DRUG EDUCATION and VICE CONTROL(PRELIM)

Topic for Prelim:

•General history of drug
•International and Local Trafficking Route
The various syndicated groups involved in the illicit drug trafficking trades international and local and
their Modus Operandi
:Chinese Mafia
Japanese Mafia

Columbian Mafia
African Mafia
Middle Eastern Mafia Italian Mafia
•The past and present abuse of drugs
:Spanish Colonization
American Occupation
Japanese Occupation
Post war eraModern times•The past and present abuse of drugs:Spanish ColonizationAmerican
OccupationJapanese Occupation Post war eraModern times

History of drugs•The use of medicinal plants dates back not only to human civilization but to ancient
people also. Plants have been crucial in sustaining human health and well being of mankind. •The word
Drug, taken from French word Droguewhich means Dry Herb, strongly suggests that earliest drugs were
taken out from plant sources. History of drugs•The use of medicinal plants dates back not only to
human civilization but to ancient people also. Plants have been crucial in sustaining human health and
well being of mankind. •The word Drug, taken from French word Droguewhich means Dry Herb, strongly
suggests that earliest drugs were taken out from plant sources.

Earliest people used to treat diseases by some unconventional methods, using plants, animal products
and minerals, of them plants were given priority. World's ancient systems of medicine e.g. Chinese
Medicine, Ayurveda and Greek Medicine, despite, having wider differences in their principles of
treatment agree upon the point, that disease is due to imbalance within the constituents of the body
and that the aim of treatment is to restore the balance with the help of herbs. Earliest people used to
treat diseases by some unconventional methods, using plants, animal products and minerals, of them
plants were given priority. World's ancient systems of medicine e.g. Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda and
Greek Medicine, despite, having wider differences in their principles of treatment agree upon the point,
that disease is due to imbalance within the constituents of the body and that the aim of treatment is to
restore the balance with the help of herbs.

HISTOY OF MEDICINE •Drug discovery and development has a long history and dates back to the early
days of human civilization. In those ancient times, drugs were not just used for physical remedies but
were also associated with religious and spiritual healing. Sages or religious leaders were often the
administrators of drugs. The early drugs or folk medicines were derived mainly from plant products and
supplemented by animal materials and minerals. These drugs were most probably discovered through a
combination of trial and error experimentation and observation of human and animal reactions as a
result of ingesting such products.
Although these folk medicines probably originated independently in different civilizations, there are a
number of similarities, for example, in the use of the same herbs for treating similar diseases. This is
likely to be a contribution by ancient traders, who in their travels might have assisted the spread of
medical knowledge. Folk medicines were the only available treatments until recent times. Drug
discovery and development started to follow scientific techniques in the late 1800s.
•From then on, more and more drugs were discovered, tested, and synthesized in large - scale
manufacturing plants, as opposed to the extraction of drug products from natural sources in relatively
small batch quantities. After World War I, the modern pharmaceutical industry came into being, and
drug discovery and development following scientific principles was firmly established. •Although
pharmaceutical drugs are now widely used worldwide, many ethnic cultures have retained their own
folk medicines. In certain instances, these folk medicines exist side by side and are complemented by
pharmaceutical drugs.•The following are some snapshot examples of how drugs were discovered from
the early human civilizations.•From then on, more and more drugs were discovered, tested, and
synthesized in large - scale manufacturing plants, as opposed to the extraction of drug products from
natural sources in relatively small batch quantities. After World War I, the modern pharmaceutical
industry came into being, and drug discovery and development following scientific principles was firmly
established. •Although pharmaceutical drugs are now widely used worldwide, many ethnic cultures
have retained their own folk medicines. In certain instances, these folk medicines exist side by side and
are complemented by pharmaceutical drugs.•The following are some snapshot examples of how drugs
were discovered from the early human civilizations.
Chinese Medicine Traditional chinese medicine (TCM) is believed to have originated in the times of the
legendary emperor Sheng Nong in 3500 bc . The dynasty system and meticulous recording have helped
to preserve the TCM scripts of old China.
Egyptian Medicine•Ancient papyrus provided written records of early Egyptian medical knowledge. The
Ebers papyrus (from around 3000 bc ) provided 877 prescriptions and recipes for internal medicine, eye
and skin problems, and gynecology. Another record, from the Kahun papyrus of around 1800 bc ,
detailed treatments for gynecological problems. Medications were based mainly on herbal products
such as, castor oil, fennel, sienna, thyme, aloe, and garlic.Egyptian Medicine•Ancient papyrus provided
written records of early Egyptian medical knowledge. The Ebers papyrus (from around 3000 bc )
provided 877 prescriptions and recipes for internal medicine, eye and skin problems, and gynecology.
