance/routes from Kapatagan to the landfill is far so
the garbage collector only collects once in every schedule.
Management is a process of planning, decision making, organizing, and
controlling the human resources, financial, physical, and information resources
of an organization to reach its goals efficiently and effectively.
Management has sub-factors such as poor waste management, lack of
policies and regulations, and poor monitoring. These are the main problem the
researcher observes when some barangay officials were interviewed. In
Barangay Kapagatan, Digos City, the management regarding waste
management is poor, barangay officials have no strong policies and regulations
regarding waste management therefore no punishment for those who will
violate the regulations and policies. No person is assigned to monitor or check
the cleanliness of their barangay regularly.
Sustainable Solid Waste Management describes basic principles and
recent advances for handling solid waste in an environmentally sustainable
way. It is the dependent variable.

22
The factors are the cause of the problems why it is not easy for the
residents and barangay officials’ in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City to
sustainable solid waste management. Therefore, identifying the factors and
their sub-factors will help in finding solutions to sustainable solid waste
management in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City.

23
Research Assumptions
If the factors contributing to the challenges and the solution to these
factors are identified, then it is possible for Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City to
sustain solid waste management in their community.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents and discusses the methods used in conducting
the study which the researchers have undergone. The first part explains the
research design of the study followed by the locale, then the description of the
respondents. Next is the explanation of the procedures for sampling and a
description of the measures used. It is then followed by the explanation of the
data gathering procedure and lastly with the explanation of the statistical tools
for data analysis.
Research Design
The study used a case study design. It is a research strategy and an
empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon in its real-life context. It is a
descriptive and exploratory analysis of a person, group, or event. The
researchers chose this design because the study is focused on identifying the
factors contributing to the challenges in sustaining solid waste management in
Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City.
Locale of the study
In the study Sustainable Solid Waste Management and its Factors of
Challenges, the researchers conducted the entire study at Barangay
Kapatagan, Digos City, Davao Del Sur, Philippines. The place was chosen
25
since one of the problems is sustainable solid waste management. The figures
below show the topographic map and coordinates of Barangay Kapatagan,
Digos City.
e lain ang tnan

figure..ibutang ug isa
ka page pra mbasa
ang mga txt ani ug
ang sa mga mu
sunod pa.
Figure 2.
Location and Coordinates
Figure 2 shows the exact location and coordinates of Barangay
Kapatagan, Digos City. It also shows garbage truck routes in collecting and
transporting the garbage.
Figure 3.
Topographic View
26
Figure 3 shows the topographic view or a detailed record of a land area,
giving geographic positions and elevations for both natural and man-made
features in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City.
Respondents of the Study
This study will be conducted in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City. The
respondents are a minimum of 100 households, 3 barangay officials, minimum
5 private sectors (resort representatives, and vulcanizing shop), clinic/hospital
(nurse) in Kapatagan, Digos City, and also LGU/Tourism (CENRO official and
Garbage Truck Driver/collector) in Digos City. The respondents are chosen
randomly based on the criteria that the respondents are certified residents of
Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City, knowledgeable enough about the resort
history and management, familiar with the clinic waste management, and
certified LGU/Tourism personnel in Digos City.
Sampling Method
Researchers use convenience sampling as a sampling method to focus
on gaining information from participants that are ‘convenient’ for the researcher
to access. Convenience sampling is a type of non-probability or non-random
sampling in which members of the target population meet certain practical
requirements, such as easy accessibility, geographic closeness, availability at
a specific time, or desire to engage in the study.

27
Research Instrument
Questionnaires were used to collect data for the study, and the
researcher use them to obtain primary data. The selection of this instrument is
guided by the research questions and objectives of this study. The researchers
prepared a separate questionnaire for the residents, barangay officials, private
sectors, clinic/hospital, and CENRO personnel, because there are questions
that are not applicable in the barangays and community setting that apply to the
municipality setting. The questionnaire was utilized in collecting the data for this
research. The researchers used voice recorders to record the actual statement
that the participants answered. The researchers should also give an informed
consent form to the participants.
Data Gathering Procedure
There are a variety of methods of data collection in qualitative research,
including observations, textual or visual analysis, and survey. However, the
researchers decided to conduct face-to-face interviews with all the
respondents.
Method of Data Analysis
This study is qualitative research, therefore the researchers used non-
statistical treatment, which uses in-depth interviews to gain a deeper

28
understanding of people’s motives, experiences, and practices of an individual
or population.
Analysis Procedure
This part of the chapter will list and describe the procedures done in
analyzing the data gathered which include:
Horizontalization – The researchers make sure to highlight all the
important phrases, sentences, quotes, or statement that is relevant to their
study.
Clustering of Meaning – The researchers, later on, would use a
thematic analysis. This is a technique where the researchers would group the
significant phrases, quotes, or statements into themes.
Textual Description/Structural Description – In the textual
description, the researchers would then write the major factors that were
identified in the interview regarding Sustainable Solid Waste Management in
Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City.
Personal Experience – The researchers would also include some of
their insights and experiences towards sustainable solid waste management.
Trustworthiness
Credibility. This refers to internal validity and ensures the correctness
of data. To be sure to make this happen, the researchers will random sampling
and iterative questioning methods.

29
Iterative Questioning
The researchers will rephrase previous questions to ensure the
credibility of the answers of the participants.
Transferability. This refers to external validity. The gathered data of
the researchers does not apply to everyone. It’s only applicable to the group
under study. The researchers will ensure a more detailed context of the study.
Dependability. This refers to the reliability of the study. The
researchers explained the methodology clearly to have a great amount of
dependability. Also, in the data gathering, the researcher’s actual event of the
interview is well-explained.
Confirmability. This refers to the objectivity of the study. The
researchers ensure to include every detail that has happened with regards to
the way the participant answered the questions in the interview to prevent bias.
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter contains the result and discussions of different themes
constructed based on the responses of each participant. It also includes
the presentation of findings, analysis, interpretation of data, and supporting
details of the participant’s responses.
Residential Respondents
Table 1 shows the number of respondents belonging to the different
ranges of age and gender out of 105 residential respondents in Barangay
Kapatagan, Digos City. It shows that there are 14 males and 18 females’ a total
of 32 that belong to the age range 18 – 29 years old, which is ranked 1 and
30.48 % of the residential overall respondents. There are 10 males and 14
females’ a total of 24 that belong to the age range 30 – 39 years old, which is
ranked 2 and 22.86 % of the overall residential respondents. There are 7 males
and 10 females’ a total of 17 that belong to the age range 40 – 49 years old,
which is ranked 3 and 16.19 % of the overall residential respondents. There are
6 males and 9 females’ a total of 15 that belong to the age range 50 – 59 years
old, which is ranked 4 and 14.28 % of the overall residential respondents. There
are 4 males and 10 females’ a total of 14 that belong to the age range 60 – 69
years old, which is ranked 5 and 13.33 % of the overall residential respondents,
and lastly there are 1 male and 2 females’ a total of 3 that belong to the age
31
range 70 – 79 years old, which is ranked 6 and 2.86 % of the overall residential
respondents.
Table 1
Age and Gender of the Residential Respondents
Gender
Age F Frequency Percentage (%) Rank
M
18-29 14 18 32 30.48 % 1
30-39 10 14 24 22.86 % 2
40-49 7 10 17 16.19 % 3
50-59 6 9 15 14.28 % 4
60-69 4 10 14 13.33 % 4
70-79 1 2 3 2.86 % 6
TOTAL 42 63 105 100 %
Table 2 shows the number of residential respondent’s household
members in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City. It shows that 19 respondents
have 2 – 3 household members, which is ranked 1 and 18.10 % out of overall
residential respondents. 40 respondents have 4 – 5 household members, which
is ranked 3 and 38.09 % out of overall residential respondents. 28 respondents
have 6 – 7 household members, which is ranked 2 and 26.67 % out of overall
residential respondents and lastly, 18 respondents have 8 – above household
members, which is ranked 4 and 17.14 % out of overall residential respondents.
Table 2.
Number of Residential Respondent’s Household Member
No. of members No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Rank
2-3 19 18.10 % 3
32
4-5 40 38.09% 1
6-7 28 26.67% 2
8 above 18 17.14 % 4
TOTAL 105 100 %
The main reason for the researchers to conduct the study in this
respective Sitio is, that it is the main route for garbage truck drivers/collectors
in collecting the solid waste. Table 3 shows that 33 respondents are residents
of Poblacion, Kapatagan, Digos City, which is ranked 1 and 31.43 % of overall
residential respondents. 27 respondents are residents of Marawer, Kapatagan,
Digos City, which is ranked 2 and 25.71 % of overall residential respondents.
19 respondents are residents of Bacoco, Kapatagan, Digos City, which is
ranked 4 and 18.10 % of overall residential respondents, and lastly, 26
respondents are residents of Mainit, Kapatagan, Digos City, which is ranked 3
and 24.76 % of overall residential respondents.
Table 3.
Respondents’ Residential Places in Kapatagan, Digos City
Sitio No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Rank

