Pharmacy History

From the beginning to the

future

Djoko Wahyono
Pascasarjana Farmasi UGM
 Eras
 Ancient Era Beginning of time to
1600 AD (ANNO DOMINI = TAHUN
MASEHI
 Empiric Era – 1600 to 1940
 Industrialization Era – 1940 to 1970
 Patient Care Era 1970 to present
 Biotechnology and genetic
engineering
 1. Ancient Era
 From the beginning of time to 1600 AD
 Early man used materials in his surroundings,
Leaves, mud and cool water were used to stop
bleeding and heal wounds.
 Dry clay was used to splint
broken bones.
 They copied animal behavior.
 Documentation
 At some point man began to document
healing practices on clay tablets 2600
B.C.
 One of the earliest known records written
around 1500 B.C. was the Ebers Papyrus
named by George Ebers.
 Ebers Papyrus
Contains formulas for more than 800 ancient remedies.

 Belly 
 "For the evacuation of the belly:
Cow's milk 1; grains 1; honey 1;
mash, sift, cook; take in four
portions."
 Bowels 
 "To remedy the bowels: Melilot, 1;
dates, 1; cook in oil; anoint sick
part."
 Cancer 
 Recounting a "tumor against the god
Xenus", it recommends "do thou
nothing there against".
 Clothing 
 Clothing may be protected from
mice and rats by applying cat's fat.
 Death 
 Half an onion and the froth of beer
was considered "a delightful remedy
against death."
 Greeks
 Around 600 B.C. the Greeks integrated
science into mythological thinking.
 The began thinking logically about disease
rather than believing spiritual
explanations.
 The Romans conquered the Greeks and
the medical and pharmaceutical cultures
merged, it is known as the Greco-Roman
era.
 Greek Figures
 Hippocrates “The
father in Medicine”
was a philosopher,
Physician and
Pharmacist.
 He liberated medicine
from the mythical
“Bad Spirits”
 He also wrote the
Oath of Hypocrites
Early copy of the Hippocratic Oath
 Theophrastus
 Known as the “Father He studied the
of Botany” adverse affects of
plants
Paracelsus
 Theophrastus
Phillippus Aureolus
Bombastus von
Hohenheim
 Swiss born physician
who believed in
chemical treatment of
disease rather than
botanical.
 Roman pharmacy titles
 Pharmacopeia: Maker of remedies
 Pharmacotritae: Drug Grinders
 Unguentarii: Makers of ointments
 Pigmentarii: Maker of cosmetics
 Pharmacopolae: Seller of drugs
 Aromatarii: Dealers of spices
 Pharmacist of today had not yet evolved
 The Arabian Influence
 Major advances in this era
 Formularies: The continuation of
documentation of drug information.
 They also had different drug forms which
are now used: Syrups, Conserves,
Confections and juleps.
 The first Pharmacy shop in the world was
in Baghdad about 792 A.D.
 The Renaissance 1350- 1650 A.D.
(End of the ancient era)
 Pharmacy became separated from medicine (1240
AD by king of Germany (Sicilian): Hohenstaufen
Frederick II – dekrit “TWO SICILYST”)
 Pharmacy Regulation began
 Achieved Professional Status
 University education for pharmacists was now
required
 Extensive pharmaceutical literature was created
 More and new drugs were imported from the orient.
 New chemicals were introduced.
 Renaissance (Ancient Era)
 Guilds we formed for the profession of Pharmacy.
 Physicians did not take pharmacists seriously.
 In small towns they were put in the same guild as spicers.
Important people of the Ancient Era
 Hippocrates: The father of medicine wrote the
Oath of Hippocrates “ Hippocratic Oath physicians
still take today.
 Theophrastus: Father of botany Experimented
with many types of plants as medications.
 Paracelsus – Believed in chemical made
medications and discounted herbal and botanical
medications.
 Galen : Preparations and fabrications of plants
drugs
2. The Empiric era 1600-1940
 Pharmacopeias were used to protect
public health.
 Roots, Bark, Herbs Flowers etc. were used
and controlled by the government.
 They questioned the toxicological affects
on the human body.
 Created interest in testing of drugs and
how they affected the body.
 Empiric Era
 In 1751 Benjamin  In Pennsylvania, PA.
Franklin started the It was moved but still
first hospital stands today.
 Empiric Era
 The first hospital pharmacist to work in
that hospital was Jonathan Roberts.
 William Proctor
 “The father of
American Pharmacy”
 Spent most of his life
to the advancement
of pharmacy.
 He owned an
apothecary shop,
teacher, editor and a
scientist.
 New drugs and chemicals
 Science grew in the 17th and 18th centuries
Many new drugs and chemicals were
identified.
 Nitrogen, Chlorine, Zinc, Oxygen,
Atropine, Quinine, Caffeine, Morphine,
Codeine, Penicillin, Testosterone,
Phenobarbital Niacin.
 3. Industrialization Era
 Civil War  World War I
 Industrial Era
 More people needed drugs for injuries and
illnesses from the wars, so mass production of
medications were made through
industrial machines.
 Industrial Era
 Scientific research was also growing in
the industrial era. Investigations into
medicines and their effects were studied.
 Due to all the research many new drugs
and uses of old drugs were being used
which caused more reactions and
interactions with medications. Which is
why the patient care era is called that.
 4. Patient Care Era
 New problems – Complications like allergic
reactions, multiple drug interactions with
other drugs and food.
 Increased the therapeutic duties of patient
care in the pharmacies and hospitals.
 5. Biotechnology Era
Now to the future
 DNA AND GENETIC TECHNOLOGY
 Biotechnology Era
 Gene therapy is being conducted. Some diseases are
linked to genetic defects. Modifying the genetic
makeup of people may prevent or cure diseases.