Another record, from the Kahun papyrus of around 1800 bc , detailed treatments for gynecological
problems. Medications were based mainly on herbal products such as, castor oil, fennel, sienna, thyme,
aloe, and garlic.
Indian Medicine•The Indian folk medicine, called Ayurvedic medicine, can be traced back 3000 – 5000
years and was practiced by the Brahmin sages of ancient times. The treatments were set out in sacred
writings called Vedas. The material medica are extensive and most are based on herbal formulations.
Some of the herbs have appeared in Western medicines, such as cardamom and cinnamon. Susruta, a
physician in the fourth century ad , described the use of henbane as anti venom for snakebites.
Greek Medicine•Some of the Greek medical ideas were derived from the Egyptians, Babylonians, and
even the Chinese and Indians. Castor oil was prescribed as a laxativeGreek Medicine•Some of the Greek
medical ideas were derived from the Egyptians, Babylonians, and even the Chinese and Indians. Castor
oil was prescribed as a laxative
Roman MedicineAs great administrators, the Romans instituted hospitals, although these were used
mainly to cater to the needs of the military. Through this work, organized medical care was made
available. The Romans also extended the pharmacy practice of the Greeks. Dioscorides and Galen were
two noted physicians in Roman days. Dioscorides ’ s contains descriptions of treatments based on 80%
plant, 10% animal, and 10% mineral products.
Asclepius: Greek God of MedicineIn Greek mythology, Asclepius, the god of medicine, studied medicine
under Chiron. He excelled over Chiron, and his medical skills were reputed to be able to bring back the
dead. This incurred the wrath of Pluto, the god of the underworld, and the envy of other gods. They
complained to Zeus, who also thought that he alone should have the power of life and death. Zeus slew
Asclepius with a thunderbolt. Asclepius: Greek God of MedicineIn Greek mythology, Asclepius, the god
of medicine, studied medicine under Chiron. He excelled over Chiron, and his medical skills were
reputed to be able to bring back the dead. This incurred the wrath of Pluto, the god of the underworld,
and the envy of other gods. They complained to Zeus, who also thought that he alone should have the
power of life and death. Zeus slew Asclepius with a thunderbolt.
DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE AGES The Middle Ages•From around ad 400 to
1500, witnessed the decline of the Roman influence. This was also the time when plagues scourged
many parts of Europe. Diseases such as leprosy, smallpox, tuberculosis, and scabies were rampant.
Many millions of people succumbed to these diseases.DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE
MIDDLE AGES The Middle Ages•From around ad 400 to 1500, witnessed the decline of the Roman
influence. This was also the time when plagues scourged many parts of Europe. Diseases such as
leprosy, smallpox, tuberculosis, and scabies were rampant. Many millions of people succumbed to these
diseases.
The Early Church•There are some references to herbs in the Bible. However, the Church ’ s main
contribution to medicines is the preservation and transcription of Greek medical manuscripts and
treatises. The Early Church•There are some references to herbs in the Bible. However, the Church ’ s
main contribution to medicines is the preservation and transcription of Greek medical manuscripts and
treatises.
Arabian Medicine•Through trade with many regions, the Arabians learned and extended medical
knowledge. Their major contribution is perhaps the knowledge of medical preparations and distillation
methods, although the techniques were probably derived from the practices of alchemists.
FOUNDATION OF CURRENT DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT •The Renaissance period laid the
foundation for scientific thoughts in medicinal preparations and medical treatments. There were many
advances made in anatomy, physiology, surgery, and medical treatments, including public health care,
hygiene, and sanitation.FOUNDATION OF CURRENT DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT •The
Renaissance period laid the foundation for scientific thoughts in medicinal preparations and medical
treatments. There were many advances made in anatomy, physiology, surgery, and medical treatments,
including public health care, hygiene, and sanitation.
BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY•Despite the advances made in the 1800s, there
were only a few drugs available for treating diseases at the beginning of the 1900s:BEGINNINGS OF
MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY•Despite the advances made in the 1800s, there were only a few
drugs available for treating diseases at the beginning of the 1900s:
•Penicillin In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered that Penicillium mold was active against
staphylococcus bacteria. Ernst Chain rediscovered this fact some 10 years later, when he collaborated
with Howard Florey. •By 1944, large - scale production of penicillin was available through the work of
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. This work foreshadowed the commencement of biotechnology, where
microorganisms were used to produce drug products. A description of the discovery and large - scale
manufacturing of penicillin is given in The Development of Penicillin In the 1930s, Howard Florey and
Ernst Chain worked with a team of scientists at Oxford University in Britain.•Penicillin In 1928, Alexander
Fleming discovered that Penicillium mold was active against staphylococcus bacteria. Ernst Chain
rediscovered this fact some 10 years later, when he collaborated with Howard Florey. •By 1944, large -
scale production of penicillin was available through the work of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. This
work foreshadowed the commencement of biotechnology, where microorganisms were used to
produce drug products. A description of the discovery and large - scale manufacturing of penicillin is
given in The Development of Penicillin In the 1930s, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain worked with a team
of scientists at Oxford University in Britain.
•Ernst Chain discovered an earlier paper by Alexander Fleming on the antibacterial properties of
penicillin. The Florey – Chain team ’ s investigation showed that penicillin interferes with the cell wall of
bacteria. Bacteria cells ruptured instead of continuing to grow. In 1938, their animal test, on eight mice
given lethal doses of infectious bacteria, showed stunning results. The four mice with penicillin survived,
whereas four controls with no medication died.
Globalization has transformed the world economy over the past forty years. The spread of ideas and
technology across borders has facilitated new avenues of trade, creating new markets and expanding
others. In this world of free trade, countries can access goods from around the world. Lines of
communication and flows of trade have opened among the rich, the poor, and everyone in between. We
are al connected; we all affect one anotherGlobalization has transformed the world economy over the
past forty years. The spread of ideas and technology across borders has facilitated new avenues of
trade, creating new markets and expanding others. In this world of free trade, countries can access
goods from around the world. Lines of communication and flows of trade have opened among the rich,
the poor, and everyone in between. We are al connected; we all affect one another
•Drug trafficking is the most crucial and most dangerous phase of the illicit drug market. Thousands of
kilograms of illegal drugs cross international borders daily, leaving the hands of violent traffickers and
entering the lives of drug dealers and addicts. Every week, hundreds of people are murdered in
incidents directly related to trafficking.•The illegal drug trade is a global black market dedicated to the
cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug laws. Most jurisdictions
prohibit trade, except under license of many types of drugs through the use of drug prohibition law.
Drug trafficking is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of
substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws. UNODC is continuously monitoring and
researching global illicit drug markets in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their
dynamics. Drug trafficking is a key part of this research. Further information can be found in the yearly
.Hard drugs are especially popular in the USA, Europe, and Asia. Crossing all borders, consumers are
supplied with these illegal products by truck, ship, or small plane.Opium originates primarily in
Afghanistan or Myanmar, while cocaine comes mostly from Colombia, Peru, or Bolivia.OPIUM- a
powerful illegal drug that is made from a type of poppyBitter brownish addictive narcotic drugs that
consist of dried latex obtained from immature capsules called opium poppy.
First used during 14thcentury:AMPHETAMINE- a drug that causes nervous system to become active so
that person feels more active and energizedNorth AmericaConsumption: Worldwide largest cocaine
consumption, Amphetamine-type stimulants use increasing.Trade: Mexican mafias are increasingly
involved in smuggling drugs across the US border or via the Pacific. Production: Amphetamine-type
stimulants are produced for the home market.
Central America/Mexico/Caribbean Consumption: Tendency on the rise.Trade: One of the axes of the
South American cocaine trade supplying Europe; small planes, couriers, and cargo ships transport the
products.Production: Opium for North America.Central America/Mexico/Caribbean Consumption:
Tendency on the rise.Trade: One of the axes of the South American cocaine trade supplying Europe;
small planes, couriers, and cargo ships transport the products.Production: Opium for North America.
South AmericaConsumption: Increasing amounts of cocaine and Amphetamine-type stimulants.Trade: In
almost all the countries in the region; Venezuela and Brazil are stopovers before delivery on to Africa or
Europe. Almost all of the world's cocaine comes from Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.
Western and Central EuropeConsumption: Cocaine consumption remains at a high level, consumption of
opiates and Amphetamine-type stimulants on the rise.Trade: Destination for thousand of tonnes of
drugs; extensive inner-European smuggling; significant points of control in Amsterdam, Madrid, and
along the German borders.Production: Large market for amphetamines, methamphetamines are mostly
produced in small laboratories in the Czech Republic and less frequently in Slovakia and
Germany.Western and Central EuropeConsumption: Cocaine consumption remains at a high level,
consumption of opiates and Amphetamine-type stimulants on the rise.Trade: Destination for thousand
of tonnes of drugs; extensive inner-European smuggling; significant points of control in Amsterdam,
Madrid, and along the German borders.Production: Large market for amphetamines,
methamphetamines are mostly produced in small laboratories in the Czech Republic and less frequently
in Slovakia and Germany.