Poblacion 33 31.43 % 1
Marawer 27 25.71 % 2
Bacoco 19 18.10 % 4
Mainit 26 24.76 % 3
TOTAL 105 100 %
Table 4 shows the responses of the respondents to every question of
the researcher’s interviews conducted at 4 different Sitio in Barangay
Kapatagan. Digos City.

33
Q1: 17 or 16.19 % out of overall residential respondents answered “yes”
which means they agree that there is an MRF in the barangay and they put the
garbage there. One of the respondents said “It used to be in the market but it
was demolished last year because it is a private property”, while the remaining
88 or 83.61 % out of overall residential respondents answered “no” which
means they are not aware that there is an MRF in the barangay and some
respondents don’t know what is MRF.
which means they created compost pit, one of the respondents said “It's in the
back of our house, we just put it in the litter”, while the remaining 31 or 29.52%
out of overall residential respondents answered “no” which means they don’t
have compost pit, one respondent said “No, because there is a collector, we
just put the sack in the truck and throw it away”.
Q3: 86 or 81.90 % out of overall residential respondents answered 1 – 2
a week which means they throw their waste once or twice a week, while the
remaining 19 or 18.10 % out of overall residential respondents answered 1 – 2
a month which means they only produce minor waste that’s why they only throw
their waste once or twice a month.
Q4: 92 or 87. 76 % out of overall residential respondents answered “yes”
which means they practice proper segregation, according to one of the
respondents “Even if the garbage collector won't accept my garbage, we will
segregate it first, that's why we will segregate it.”, while the remaining 13 or
12.38 % out of overall residential respondents answered “no” which means they
don’t segregate before putting it outside their houses.

34
which means there is a minimum sack of waste required per collection, one
respondent said “Yes, only two sacks per house should be able to pass them
all”, while the remaining 90 or 85.71 % out of overall residential respondents
answered “no” which means there is no minimum sack of waste required per
collection, according to some respondents “No, no matter how many they
accept as long as they can”.
which means there are times the garbage truck will be delayed and worst they
will not arrive that day. Some respondents said “sometimes”, one respondent
said “Yes same today, since holy week”, “If they don’t arrive or late, we will just
gather them on the side of the road”, while the remaining 16 or 15.24 % out of
overall residential respondents answered “no” which means there is no situation
that the garbage truck was delayed or will not arrive on that day, one respondent
said “They arrive on time”.
which means they are allowed to throw the empty chemicals bottle into the
garbage truck, some respondents said “They usually accept it”, “neither will they
be rebuked”, while the remaining 82 or 78.10 % out of overall residential
respondents answered “no” which means they are not allowed to throw the
empty chemicals bottle into the garbage truck, 59 respondents said “I don't even
know if it's possible because we don't have chemical bottles” and said
according to one of the farmers we have interviewed last March 25, 2022 said
“We are not allowed to throw a gang because it is already harmful, so we do it

35
because we just pour water and then we collect it or put it in a sack, others I
know they will bury”.
which means they are allowed to throw the empty cellophane used to pack
bananas or vegetables, while the remaining 68 or 64.76 % out of overall
residential respondents answered “no” which means they are not allowed to
throw the empty cellophane used to pack bananas or vegetables, according to
the same farmer we have interviewed last March 25, 2022, he said, “same as
we do with empty chemical plastic bottles we just wash with water and then we
still put the rest in a sack sad because it is bought at the packing house”.
Q9: 93 or 88.57 % out of overall residential respondents answered,
“Compost pit/Fertilizer” which means the biodegradable wastes are thrown in
the compost pit, sometimes brought to the farm, and used as a fertilizer. Some
respondents said “the vegetables and fruits that are over ripe, we give them to
the farmer and sometimes we make fertilizer for our crops.”, “we put it on the
back/side of the house/on the plant/in the field because we make fertilizer”,
while the remaining 12 or 11.43 % out of overall residential respondents
answered, “Garbage Truck” which means the biodegradable wastes are put in
the sack then thrown to the garbage truck, one respondent said “we just add it
to the other garbage”.
Q10: The suggestions and recommendations of the residential
respondents to maintain cleanliness in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City is;
consistent garbage collection and more dump trucks to collect the waste. The
respondents also suggest that the barangay officials need to assign someone
36
to monitor the residents, proper disposal and segregation of waste, and lastly
provide more facilities (MRF).
Table 4.
Residential Respondents’ Responses during Survey/Interview
Frequency Percentage
Questions (%)
Yes No Yes No
Q1: Do you have MRF in your
barangay? If yes, do you put/throw your 17 88 16.19% 83.81%
garbage there?
Q2: Do you have a compost pit in your

backyard? If yes, what are the types of 74 31 70.48% 29.52%
garbage you throw there?
Q3: How often do you throw your 1-2 a 1-2 a 81.90% 18.10%
Garbage in a week? Week Month
86 19
Q4: Do you usually segregate your 92 13 87.62% 12.38%

garbage before putting it in the sack?
Q5: Is there a minimum sack of 15 90 14.29% 85.71%

garbage allowed per household? If yes,
what is the minimum number of sacks
are allowed?
Q6: Is there a possibility that the 89 16 84.76% 15.24%

garbage truck will arrive late or will not
arrive? If yes, what do you usually do?
Q7: Are you allowed to throw the empty 23 82 21.90% 78.10%

plastic bottle of chemicals? If not, what
do you usually do with the bottles?
Q8: Are you allowed to throw the empty 37 68 35.24% 64.76%

cellophane used to pack bananas or
vegetables? If not, what do you
usually do with it?
Q9: Where do you usually throw Compos Garbag

your biodegradable garbage such as; pit/Fertili e truck
vegetables and fruits? zer (93) (12) 88.57% 11.43%
37
Q10: What are your suggestions and Consistency of the

recommendations to maintain garbage collection.
cleanliness in your barangay or Sitio?
More dump trucks to
collect the waste.
Proper disposal and

segregation.
Disciplining the residents.
Assigned someone to
monitor Provide Facilities
(MRF).
Barangay Officials as Respondents
Table 5 shows some information about barangay officials as
respondents. It shows that B.O 2 is 61 years old and female and B.O 3 is 57
years old and male, are both barangay councilors who are assigned to the
committee for Solid Waste Management, while B.O 1 is 64 years old and
female, which is the barangay secretary of Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City.
Disposal
Q1: What are the Solid Waste Management regulations and policies you have
implemented in your barangay?
All of the barangay officials said that there are regulations and policies
that are implemented by the barangay officials, which are the “waste
segregation and collection of waste”. According to B.O 2, she said “Segregation

