Pharmacy Ancient Through Early Modern Era

- refers to the health care related profession that deals Before the Dawn of History
with both the fields of health science as well as •Ancient man decides based on:
chemistry. ✓ instincts and help of nature (First soothing
- profession of the art, science and economics of application)
discovery and preparation from natural and synthetic ✓Believed that people got sick: victim of evil forces,
sources in a suitable and convenient dosage form God’s anger and punishment
needed for the prevention, management and treatment •Early healers: Shaman and Priest
of diseases in man and animals. •Pharmacy in Ancient Babylonia: provided the earliest
practice apothecary.
✓ Apothecary: one who prepares and sells drugs or
The American Pharmacists Association (APhA) compounds for medicinal purposes
describes the mission of pharmacy as serving society
as ‘‘the profession responsible for the appropriate use Pharmacy in Ancient Babylonia
of medications, devices, and services to achieve Medical texts on clay tablets
optimal therapeutic outcomes.’’ record the symptoms of illness,
prescription and directions for
compounding, and invocation to
Pharmaceutical care- involves taking direct
the gods.
responsibility for patients and their disease states,
medications, and the management of each in order to 2 Types of Medical care in Babylonia
improve the outcome for each individual patient. Ashipu/Asipu
• Magical healer or
Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that include but Sorcerer/exorcist
are not limited to: • Rely on spells and magical
•Decreased medication errors stones
•Increased patient compliance in medication regimen
•Better chronic disease state management Asu
•Strong pharmacist-patient relationship • Empirical healer or
•Decreased long-term costs of medical care physician
• Make use of plant
What is Pharmacy? materials for healing
• Pharmakon– Drug or Medicine
• Pharmacy is an art and science of preparing drugs Pharmacy in Ancient China
• Shen Nung, written the Pen Tsao
that contains 350 different herbal
drugs and tested many of them on
himself (podophyllum, rhubarb,
ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon
bark, ephedra and ma huang).