Eastern and South-Eastern EuropeConsumption: Greater consumption of opiates due to proximity to the
trade routes.Trade: Delivery of opiates to Western Europe: cocaine is smuggled in from Africa to Central
Europe via this region.Production: Amphetamine-type stimulants are produced in most countries.
Middle EastConsumption: High consumption of opiates due to proximity to source, consumption of
Amphetamine-type stimulants on the rise.Trade: Main trade route for opium and heroin, cartels from
almost 20 countries are involved.Production: Opium production primarily in Afghanistan; heroin is
manufactured in almost all countries to meet European demand.
Western and Central EuropeConsumption: Cocaine consumption remains at a high level, consumption of
opiates and Amphetamine-type stimulants on the rise.Trade: Destination for thousand of tones of drugs;
extensive inner-European smuggling; significant points of control in Amsterdam, Madrid, and along the
German borders.Production: Large market for amphetamines, methamphetamines are mostly produced
in small laboratories in the Czech Republic and less frequently in Slovakia and Germany.Western and
Central EuropeConsumption: Cocaine consumption remains at a high level, consumption of opiates and
Amphetamine-type stimulants on the rise.Trade: Destination for thousand of tones of drugs; extensive
inner-European smuggling; significant points of control in Amsterdam, Madrid, and along the German
borders.Production: Large market for amphetamines, methamphetamines are mostly produced in small
laboratories in the Czech Republic and less frequently in Slovakia and Germany.
Eastern and South-Eastern EuropeConsumption: Greater consumption of opiates due to proximity to the
trade routes.Trade: Delivery of opiates to Western Europe: cocaine is smuggled in from Africa to Central
Europe via this region.Production: Amphetamine-type stimulants are produced in most countries.
Middle EastConsumption: High consumption of opiates due to proximity to source, consumption of
Amphetamine-type stimulants on the rise.Trade: Main trade route for opium and heroin, cartels from
almost 20 countries are involved.Production: Opium production primarily in Afghanistan; heroin is
manufactured in almost all countries to meet European demand.Middle EastConsumption: High
consumption of opiates due to proximity to source, consumption of Amphetamine-type stimulants on
the rise.Trade: Main trade route for opium and heroin, cartels from almost 20 countries are
involved.Production: Opium production primarily in Afghanistan; heroin is manufactured in almost all
countries to meet European demand.
OceaniaConsumption: Increasing consumption of Amphetamine-type stimulants.Trade:
Insignificant.Production: Amphetamine-type stimulants for the internal market.
PHILIPPINESThe drug situation in the country may have similarities with other countries. However, there
are also distinct problems in the country which may need distinct solutions. It is, therefore, vital to
carefully look into the drug situation in the country.Dominant Drugs in the Philippine Market Drug user
profile indicates that majority of drug dependents in the country are poly-drug users or users who use
several types of illegal drugs. More often than not, the abuse is done mainly for pleasure. There are also
cases where illegal drugs are used by individuals to cope with the demands of their work, like those
working in graveyard shifts, or working for long hours and the like. The availability of illegal drugs
encourages them to take illicit drugs.
•Methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu remains to be the most abused drug in the country,
followed by marijuana or cannabis sativa and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy.
Ecstasy, well known for being a “party drug,” which is commonly used in parties and nightlife, is
considered as the most expensive drug in the market. Solvents and other inhalants are also a preference
and are usually abused by street children.•Methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu remains to be the
most abused drug in the country, followed by marijuana or cannabis sativa and
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy. Ecstasy, well known for being a “party drug,”
which is commonly used in parties and nightlife, is considered as the most expensive drug in the market.
Solvents and other inhalants are also a preference and are usually abused by street children.•
Drug Trafficking TrendsIllegal drug trafficking is the most prevalent and by far the most pervasive illegal
drug activity in the Philippines. It is subdivided into 4 activities, namely: transportation of dangerous
drugs and controlled precursors and essential chemicals (CPECs), manufacture, distributionStreet-level
pushing is still the most widespread distribution activity. This is the way drug syndicates bring dangerous
drugs to clients at the barangay level. At the street level, drugs are retailed to make them affordable.