38
and collection of waste, it is forbidden to mix biodegradable and non-
biodegradable”, while according to B.O 3, he said “We have adopted here the
city ordinance of the solid waste management plan/ordinance which is
implemented in the whole Digos City”.
Q2: Do you have any fines or punishments for the people who violate the rules
you enforced? What do you usually do?
2 out of 3 barangay officials said that there are fines or punishments for
the people who violate the rules but are not implemented well. According to B.O
1 the supposed to be punishment for a first offense is a community service, the
second offense is 2,000 pesos’ fines, and for third offense is 5,000 pesos fines
but said to say there is still a lack of implementation in this matter, supported
by the statement of B.0 2 she said “We don’t have a proper implementation”.
While B.O 3 said “The Fines & Penalties because based on the city ordinance
how much their fines & penalties are the same as ours because we only
adopted that ordinance in the City”.
Q3. Do you require each household to make its own compost pit? If yes, why?
What waste do you allow to be thrown or put there? 2 out of 3 barangay
officials said that compost pit is not compulsory in the barangay, according to
B.0 2 “We no longer require them to make a compose pit, so it just depends on
them if they want to” and according to B.O 1 “It's okay for them to fight as long
as the only thing allowed to throw away is their vegetable and fruit skins”. The
remaining 1 barangay official, who is B.O 3 said “We required each house within
our executive order of Barangay Captain Morales to make their own compost
pit provided that they just put everything together for fertilizer”.
39
Q4. What are the rules and policies for plastic chemical bottles, and cellophane
used to wrap bananas, fruits, and vegetables?
All the barangay officials said that there are no certain rules and policies
regarding the empty plastic chemical bottles, and cellophane used to wrap
bananas, fruits, and vegetables, all of this must be kept in the safe place to
avoid pollution and health-related risks. According to B.0 2 she said “about the
cellophane in bananas, they have a policy, they have to buy so they are stored
here in the packing house of KBGC, they are collecting empty spray fertilizer
supplies instead of in the packing house”.
Q5. What alternative method or plan do you have to replace the landfill since it
is not allowed? Then when will this happen?
2 out of 3 barangay officials said that there is a plan, which is buying
Shedder/Grinder Machine but it is still a plan, according to B.O 1 “I have a plan
to buy a Shedder machine for our plastic waste, a bottle but it’s too pricy and
the same time we don’t have budget”, supported by B.0 2 she said “We have a
plan which is to buy a grinder even to grind the garbage, it's just a plan we don't
have a budget yet for any election so stop it but we have a change, hopefully it
will happen”. The remaining 1 barangay official, who is B.O 3 said “it doesn't
have, what we do is what we give in the City of Digos the collection, he just
throws it in the hole”.
Collection
Q1. Are there people or officials who are assigned/tasked with promoting and
ensuring the cleanliness of the barangay?

40
2 out of 3 barangay officials said that there are assigned personnel to
promote and ensure the cleanliness of the barangay. According to B.O 2 “Yes,
we have a sweeper in the market we have weekly monitoring to haul garbage”.
While the remaining 1, which is B.O 2 said “Sometimes barangay police are
sent but we don't have a certain person assigned to look after the garbage at
the moment.”.
Q2. Do you have MRF? if not, what is your plan? Where is the possible location
and how many would you build?
All of the barangay officials said that there is an MRF before but because
it is private property the owner of the area demolished the MRF, so since last
year until now there is no MRF. According to B.0 1 “No, but it already has a
budget in the Purok 3 in Mt. Apo area”, and B.O 2 said “It was destroyed, I don’t
know how because it seems to be involved in the lot but now, we are planning
to put it near the Petron Gas Station”.
Q3. Is it enough to collect garbage twice a week? if yes or no, what is the
reason?
1 out of 3 barangay officials said that twice a week collection is enough
to collect the waste of the Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City. B.O 1 said
“completely okay”, while the remaining 2 said it is not enough, especially
because of the growth of population and the tourist. B.O 3 said “At this moment
when most people come to this field from Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, those
tourists coming in here so no longer okay. It is not enough in twice a week now
you can see why there is garbage on the side no more dump truck sometimes
only once a week”.

41
Q4. Do you require a minimum garbage bag/sack of waste to be collected? If
yes, how many and why?
All the barangay officials said there is no minimum sack required and all
garbage’s alongside the roads are collected. According to B.0 3 “there is no
minimum as long as what we haul here because those collected in the city of
Digos were non-biodegradable” and supported by B.0 2 “they don't even have
to take out the garbage”.
Q5. Did you provide garbage bins or sacks in public places for waste?
1 out of 3 barangay officials said that they have provided garbage bins
in the public places (Public Market, Terminal), and the remaining 2 said that
there are no garbage bins now in the public places. According to B.O 2 “That's
why they always gather in the market, they have to collect this garbage regularly
for two weeks, but sometimes the dump truck breaks down and can't be
collected, so they just gather”, supported by B.O 3 he said “At first it was there
but it was ruined so it's gone now, it was donated by the bank here there is a
bank cooperative here, they gave those garbage bins some are still existing but
some are gone, so far we haven't put any again”.
Transportation
Q1. Are there areas here in Barangay Kapatagan that can’t be reached by the
dump truck when there is garbage collection?

42
All the barangay officials said that there are areas that can’t be reached
by the dump trucks because of the bumpy/rough roads. According to B.0 2
“There because it seems difficult the road here, both below Sto. Niño and
Paradise”, and B.0 3 said “those without roads are like Sabuag, Paradise,
Lutangan, Balatikan and Sto. Niño. There is a road but it’s not accessible, also
at the right of the Mt. Apo.”
Q2. What is the alternative way that is done by the residents who cannot be
reached by the dump truck?
All the barangay officials said that the alternative way that is done by the
residents is to bring the garbage/waste to the place that can be reached by the
dump truck. According to B.0 1 “Store and straighten their trash, segregate new
items in the sack”, supported by B.O 2 she said “Some of our advice is that the
sludge should be left so that there will be more garbage. If you can have
motorbikes, you can load the motorbike, then we will put it in the market.”.
Q3. Is one dump truck enough for garbage collection? If not, what is the reason?
All the barangay officials said that the one dump truck per garbage
collection is not enough for all the waste produced by all the residents in
Kapatagan, Digos City. According to B.O 1 “No, if two dump trucks per
collection and two in a week, that’s probably”, supported by B.O 2 she said “If
every day is possible but it's the same for them, if it's the second of the week
on Tuesday, they will go to the village and then to the center on Friday, it won’t
enough.” and B.O 3 said “It's not right that we're proposing now that you buy
that for us and we're going to donate again, but we still promise”.
43
Q4. Does the location of the landfill affect the transportation of garbage from
barangay Kapatagan, Digos City?
All the barangay officials said that the location really affects the
collection and transport of was because the area of the barangay Kapatagan
has a high elevation and due to its distance from the landfill, the consumption
of fuel is much larger. According to B.O 2 “it effects because of the far location
from Lungag”, B.O 1 said “Yes, because fuel is expensive” and lastly B.O 3 said
“can affect too because it’s far from Digos to Barangay Kapatagan 40
kilometers plus 10-15 kilometers from here crossing Cogon to Lungag”.
Q5. Do you have a plan to provide your own dump truck?
All the barangay officials said that the barangay has a plan to provide its
own dump truck but there is still don’t have enough budget. According to B.O 2
“Yes we have but we don’t have a budget for now, were just planning it because
garbage here is not easy to handle”.