Pharmacy in Ancient Egypt

Pharmacist
- is a person considered as medication
or drug expert.
-A legally granted responsibility to handle drugs and to
know all about those drugs.
Five Historical Periods in Pharmacy
•Ancient Through Early Modern Era: Human
prehistory to AD 1500
•Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940
•Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970
•Patient Care Era:1970 to present
•Biotechnology and genetic engineering: The new
horizon
• Papyrus Ebers: the best known and most important
pharmaceutical record that contains 800 prescriptions,
mentioning 700 drugs.
Discovered enemas, infusions, inhalations, lotions,
acacia, onions, aloe, castor oil and opium.
Pharmacy in Ancient Greece
• Rod of Asclepius: ancient Greek symbol of medicine
>Asclepius (God of the healing art) was believed to
impact healing by touching one with his staff or
serpent.
• Bowl of Hygeia the international symbol of the
pharmacy profession
>Hygeia (the goddess of health, cleanliness and
sanitation)
Hippocrates - Father of Medicine
• Introduction of scientific
pharmacy and medicine
• Classification of illnesses:
> Acute or Chronic
> Endemic or Endemic
• Hippocratic Oath or Oath of Hippocrates
Theophrastus - Father of Botany
Pedanius Dioscorides- Greek Physician and Botanist
>Published De Materia Medica - excellent rules for
collection of drugs, their storage and use.
Mithridates VI - The Royal Toxicologist
•He believed that constant exposure would build in him
an immunity to being poisoned by his enemies.
•He invented Mithridate, one of the best known
antidotes which is believed to be a universal antidote
in ancient time.
Claudius Galen
•Experimenter in Drug Compounding
•Galenical formulations or galenicals
•He invented the first cosmetic cream (cold cream)
Terra sigillata
•An early "trademarked" drug
•Clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an
official seal by priestesses, then sun-dried.
•Damian, the apothecary (Pharmacy)
•Cosmas, the physician (Medicine)
✓They both embraced Christianity and practiced
medicine and surgery without a fee
Monastic Pharmacy
• The monks gathered herbs in
the field, raised them in their
own herb gardens.
•Manuscripts from many
islands were translated or
copied for monastery libraries
Pharmacy in Arabian Era
The First Apothecary Shops
•The Arabs separated the
arts of apothecary and
physician.
•First privately owned drug stores
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) – Persian Galen
Books:
• The Book of Healing (intended to "cure" or "heal"
ignorance of the soul)
• The Canon of Medicine
(presents an overview of the contemporary medical
knowledge of the medieval
Islamic world).
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen - Magna Carta of
Pharmacy
1. The pharmaceutical profession was to be
separated from the medical profession
2. The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised
officially
3. Pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs
reliably, according to skilled art and in a uniform suitable
quality.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
•Greatest of The Pharmacists- Chemists
•Father of Modern Plant Chemistry
•He discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic
acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum,
glycerin, nitroglycerin
Paracelsus - Father of Toxicology
• Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus
Bombastus von Hohenheim
• Influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a
profession based primarily on botanical science to one
based on
chemical science.
Empiric Era
The First Official Pharmacopoeia
•The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to
be followed by all apothecaries,
originated in Florence.
•First Official Pharmacopoeia:
Nuovo Receptario
Francis Bacon
•First organization of pharmacists:
The Society of Apothecaries of London
John Winthrop - The Governor Who Healed the Sick
•Sovereign remedy: “rubila”
✓He believed was effective in the treatment of measles,
colics, headaches, sciatica and many other ailments.
Christopher Marshall
•The Marshall Apothecary
•became a leading retail store, chemical
manufacturing &"practical" training school for
pharmacists
•It was managed by granddaughter Elizabeth,
America's First woman
pharmacist.
Pennsylvania Hospital: first hospital in Philadelphia (1751)
• The first Hospital Pharmacy began in 1752.
• Jonathan Roberts: First Hospital Pharmacist
• John Morgan (Roberts’ Successor)
✓He advocated prescription writing and
championed independent practice of two
profession.
.
Andrew Craigie: America's First Apothecary General
• The first man to hold the rank of a commissioned
pharmaceutical officer in an American army
• His duties included procurement, storage,
manufacture, and distribution of the Army's drug
requirements.
• He also developed an early wholesaling and
manufacturing business.
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner
• First of the Alkaloid Chemists
• He discovered morphine
• He recognized and proved the importance of
alkaloids
• The first alkaloid was isolated from the opium poppy.
Pierre-Joseph Pelletier & Joseph-Bienaimé
Caventou
• isolation of Emetine from Ipecacuanha
• isolation of Strychnine and Brucine from Nux vomica
• Separation of quinine and cinchonine from the
cinchona barks
Shakers: First U.S. industry in medicinal herbs
• The Shakers gathered/ cultivated 200 plant varieties;
dried, chopped, and pressed them into "bricks";
wrapped, labeled, and sold them to pharmacists and
physicians world-wide.
American Pharmaceutical Association
• First President: Daniel B. Smith
• First Secretary: William Procter, Jr.
✓Father of American Pharmacy
• Now called: American Pharmacists
Association
A Revolution in Pharmaceutical Education
Dr. Albert B. Prescott
•He abandoned the traditional requirement of pre
graduation apprenticeship.
• Laboratory Pharmacy
First "United States
Pharmacopoeia” was the work
of the medical profession.
• First book of drug standards
Stanislas Limousin: Pharmacal Inventor
• He introduced:
>medicine dropper
>system of coloring poisons
>wafer cachets (A kind of wafer capsule
formerly used by pharmacists for
presenting an unpleasant-tasting drug)
• His greatest contributions: apparatus for
the inhalation and therapeutic administration of
oxygen and glass ampules
Era of Biologicals
• Behring and Roux
• announced the effectiveness of diphtheria antitoxin
• Inoculation of horses with diphtheria toxin was the first
step of many producing
antitoxin.
• Poliomyelitis vaccine
• Parke Davis & Company
Development of Chemotherapy
Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau
• Bismuth and Arsenic compounds advanced the
treatment of syphilis.
>Sulfonamide
>Antihistaminic properties
>Chemotherapeutic research
Industrialization Era
Large numbers of war-related injuries led to the
growth of industrial manufacturing in order to meet the
need for
pharmaceutical products
• Antibiotics (1940)
✓Louis Pasteur: discovered that microbes were
responsible for souring alcohol and came up with
Pasteurization ( bacteria is destroyed by heating
beverages and then allowing them to cool)
Alexander Fleming: discovered Penicillin from
Penicillium notatum
•He returned from a two-week vacation to find that a
mold had developed on an accidentally contaminated
staphylococcus culture plate. Upon examination of the
mold, he noticed that the culture prevented the growth
of staphylococci
Patient Care Era
Patient-focused drug therapy evolved, centered on
drug control or drug monitoring
• C.D. Hepler established the concept of
pharmaceutical care in the late 1980s
• Clinical Pharmacy Concept
> Area of pharmacy concerned with science and
practice of rational medication use.
>Patient centered services that promote the
appropriate selection, utilization and monitoring of
medications.
>Its objectives is to optimize individual improve
therapeutic outcome
The New Horizon
Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to
produce drugs, hormones, and other products
• Genetic engineering is the scientific alteration of the
structure of genetic material in a living organism
• Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has
greatly increased
• Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of cures
for major diseases such as cancer
The Philippine Pharmacy
•1871, the University of Santo Tomas which was
founded in 1611, offered the course in BS Pharmacy
and licentiate in pharmacy.
•CEU Pharmacy has been established in 1921 and is
the top producer of licensed pharmacists in the
Philippines
•Don Leon Ma. Guerrero
-First Filipino to study pharmacy
-Father of Philippine Pharmacy

•Botica Boie: First Drugstore In The Philippines

-served as a soda fountain and drug company at the
old Escolta
•Founded by a young physician-pharmacist:
- Dr. Lorenzo Negrao