 Reincomant DNA technology: Recombinant DNA

is a form of synthetic DNA that is engineered
through the combination or insertion of one or
more DNA strands, thereby combining
DNA sequences that would not normally occur
together. Genetic modification.
 INDONESIAN DRUG MARKET

PADA TH 2010 : LEBIH DARI 42,00 TRILIUN Rp

PADA TH 2020 : SEKITAR 84 TRILIUN Rp (KENAIKAN 10%/TH)
DRUGS CONSUMPTION IN ASEAN PER
CAPITA (US $) YEAR 2004
GLOBAL DRUG MARKET
INDONESIAN EXPORT
DRUGS EXPORT & IMPORT
 FARMASI DI INDONESIA
 INDUSTRI : MASIH “ME TOO”
 KOMUNITAS DAN KLINIS : BARU MULAI
DENGAN “PATIENT CARE” SEJAK PP
51/2009
 PENDIDIKAN : SEJAK TH 1946 S/D 2000
ORIENTASI KEPADA SCIENCE
 RINGKASAN SEJARAH
 SEJAK JAMAN MANUSIA PURBA, FARMASI
MERUPAKAN BAGIAN DARI KEHIDUPAN
PADA 30.000 BC, MANUSIA MULAI
MENGGUNAKAN TANAMAN OBAT
(KEFARMASIAN MULAI DIKENAL)
 SECARA COBA-COBA (TRIAL AND ERROR),
MANUSIA MENGGUNAKAN TANAMAN DAN
BAHAN ALAM LAIN SEBAGAI OBAT
 BC
 38.000 : TRIAL AND ERROR HERBAL
MEDICINES
 2000 ? : ERLIEST FORMULARY KNWON IN
HISTORY
 1500 : EBERS PAPYRUS, EGYPTIAN
MANUSCRIPT PERTAINING TO PHARMACY
AND THERAPY
 460 : HIPPOCRATES : FAMOUS GREEK
PHYSICIAN (and also pharmacist) is BORN
 350 : DIOCLES : menulis tentang treatise
(risalah) tentang materia medica
 372 : THEOPHRATUS : ‘FATHER OF
BATANY’ lahir
 ANNO DOMINI
 50 : DIOSCORIDES menulis buku
tentyang materia medica
 130 : GALEN , a Roman Physician lahir.
Mencoba “drugs compounding”
 303 : COSMAS and DAMIAN : Patron in
farmasi dan medisin meninggal
 857 : JOHAN MESUE SENIOR (777 – 857)
Arabian Physician meninggal
 925 : RAZHES (865 – 925 ) Persian
physician meninggal
 1035 : AVIENA (960 – 1035) Physician
and philosopher meninggal
 1178 : Pharmacist are mentioned in
French records (sebelum TWO SICILLIES)
 1180 : Guild of Pepperes (serikat sekerja
rempah2) berdiri
 1225 : Apothecary shops is established at
Cologne (KOLN = JERMAN)
 1240 : Raja Frederick II (two Sicillies)
Dekrit pemisahan farmasi dari medicine
 1297 : Guild of Pharmacist is organised in
Bruges (Belgium) di Flandesr (suatu
daerah di Belgia)
 1345 : Apothecary shops berdiri di London
 1480 : Poison law dibuat by James I of
Scotland
 1449 : Guild of Pharmacopeia
dipublikasikan pertamakali di Florence,
Italy
 1529 : PARACELSUS (1493 – 1541)
publikasi pertama risalahnya
 1546 : THE NUREMBERG PHARMACOPEIA
is perhaps the first to become “official”
 1604 : Louis Hebert become first
pharmacist setle in North of America
 1617 : Society of Aphotecaries in london is
established
 1618 : First London Pharmacopeia is
published
 1703 : English Aphotecaries are authorized
to prescribe as well as despense
 1715 : Bartram’s Botanical garden
established at Philadelphia
 1718 : E-Fr Geoffroy, French Pharmacist,
establish the first tabulation ofrelationship
between chemical substances
 1736 : First Law related to Pharmacy in America
is enated in Virginia
 1752 : First Hospital Pharmacy is established in
America at Pensylvania : Jonathan Robert as the
Apothecary
 1777 : College de Pharmacie is established in
Paris, France
 1809 : Journal de pharmacie et de chimie
founded. First publish as a Bulletin de pharmacie
, in France
 1821 : Philadelphia College in Pharmacy is
founded in America
 1823 : Massachusetts College in Phaemacy
founded
 1825 : the American Journal of Pharmacy
is created
 1829 : New york College in Pharmacy
 1946 : 27 SEPTEMBER - PTAO (PERGURUAN
TINGGI AHLI OBAT) BERDIRI DI RSU
TEGALYOSO KLATEN
 1949 : 19 DESEMBER – PTAO PINDAH KE
JOGJA MENJADI FAKULTAS FARMASI UGM
 1955 : ISFI . BERDIRI DI JAKARTA
KETUA : DRS E. LOHO
SEKRET : DRS MOH KAMAL
BENDAHARA : DRS. THIO THIANG HOEY
 2009 : IAI TERBENTUK PADA BULAN
DESEMBER PADA KONGRES KE 18 ISFI