44
Management
Q1. What are your practices in your barangay?
The practices are; proper segregation and educating the residents.
According to B.O 2 “We segregate it before they put in the sack, should be
segregated from the inside” and B.O 3 stated that “that's all IEC Information
Education Console especially the market because all resorts, packing houses
have their own practices and that sometimes they request that people have to
IEC”.
Q2. Do you have a monthly cleaning or clean-up drive in your barangay?
If yes, what is your approach/method? All the barangay officials said
there is a clean-up drive but it is not done monthly. According to B.O 1 “recently
many cleaned up drives with CAFGO trainings but only in the market”, “If the
area in totally mess, we will request a clean- up drive just like now, this coming
June we we’re having an Araw so we take this as an advantage to do a clean-
up drive in the barangay and requesting all purok leaders to attend” she added.
B.0 3 said “Yes, last week (May 2, 2022) cleaned up drive me with CAFGO
officers but that was their last.”.
Q3. Do you have programs or meetings about “Solid Waste Management” for
all residents of Barangay rgy. Kapatagan, Digos City to be aware of the right
practices? If yes, what are your platforms or plans?
All the barangay officials said there is a meeting conducted about “Solid
Waste Management” but only the “Purok president” is requested, and the
“Purok president” is the one who will disseminate the information and plans of
45
the barangay. According to B.O 2 “Yes we have, every last Friday of the month,
we have sectoral in the ward presidents so that's why we tell them Not to absent
every sectoral", "including the barangay police, BHWs (Barangay Health
Worker) so we will just take care of the garbage B.O 3 yes we conducted, we
have an IEC every end of the month, when the general assembly arrives, we
will explain these policies and our ordinance on solid waste management”.
Q4. Do you forbid residents from burning trash? What do you do to those
violators/offenders?
All the barangay officials said that they forbid the residents to burn the
waste, but there are some residents who still violate, and sad to say the only
thing they can do is to discipline or educate them because there is no
punishment created for those who violate. According to B.O 3 “We prohibit it
because there is a law about burning garbage, but we also explain it in our IE,
because so far we still don’t have any punishment for the person who's been
arrested B.O 2 said "so for now, we don't have to be strict, just reprimand those
who are burning because they are part of the DENR and they'll be angry".
Q5. What are your plans to sustain solid waste management in your barangay?
All the barangay officials said that in order to sustain solid waste
management in Kapatagan, Digos City the people must be educated and aware
of waste management, there must be strong policies and regulations
implemented in the barangay regarding waste management and the LGU must
provide more transportation/Garbage truck for garbage collection and lastly, to
find alternative for sanitary landfill to reduce the waste and provide waste
facilities. According to B. O 3 “our suggestions are for now IS it's good to add
46
some dump truck, the second one will inform the people first, the third part is
the penalties should be imposed just so that the people can learn. B.O 1 and
B.O 2 “buy a shedder/grinder machine”, “create a MRF a big one maybe big
enough for everyone”
Table 5.
Position, Committee, Age, and Gender of the Barangay Officials as
Respondents
Barangay Position Committee Age Sex

Officials
B.O 1 Barangay Secretary of 64 Female
Secretary barangay
B.O 2 Barangay Solid Waste 61 Female
Councilor Management
B.O 3 Barangay Solid Waste 57 Male
Councilor Management
Local Government Unit as Respondents
In the connection of this study, the researchers select the City
Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) as one of the
respondents in local government unit. The said sector is giving a control and a
part in the solid waste management in particular area. In these following
questions will know the sector response.
Q1: Did you know that the MRF in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City? If not, what is
your plan to resolve it?

47
The local government unit knows the condition of the Brgy. Kapatagan
MRF. According to the official represents LGU “Yes, we are aware of the
condition in the Barangay Kapatagan.
Q2: What are your platforms regarding solid waste management, specifically in
Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City?
The local government unit impose a program in terms of maintaining
solid waste management like Information Educational Campaign to the Solid
Waste Management and Segregation in order to educate a practices of solid
waste management. According to the LGU official "Yes, we provide programs
to make them aware of the condition of solid waste management, this is the
IEC to Solid Waste Management and Segregation."
Q3: What are the Solid Waste Management regulations and policies that you
have implemented in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City?
The local government unit implement a regulation and policies regarding
Solid Waste Management like a sanctions and punishment. In order to give a
management LGU officials impose a proper sanctions and fines. According to
LGU official "CENRO has policies and regulations in all barangays, they are
implemented in accordance with the law".
Q4: Are there people or officials tasked with promoting and ensuring cleanliness
in the various barangays?
In rural areas, local government unit selects a personnel or officials to
be assigned in promoting cleanliness. Their duties are to secure and check the
condition of the area in terms of solid waste management. According to the

48
LGU official "We have forest Rangers or guards stationed to observe and
monitor the situation in the area if there is someone throwing garbage
everywhere."
Q5: Do you have a budget allocated to each barangay for some waste
management programs or plans?
The local government unit gives budget in all barangay in ter of their solid
waste management. According to the LGU official "Yes, we provide a budget
for them"
Q6: What services do you provide to each barangay to help with their waste
management?
The local government unit gives a program of awareness and controls
of maintaining Solid Waste Management and a regular transportation of wastes.
According to the LGU official "Yes, we provide services in terms of
transportation of wastes and implementation of policies."
Q7: Do you have a regular visitation in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City? If yes,
what are the shortcomings you see in their waste management?
The local government unit gives a time to visit all barangay in order to
know what is need to improve the situation of their solid waste management.
According to the LGU official "Yes, we conduct regular visits to the barangays
and we see problems regarding their garbage."

49
Garbage Collector as Respondents
Q1: What time do you usually collects and travel waste?
In terms of time in collection, from the jump off point in downtown in
Digos City they travel from 5 A.M to 7 A.M in the morning. After collecting
wastes, they deliver it in the landfill located at Longag Landfill. According to the
respondent “from 5 a.m. we will leave downtown Digos until 7 a.m. to collect
waste in Kapatagan”.
Q2: Is there a possibility of delay of transportation in the area?
All garbage collector said that there is a lot of possibility of delayed
transportation because of some dump truck malfunctions. According to the
respondent “when there is something wrong in the dump truck and it needs to
be repaired that’s the reason why are delayed, but there are still times that we
can’t collect garbage”.
Q3: How many dumps truck of garbage collectors that assigned here in
Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City?
The local government unit of Digos sends only one dump truck in every
barangay to collect their wastes. According to the respondent “We are the ones
who are assigned to collect garbage in this area”.

50
Q4: What are the specifically days of collection?
In every Tuesday and Friday, the garbage collector will travel to the
Barangay Kapatagan. According to the respondent “every Tuesday and Friday
we collect garbage”
Q5: Do you have any trash that is not included?
The biodegradable and chemical wastes are prohibited in terms of the
collection of wastes, in the reason of it can cause a poison and harmful to the
health of the people. According the respondent “like vegetabales, we don’t
collect vegetable waste because it is not allowed in the dumpsite specially the
plastic bottles that have chemical fertilizers”.
Q6: What is the area of responsibility of collection in waste?
The routes of the collection are from Sitio Poblacio all the way to Sitio
Mainit. According to the respondent said “starting here in Sitio Mainit we go
down until we reach in Poblacion, Kapatagan, because Poblacion Kapatagan
is the center in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City”.
Q7: Do you segregate waste before to you transfers in landfill?
In preparing to travel wastes to the landfill, garbage collector will
segregate the wastes before the transportation of the collected wastes.
According to the respondent “We segerate the plastics and other waste so that
the waste is organized”.