Drug traffickers never cease to find various ways to hide their illegal transactions. Bank-to-bank
transactions or wireless transfer is the preferred mode of payment in illicit transactions. There is a noted
use of package deposit counters in grocery stores and hotel lobbies as well as jail and prison facilities as
venues for drug transaction.In fact, there was one incident in 2012 where a one-year-old baby was used
to conceal shabu being trafficked. Drug-manufacturing syndicates establish multiple kitchen-type
laboratories in various locations for different phases in the production of illegal drugs. Each location is
designed and intended for one phase of production to avoid detection from authorities. African Drug
Syndicates (ADS) continuously utilize displaced Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) and willing individuals
who posed as tourists to be couriers of illegal drugs. This trend is likely to continue because people are
easily enticed by the huge amount of money involved.
THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATIONDrug abuse has become not only a national issue or a problem of just a
few countries but it is a clear and present global danger. Today, highly entrenched, well-organized drug
syndicates are behind this menace. They employ the most advanced and most sophisticated technology
coupled with unlimited financial resources at their command and disposal. Police agencies around the
world, pooling their resources together are more often than not, the losers in a game of hide-and-seek
with the international drug syndicates (Sotto, 1994).
World’s Drug Scene1. Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle” approximately produced 60% of opium in
the world, 90% percent of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially acknowledged source
of Southeast Asian Heroin. 2. Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the major supplier of opium
poppy, MJ and Heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of all illicit
heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.3. Middle East – the Becka Valley of Lebanon is the
biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon is also considered as the transit country for
cocaine from South America to European markets.4. Spain – major transshipment point for international
drug traffickers in Europe – known as “the paradise of drug users in Europe”.5. South America –
Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the sources of all cocaine supply in the world.
6. Morocco – the number one producer of cannabis in the world. (2003 to 2006)7. Philippines – the
major transhipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs such as shabu and cocaine from
Taiwan and South America. The second world’s supplier of MJ and the drug paradise of drug abusers in
Asia.8. India – center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people.9. Indonesia –
Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is
an important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and New Zealand.10. Singapore, Malaysia, and
Thailand – the most favorable sites of drug distribution from the “Golden Triangle” and other parts of
Asia.11. China – the transit route for heroin from “Golden Triangle” to H.K.12. Hong Kong – the world’s
transshipment point of all forms of heroin.13. Japan – the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from U.
S. and Europe.
Organized Crime Groups behind the Global Drug SceneColumbian Medellin Cartel•Founded during the
1980’s by Colombian drug lords in the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses Jose Gonzalo
Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine barons Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers.•The Medellin
Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug trafficking network. The Columbian
government succeeded in containing the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender, and
arrest of the people behind the organization. This further resulted to the disbandment of the Cartel led
to its downfall.
Cali Cartel•The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel - the newly
emerged cocaine monopoly. Gilberto Rodriquez Orajuela –Don Chepe - “the chess player” heads the
syndicated organization. Under him, the Cali cartel was considered the most powerful criminal
organization in the world. •The cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it was
called the best and the brightest of the modern underworld. “ They are professionals of the highest
order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative, and nearly impenetrable” – US - Drug Enforcement Agency.
The Chinese TriadThe Chinese Triad is also called the Chinese Mafia – the oldest and biggest criminal
organization in the world. It is believed to be the controller of the “Golden Triangle”. The Chinese
TriadThe Chinese Triad is also called the Chinese Mafia – the oldest and biggest criminal organization in
the world. It is believed to be the controller of the “Golden Triangle”.
Drug Syndicates in the PhilippinesThe Binondo-based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the
nucleus of the Triad Society, the Bamboo gang based in Taiwan and the 14K based in Hong Kong. The
Bamboo Gang is the influence of the Green Gang of the Chinese Triad while the 14K is the newest
among the triads families established only in 1947.The most common “modus operandi” by the
syndicates – posing as fishermen along Philippine seas, particularly, the northern provinces of Luzon
such as La Union, Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of shabu to shoreline based
members. The syndicates are famously involved in marijuana cultivation and other drug smuggling
including drug manufacture. Drug Syndicates in the PhilippinesThe Binondo-based Chinese syndicate has
been identified as the nucleus of the Triad Society, the Bamboo gang based in Taiwan and the 14K based
in Hong Kong. The Bamboo Gang is the influence of the Green Gang of the Chinese Triad while the 14K is
the newest among the triads families established only in 1947.The most common “modus operandi” by
the syndicates – posing as fishermen along Philippine seas, particularly, the northern provinces of Luzon
such as La Union, Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of shabu to shoreline based
members. The syndicates are famously involved in marijuana cultivation and other drug smuggling
including drug manufacture.
END OF PRELIM