51
Private Sector as Respondents
Table 6 shows the responses of the respondents to every question of
the researcher’s interviews conducted at 5 different private sector and resorts
in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City.
Q1: 3 or 60 % out of overall private sector respondents answered “yes”
which means they have a policy that implement regarding the solid waste
management. One of the respondents said “Yes we have the rules here
regarding the management of our garbage, we strictly prohibited throwing
garbage in our area specially in the garden and also we have a trash bin
already”, while the remaining 2 or 40 % out of overall private respondents
answered “no” which means they don’t have any laws. One of the respondents
said “No we don’t have, but if were trying to make it a point of our waste
management is organized. Start from the cartoon segregation (okay) and
leftover food is that supposed to be separated at the same time as well, to make
it discipline in a way of managing sanitize we make it a point, that it is being
varied in a certain with a big bin.
which means they have a signage to orient their guest in managing solid waste.
One of the respondents said “The establishment put a signage for the guest to
be aware about the garbage and waste”, while the remaining 2 or 40% out of
overall private sector respondents answered “no” which means they don’t have
any signage in their area. One of the respondents said “Ah so far there is no
signage but we provide trash bins that guests can see where they can throw it”.
52
Q3: 5 or 100 % out of overall private sectors respondents answered “yes”
they do regular segregation on their waste and in their estimation majority of
the respondents can produce 2 to 4 sacks of garbage a week, while the
remaining 0 or 0 % out of overall private sector respondents “no”.
which means they follow the principle of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (3R’s).
One of the respondents said “Partly some are being insulated meaning all of
the garbage that can be reuse and recycle like bottles, cartoons, papers there
are also segregated and in nice to be sold”, while the remaining 4 or 80 % out
of overall private sector respondents answered “no” which means the
implementation of 3R’s are not present in their management. One of the
respondents said “In terms of garbage sir, not anymore since we collect our
garbage in CENRO (City Environment and Natural Resources) in terms of 3R’s,
right now we don’t have an implementation of that”.
which means they have an existing own garbage truck to collect their garbage.
One of the respondents said “The establishment have disposable segregated
area, also separate within the bottles, all cartoons there, and all things that don’t
belong. Since we don’t have garbage collector in this area, we do our own
garbage collecting 24/7”, while the remaining 4 or 80 % out of overall residential
respondents answered “no” which means they don’t have an existing own dump
truck. One of the respondents said “Since the LGU are collecting our waste, we
don’t need to buy a dump truck”.

53
which means they have an existing compost pit. One of the respondents said
“Yes, especially for those leftover food because it cannot be thrown anywhere
because as I’ve said we are very hygienic and health-conscious establishment,
while the remaining 2 or 40 % out of all private sector respondents answered
“no” which means they don’t have a compost pit. One of the respondents said
“Since our garbage or waste are collected by the LGU”.
Table 6.
Private Sectors/Resorts Respondents’ Responses during Survey/Interview
Frequency Percentage
Questions (%)
Yes No Yes No
Q1: Do you have any laws about
waste management? What is this law 3 2 60 % 40 %
and how can it help?
Q2: Do you already provide
signage to orient customers not to 3 2 60 % 40 %
litter? and do you provide trash
bins/sacks for tourists to pass by?
Q3: Do you segregate trash before
you put it in sacks/trash bags? How 2-4 0 100 % 0%
many bags of garbage can you sacks
produce a week? (5)
Q4: What kind of waste do you
usually produce each day? Are 0 5 0% 100 %
you applying for 3R’s for this?
Q5: Do you still have your own
garbage truck/garbage collector? and 1 4 20 % 80 %
there, where are you throwing it?
Q6: Have you ever made a compost
pit? Where do you throw the limp 33 2 84.76 15.24%
garbage? %
54
Kapatagan Clinic as Respondents
Q1. Do you have a law about waste management?
The clinic was implemented a law regarding with the solid waste
management consider that the clinic is must clean and follow the rules of
cleanliness. According to the respondents “that garbage is being segregated,
it’s already in the mud, it's not rotten and bottles, those sharp ones are there.
Q2. Where do you throw your toxic waste? Do you segregate it?
Clinics or hospitals are one of the most producer of waste, in terms of
toxic chemical they buried it. According to the respondent “Those chemical
waste is being dump in the compost pit and also as I said earlier, we do a
regular segregation of waste”.
Q3. How many times do you throw trash in a week? What is your schedule to
collect your garbage?
The schedule by the Local Government Unit 2 times a week of collection.
According to the respondent “As the collector arrives, we sent our garbage to
them’
Q4. How many sacks or trash bins will be filled in a week? How often do you
produce waste except toxic waste?
In clinic the more patient, the more waste will produce. According to the
respondent “Depending on how many patients we have, for example, if I leave
early on Friday, I will throw away three sacks on Tuesday instead of two sacks.”
55
Q5. Do you have your own garbage collector and where do you throw it?
Clinic does not have budget to produce a dump truck. According to the
respondents “As I said earlier the LGU are the one who collected our waste and
we don’t have any budget to buy some trucks”
Motorcycle Shops as Respondents
Q1. Where dispose those used-oil and used motor parts?
Those used oil and other materials like motor parts and used will be give
sell and recycle. According to the respondent “we will give the used oil to the
garbage collector for them to sell it and the other metal material in motor parts,
we collect and sell it. Those tires we will give that to the schools to be a base
on a planted plants or tree”.
Q2. Do you have a signage to orient your costumer about solid waste?
By putting a signage for the mechanic and the costumer to maintain
cleanliness. According to the respondent “Yes, we have a signage for the
customer know where is the garbage bin”
Q3. How many sacks of garbage do you produce every week?
Normally, if there is a lot of costumers the shop produces 2 to 4 sacks a
week. According to the respondents” it depends if there is a lot of costumers,
usually we produce at least 2-4 sack a week”.

56
Q4. The numbers of garbage truck are enough to cater all garbage in your area?
The numbers of dump truck that collects wastes is not enough.
According to the respondent “Barangay Kapatagan has a big area, only one
dump truck that collect so it is not enough”
Q5. Do you have a compost pit?
Motor shop is located in the Poblacion area in barangay Kapatagan it
means they don’t have a compost pit because there is assigned collector to
collect their waste. According to respondents “We don’t have compost pit
because our waste is collected by the collector”.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and
recommendations based on the data analyzed and interpreted in the previous
chapter.
Summary
The researchers conducted an initial survey and interview with the officials
of Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City to gather insights into what the researchers
should focus on in the topic of solid waste management. The researchers found
out that one of the problems in terms of solid waste management in Kapatagan
is sustaining and maintaining it. Therefore, the researchers aimed to identify
the factors of challenges in sustaining solid waste management and to know
the present practices of how the residents of Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City
in solid waste management. There are four major factors identified by
researchers which are; Disposal, Collection System, Transportation, and
Management of Solid Waste
In this study the researchers used qualitative research method specifically
a case study design that uses descriptive and exploratory analysis. This case
study was conducted with the main objective of identifying the factors
contributing to the challenges in sustainable solid waste management in
Kapatagan, Digos City. The respondents of this study are a minimum of 100
households, 3 barangay officials, 5 private sectors in Kapatagan, Digos City,

58
and also, CENRO Digos and Garbage truck driver/collector. The period of this
study is equivalent to at least 1 semester of the school year 2021-2022 of the
Cor Jesu College, Inc. from February to June 2022. The research instrument
used is a questionnaire that has types these are for Households, Barangay
Officials, Private Sectors, and CENRO in Digos City. The researchers used
non-probability or non-random sampling which is Convenience Sampling to
choose respondents and gather information.
Summary of Findings
The Materials Recovery Facility has been demolished because it is
situated in a private property so Barangay Kapatagan no longer have Materials
Recovery Facility that the residents can use. The schedule for collection of
waste is not enough and one garbage truck is insufficient to cater to all the
waste produced by the residents and tourists. The distance from Barangay
Kapatagan, Digos City to the landfill in Lungag which is estimated 55 km in total,
affects the transport of waste, and due difficult and far terrain it also affects the
condition and maintenance of the garbage trucks, which causes delays and
sometimes it will not arrive on the scheduled day. There are places on
Kapatagan that are not reached by the garbage trucks because of rough and
elevated roads, so the residents put the waste near the roadside which is
sometimes not collected and cause stockpiling of waste. Policies, regulations,
fines, and punishment for waste management are not strongly implemented
and there is poor monitoring of waste management based on the responses of
the respondents.
59
Conclusions
The researchers concluded that based on the summary of findings all
the results belong to the four major factors which are first Disposal, they have
no sanitary landfill, lack of waste facilities, and no compose pit. Second is
Collection system, they have difficult collection routes, insufficient collection
services, and not enough schedule for collection. Third is transportation, they
have lack of waste vehicle or garbage truck, far terrain and elevated roads, and
the garbage truck capacity is not enough for all the garbage, and lastly the
Management, their implementation of 3R’s is not strong, lack of policies and
regulations implementations, and poor monitoring. All of these reasons affect
sustaining solid waste management in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City, and these
factors need to be addressed to achieve sustainable solid waste management.
Recommendations
To the CENRO
The researchers’ recommendations to the CENRO are; to provide
enough garbage trucks or make the schedule of collection and transporting of
waste 3 times a week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) to collect all the waste
in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City. To help in providing alternatives for
sanitary landfills such as; helping the barangay officials in Kapatagan to earn
enough budget to purchase a grinder/shredder machine and last but not the
least is to conduct a monthly meeting with the barangay officials in Barangay

60
Kapatagan, Digos City to discuss the problems and challenges regarding waste
management and to evaluate the changes.
The researchers recommend that the garbage truck driver/collector must
call the barangay officials if the dump truck is under maintenance or if there is
a delay, for them to be aware and to disseminate the information to all the
residents to avoid stockpiling of garbage in front of houses or establishments
and also the collector must always check the sacks of waste if it is properly
segregated to avoid collecting biodegradable and if there is a biodegradable
they should leave it behind to give space for the non – biodegradable.
Researchers’ recommendations to the barangay officials especially
those who belong to the solid waste management committee are; to strengthen
their policies and regulations regarding waste management in Barangay
Kapatagan, Digos City, and implement strict punishments and give fines to
those who violate policies and regulations. To continue policy regarding
segregation of waste before disposing of and to mandatorily implement the 3
R’s (Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle) to all the residents in the barangay to lessen
the production of waste.
To conduct livelihood programs for those unemployed or residents who
are willing to help create a masterpiece or new useful things out of solid waste
such as; kinds of cellophane, plastics bottles, etc., and sell it to all the tourists
as a souvenir, the money they will earn will be added to the budget to purchase
a grinder/shredder machine to lessen waste.
The researchers also recommend that the barangay must provide a
dump truck to help in collecting the waste in all areas in Barangay Kapatagan,
61
Digos City. To provide waste facilities like MRF in every Sitio, especially in the
areas that are not reached by the garbage collectors, so that the residents can
put the non-biodegradable waste there and to assign someone to guard the
MRF for those irresponsible individuals, or put CCTV monitors to check every
individual who did not properly segregate or put the waste in the MRF, and to
provide garbage bins/sacks in public places to help reduce the tendency of
garbage’s thrown anywhere.
Researchers’ recommendations to the resort owners/managers to
strengthen the policies and regulations concerning waste management and
create enough signage to remind the tourists to be responsible and mindful of
the garbage. To provide waste facilities outside the resort for the garbage
collector to easily collect the waste and if possible, they must provide a
collection vehicle to lessen the burden of the garbage collector provided by
LGU.
Researchers recommend to motor shops/vulcanizing shops always be
cautious about where to dispose of the used oils, tires, plastic containers, and
other harmful solid waste to avoid harming the humans and environment.
The researchers’ recommendations for the stakeholders are; to continue
the good practice of segregating the solid waste and to always follow the
policies and regulations implemented by the barangay. To raise their concerns
and suggestions regarding their problems in waste such as; the schedule is not
enough for all the waste in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City, and they need
waste facilities. Also, to participate in every program and awareness campaign

62
by barangay or LGUs regarding waste management and volunteer in every
clean-up drive.
Researchers’ recommendations to future researchers are; to conduct a
study regarding solutions to these factors to sustain solid waste management
in Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City. To use this study to assess other barangay
in Digos City regarding their solid waste management and last but not the least
is to study “what is the best alternative for sanitary landfill and is it effective and
efficient in helping a barangay to sustain solid waste management”.

63
Proposed Plan for Sustaining Solid Waste Management in Brgy.
Kapatagan, Digos City
Step 1: The barangay officials should conduct monthly meetings regarding
plans and regulations for solid waste management and encourage every
Purok/Sitio leader to attend and disseminate the information to every
household.
Step 2: The barangay officials must provide MRF in every Sitio. MRF should
consist of 3 waste classifications such as; recyclable waste, non-
biodegradable/non-recyclable waste, and toxic waste.
Step 3: Proper segregation for every household from household waste,
recyclable, toxic waste, biodegradable, and medical waste.
Step 4: All the properly segregated waste should be put in the MRF according
to its classifications.
Step 5: The different classifications of waste must undertake differently
procedure
a. All the biodegradable produce by households/private sectors should be
put in their compost pit or should be used as fertilizer
b. The barangay officials should buy a shredder/grinder machine to lessen
the burden of the garbage collector so that some of the non-
biodegradable/non-recyclable waste can be shredded/grind and used for
other purposes like creating eco-bricks and selling it to the market.
c. Barangay officials should conduct livelihood programs for all
unemployed residents or those who want to volunteer. The livelihood

64
program is transforming recyclable waste into other useful things like
plastic flowers, key chains, and souvenirs.
d. All toxic waste and medical waste should undergo treatment before
collection, to avoid pollution and biological health hazard.
Step 6: The barangay officials should encourage every store selling chemicals
to implement buy-back. Farmers should wash all the empty chemical bottles
before bringing them to the store to avoid biological health hazards.
a. In which every farmer who brings empty plastic bottles of chemicals can
earn a 2% discount on every bottle they bring.
b. Store could sell it at a higher price, for example instead of 50 pesos they
can sell it for 60 pesos but for every farmer who will bring empty plastic
bottles of chemicals can receive 10 pesos.
c. Every farmer that can bring 30 empty plastic bottles of chemicals, will
receive 1 free bottle of chemicals.
Step 7: The plastic cellophane used to wrap the bananas or cellophane
exposed to chemicals can undergo treatment, then sell it to the factory in
Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City.

65
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from http://www.vanguardngr.com
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lung disease; Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article.
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mosquito-breed-says-tn-health.
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Health+Hazards+and+Waste+Management&btnG=
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Shepard, D. (2016); Disease Burden of Dengue in the Philippines: Adjusting
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
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70
APPENDICES
71
Appendix A. Letters
72
73
74
Appendix B. Questionnaires
75
SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

AND ITS FACTORS OF CHALLENGES IN
BRGY. KAPATAGAN, DIGOS CITY
Residential/Household Questionnaires
COR JESU COLLEGE, INC.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
Sacred Heart Avenue, Digos City,
Philippines
Tel. No.: (082) 553-2433 local 105 * Fax
No.: (082) 553-2333W
Website: www.cjc.edu.ph
Family Representative: Age:

Address: Gender:
No. member in household:
Answer the following questions based on your experiences. Use the

space provided for you corresponding answers.
Q1: Do you have MRF in your barangay? If yes, do you put/throw your
garbage there?
Q2: Do you have a compost pit in your backyard? If yes, what are the types
of garbage you throw there?
Q3: How often do you throw your Garbage in a week?
Q4: Do you usually segregate your garbage before putting it in the sack?
Q5: Is there a minimum sack of garbage allowed per household? If yes, what
76
is the minimum number of sacks are allowed?
Q6: Is there a possibility that the garbage truck will arrive late or will not
arrive? If yes, what do you usually do?
Q7: Are you allowed to throw the empty plastic bottle of chemicals? If not,
what do you usually do with the bottles?
Q8: Are you allowed to throw the empty cellophane used to pack bananas or
vegetables? If not, what do you usually do with it?
Q9: Where do you usually throw your biodegradable garbage such as;
vegetables and fruits?
Q10: What are your suggestions and recommendations to maintain
cleanliness in your barangay or Sitio?
Barangay Officials Questionnaires

77

TECHNOLOGY
Philippines
Tel. No.: (082) 553-2433 local 105 * Fax
No.: (082) 553-2333W
Name: Age:
Position: Gender:
Disposal
Q1: What are the Solid Waste Management regulations and policies you have
implemented in your barangay?
Q2: Do you have any fines or punishments for the people who violate the rules
you enforced? What do you usually do?
Q3. Do you require each household to make its own compost pit? If yes, why?
Q4. What are the rules and policies for plastic chemical bottles, and cellophane
used to wrap bananas, fruits, and vegetables?
Q5. What alternative method or plan do you have to replace the landfill since it
is not allowed? Then when will this happen?
Collection
Q1. Are there people or officials who are assigned/tasked with promoting and
ensuring the cleanliness of the barangay?
Q2. Do you have MRF? if not, what is your plan? Where is the possible location
and how many would you build?

78
Q3. Is it enough to collect garbage twice a week? if yes or no, what is the
reason?
Q4. Do you require a minimum garbage bag/sack of waste to be collected? If
yes, how many and why?
Q5. Did you provide garbage bins or sacks in public places for waste?
Transportation
Q1. Are there areas here in Barangay Kapatagan that can’t be reached by the
dump truck when there is garbage collection?
Q2. What is the alternative way that is done by the residents who cannot be
reached by the dump truck?
Q3. Is one dump truck enough for garbage collection? If not, what is the reason?
Q4. Does the location of the landfill affect the transportation of garbage from
barangay Kapatagan, Digos City?
Q5. Do you have a plan to provide your own dump truck?
Management
Q1. What are your practices in your barangay?
Q2. Do you have a monthly cleaning or clean-up drive in your barangay?
Q3. Do you have programs or meetings about “Solid Waste Management” for
all residents of Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City to be aware of the right practices?
If yes, what are your platforms or plans?
Q4. Do you forbid residents from burning trash? What do you do to those
violators/offenders?
Q5. What are your plans to sustain solid waste management in your barangay?
79
CENRO Questionnaire

TECHNOLOGY
Philippines
Tel. No.: (082) 553-2433 local 105 * Fax
No.: (082) 553-2333W
Name: Age:
Position: Gender:
Q1: Did you know that the MRF in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City? If not, what is
your plan to resolve it?
Q2: What are your platforms regarding solid waste management, specifically in
Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City?
Q3: What are the Solid Waste Management regulations and policies that you
have implemented in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City?
Q4: Are there people or officials tasked with promoting and ensuring cleanliness
in the various barangays?
Q5: Do you have a budget allocated to each barangay for some waste
management programs or plans?
Q6: What services do you provide to each barangay to help with their waste
management?
Q7: Do you have a regular visitation in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City? If yes,
what are the shortcomings you see in their waste management?
Garbage Truck Driver/Collector Questionnaire

80

TECHNOLOGY
Philippines
Tel. No.: (082) 553-2433 local 105 * Fax
No.: (082) 553-2333W
Name:
Age:
Position: Gender:
Q1: What time do you usually collects and travel waste?
Q2: Is there a possibility of delay of transportation in the area?
Q3: How many dumps truck and garbage collectors that assigned here in Brgy.
Kapatagan, Digos City?
Q4: What are the specifically days of collection?
Q5: Do you have any trash that is not included?
Q6: What is the area of responsibility of collection in waste?
Q7: Do you segregate waste before to you transfers in landfill?
Private Sectors/Resorts in Brgy. Kapatagan Digos City

81

TECHNOLOGY
Philippines
Tel. No.: (082) 553-2433 local 105 * Fax
No.: (082) 553-2333W
Resort’s Name:
Address:
Name of Representative:
Position:
Q1: Do you have any laws about waste management? What is this law and
how can it help?
Q2: Do you already provide signage to orient customers not to litter?

and do you provide trash bins/sacks for tourists to pass by
Q3: Do you segregate trash before you put it in sacks/trash bags? How many
bags of garbage can you produce a week?
Q4: What kind of waste do you usually produce each day? Are you
applying for 3R’s for this?
Q5: Do you still have your own garbage truck/garbage collector? and there,
where are you throwing it?
Q6: Have you ever made a compost pit? Where do you throw the limp
garbage?
Medical Center in in Brgy. Kapatagan Digos City

82

TECHNOLOGY
Philippines
Tel. No.: (082) 553-2433 local 105 * Fax
No.: (082) 553-2333W
Establishment:
Name of Representative:
Position:
Address:
Q1. Do you have a law about waste management?
Q2. Where do you throw your toxic waste? Do you segregate it?
Q3. How many times do you throw trash in a week? What is your schedule to
collect your garbage?
Q4. How many sacks or trash bins will be filled in a week? How often do you
produce waste except toxic waste?
Q5. Do you have your own garbage collector and where do you throw it?
Motor shop/Vulcanizing Owner

83

TECHNOLOGY
Philippines
Tel. No.: (082) 553-2433 local 105 * Fax
No.: (082) 553-2333W
Name: Age:
Address: Gender:
Q1. Where dispose those used-oil and used motor parts?
Q2. Do you have a signage to orient your costumer about solid waste?
Q3. How many sacks of garbage do you produce every week?
Q4. The numbers of garbage truck are enough to cater all garbage in your area?
Q5. Do you have a compost pit?
Appendix C. Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE
84
Contact Information
Name Xyril Rubie C. Alcordo
Address Malita, Davao Occidental
Cellphone 09666822532
Email Address xyrilrubiealcordo@gmail.com
Personal Information
Birthdate December 29, 2001
Birthplace Digos City
Citizenship Filipino
Civil Status Single
Gender Female
Educational Background
Elementary Holy Cross of Malita, Inc.
High School Holy Cross of Malita, Inc.
Senior High School Holy Cross of Malita, Inc.
Parents
Father’s Name Romy G. Alcordo
Mother’s Name Elvira C. Alcordo
Contact Number 09666822532
CURRICULUM VITAE
85
Contact Information
Name Mervin Lowell C. Algabre
Address Purok 1, San Miguel, Magsaysay, Davao Del Sur
Email Address algabremervin@gmail.com
Birthdate September 14, 2000
Civil Status Single
Gender Male
Elementary San Miguel Elementary School
High School Magsaysay Academy, Inc.
Senior High School Magsaysay Academy, Inc.
Parents
Father’s Name Sabino C. Algabre Jr.
Mother’s Name Miraflor C. Algabre
CURRICULUM VITAE
86
Contact Information
Name Marco Victorio C. Amarillo
Address Star Apple St., Bansalan, Davao Del Sur
Email Address hynthmarco@gmail.com
Birthdate February 15, 2001
Civil Status Single
Gender Male
Elementary St. Therese School Bansalan
High School St. Therese School Bansalan
Senior High School St. Mary’s College of Bansalan
Parents
Father’s Name Marvin H. Amarillo
Mother’s Name Sherly C. Amarillo
CURRICULUM VITAE
87
Contact Information
Name Clerr John P. Cabasug
Address Km 81, Sto. Nino, Bansalan, Davao Del Sur
Email Address johnagility3@gmail.com
Birthdate June 12, 2001
Civil Status Single
Gender Male
Elementary V.Duterte Elementary School
High School St. Mary’s College of Bansalan
Senior High School St. Mary’s College of Bansalan.
Parents
Father’s Name Cipriano C. Cabasug
Mother’s Name Jocelyn P. Cabasug
CURRICULUM VITAE
88
Contact Information
Name Janlex S. Escobarte
Address Purok Calumpang, Punta-Biao, Cogon, Digos City
Email Address janlex.escobarte0109@gmail.com
Birthdate January 9, 2001
Civil Status Single
Gender Male
Elementary Casa Amazing Grace School
High School Union National High School- Mt. Diwata
HighSchool Annex
Senior High School Cor Jesu College, Inc.
Parents
Father’s Name Alex E. Escobarte
Mother’s Name Liezel S. Escobarte
CURRICULUM VITAE
89
Contact Information
Name Jullian Ace B. Pascua
Address S-Ronda St., Poblacion, Hagonoy, Davao Del Sur
Email Address jullianpascua08@gmail.com
Birthdate August 4, 2000
Civil Status Single
Gender Male
Elementary Hagonoy Central Elementary School
High School Cor Jesu College, Inc.
Parents
Father’s Name Julius C. Pascua
Mother’s Name Juliet B. Pascua
CURRICULUM VITAE
90
Contact Information
Name Cyril Ane O. Pia
Address Chapter 10-A, Aplaya, Digos City, Davao Del Sur
Email Address cyrilpia0@gmail.com
Birthdate October 11, 2001
Civil Status Single
Gender Female
Elementary Bala Elementary School
High School Holy Cross Academy of Digos
Parents
Father’s Name Andres Q. Pia
Mother’s Name Jean O. Pia
CURRICULUM VITAE
91
Contact Information
Name April Jane N. Watin
Address Purok Bayanihan,Km 71, Matanao, Davao Del Sur
Email Address apriljanewatin072617@gmail.com
Birthdate April 17, 2000
Birthplace Maragusan, Davao De Oro
Civil Status Single
Gender Female
Elementary Sinawilan Elementary School
High School Sinawilan National High School
Senior High School South Philippine Adventist College
Parents
Father’s Name Roberto A. Watin Jr.
Mother’s Name Juliet N. Watin
Appendix D. Documentation
92
DATE: MARCH 18, 2022

LOCATION: BARANGAY HALL OF KAPATAGAN, DIGOS CITY

LOCATION: BRGY. KAPATAGAN

LOCATION: COR JESU COLLEGE (1ST DEFENSE)
93
DATE: APRIL 19, 2022

LOCATION: CJC LIBRARY

LOCATION: CJC DRAWING LAB (2ND DEFENSE)
94

LOCATION: BRGY. HALL OF KAPATAGAN

95
DATE: MAY 06, 2022

DATE: MAY O6, 2022

LOCATION: MONTE FRIO RESORT IN KAPATAGAN
96
DATE: MAY 10, 2022

LOCATION: CENRO OFFICE, DIGOS CITY
DATE: MAY 14, 2022

LOCATION: CJC (3RD DEFENSE)
DATE: MAY 20, 2022

LOCATION: LUNGAG LANDFILL, DIGOS CITY
97
DATE: MAY 20, 2022

LOCATION: BRY KAPATAGAN
CAMP SABROS JARDIN DE SEÑORITA
DHEN YHOS
WINE WOODS
DATE: MAY 20, 2022

LOCATION: BRGY. KAPATAGAN MEDICAL CENTER
98
DATE: MAY 20, 2022

LOCATION: KAGAWAD MANLABI’S PLACE

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SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

AND ITS FACTORS OF CHALLENGES IN

ALCORDO, XYRIL RUBIE C.

A RESEARCH STUDY PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

We, ALCORDO, XYRIL RUBIE C., ALGABRE, MERVIN LOWELL C.,

AMARILLO, MARCO VICTORIO C., CABASUG, CLERR JOHN P.,

WATIN, APRIL JANE N., declare under pain of sanctions of Intellectual

knowledge we declare furth er that this activity is done by us.

ALCORDO, XYRIL RUBIE C. ALGABRE, MERVIN LOWELL C.

AMARILLO, MARCO VICTORIO CABASUG, CLERR JOHN P.

ESCOBARTE, JANLEX S. PASCUA, JULLIAN ACE B.

PIA, CYRIL ANE WATIN, APRIL JANE N.

ALCORDO, XYRIL RUBIE C., ALGABRE, MERVIN LOWELL C., AMARILLO,

Instructor/Adviser: ENGR. JAMES RAVEN S. SARSONA

This study is entitled “Sustainable Solid Waste Management and its

Factors of Challenges in Brgy. Kapatagan, Digos City”, which aims to identify

in solid waste management. In this study, the researchers used a qualitative

research method specifically a case study design, and utilized non-probability

or non-random sampling specifically convenience sampling to choose

respondents and gather information. The questionnaires are given to the

respondents of this study which are household residents, barangay officials,

factors of the challenges in sustaining solid waste management such as;

Disposal, Collection System, Transportation, and Management of Solid Waste

researchers concluded that these factors need to be addressed to achieve

sustainable solid waste management.

This research study entitled SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE

ENGR. JAMES RAVEN S. SARSONA

ENGR. AMIE LOU G. CISNEROS, MSCE, EnP

This research study entitled SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE

ENGR. HANNY CRESELLE GRAVINO ENGR. BEJAMIN HERMOSISIMA JR.

ENGR. KRISTINE MAY MATURAN ENGR. DENVER O. REGIDOR, LSP

RAPHSON C. ELESTERIO, LPT, MPA

ENGR. AMIE LOU G. CISNEROS, MSCE, EnP

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements in CE 326 Methods of

ENGR. JONAS M. PLACER, M.Eng.

We are really grateful because we managed to complete our Research

First, we want to thank Engr. James Raven Sarsona, an ideal teacher,

mentor, providing valuable guidance and feedback, and challenging us to grow

And to our family as a whole for their continuous support and

what sustained us this far.

PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE

Background of the Study 1

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND 6

Sustainable Solid Waste Management 6

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 23

CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND

Table No. Title Page

1 Age and Gender of the Residential 30

2 Number of Residential Respondent’s 30

3 Respondents’ Residential Places in 31

4 Residential Respondents’ Responses 35

5 Position, Committee, Age and Gender 45

Figure No. Title Page

3 Location and Coordinates 24

Appendix Title Page

Background of the Study

in individuals. Environmental protection and welfare need of a huge population

removed, burned, or washed away (Anand, 2010).

While Barangay Kapatagan, Digos City strive for development, their

solid waste cannot be sustained. As the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) of

in a private lot/property. However, the residents of the said barangay are

City's landfill, which is estimated 55 kilometers and 1 hour of travel. Challenges