LA CONSOLACION UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES

Valenzuela St., Capitol View Park Bulihan,

City of Malolos, Bulacan 3000
S.Y. (2018 – 2019)

HEALTH
AND
AESTHETICS
SUBMITTED BY:

ALCANTARA, JANELLA

BELONGUIL, ROCELLE

CATANTAN, JHANELLE ANNE

CAUBANG, ANNE VANNELIE

CUSTODIO, HAZEL

DEL ROSARIO, LHEN LHEN

LOZADA, MARY GRACE

NER, LIANNE PATRICIA

SUPSUP, MARK JOSEPH

MEDICAL

INTRODUCTION

The history provides an accurate information to develop an understanding of health problems in

different community and how to cope with disease. Through the past we can see how the ancient societies
dealt with different health problems and how they discovered different concept and methods to cure
disease. These coping statrategy was associated by their cultures and by the used of scientific beliefs like
the used of rituals and herbs for infectious disease, through this method it help to determine the remedial
treatment and peventive approach to health.

Futhermore, the methods and concepts of the ancient period was still used in medieval period,
Through the technology it help the medical care developed and emerging drug resistant microorganism
forces us to seek new ways of peventing their potentially serious consequences to society.

History

Eastern societies were the birthplace of world civilization.

EVOLUTION

I. ANCIENT TIMES GO

Primitive Times (4000 to 3000 BC)

 People believed that illness was caused by supernatural beings.

 Herbal medicine is the earliest scientific tradition in medical practice, and it remains an important
part of medicine to this day
 It was believed that if people were disobedient, the gods would inflict their bodies with sickness
or disease. Priests and medicine men treated illness through religious ceremonies, where evil
spirits were thought to be driven out of the body.
Several herbs and plants were used as medicine during primitive times. The snakeroot plant has
traditionally been a tonic in the east to calm patients. This medicine called morphine was developed
through it and is used up to this day. Morphine is often given to patients after surgery to treat pain.

First Known Form of Surgery

Trepanning- Allowed evil spirits to leave a sick person

-Most ancient form of surgery

The earliest clear example of a surgical operation is trepanning which involves boring a hole into the
skull. This operation was first carried out in Neolithic times using stone tools. It is not clear why such a
painful operation was carried out, but it may have been to allow evil spirits that were causing migraines,
epilepsy or madness to escape from the patients skull. It is also likely other surgical operations, such as
the lancing of abscesses and the sewing up of wounds with bone or flint needles, were performed, but
there is no clear evidence of this.

Ancient Egyptians and Babylonians (Egyptians 3000 BC)

 Magic and religion

 Conservative physicians
 Imhotep first physician
 Kept accurate health records
Writing began in Mesopotamia before 3,000 BCE when it was invented by the ancient Sumerians. The
Sumerians wrote on clay tablets and one such tablet contains lists of drugs, chemical substances and
plants used for medical purposes.

Magic and religion however played a major role in Mesopotamian medicine as injury and disease were
considered to be caused by Gods, demons, evil spirits and witchcraft. Numerous magic spells,
incantations and sacrifices were available to combat particular diseases and correct recitation was
necessary for an effective cure. Whether a patient would survive or not could be divined by examining the
liver of a sacrificed sheep or goat.

Egyptians- first people to develop a medical profession. A man named Imhotep became well-known for
his medical care of the Egyptian royal family and Imhotep is believed to be the first physician.

Sir William Osler described Imhotep as the first figure of a physician to stand out clearly from the mists
of antiquity. His medical practices deviated from the use of magic and prayer that other Egyptian healers
used and were remarkably advanced for the time.

Imhotep is thought to have been the original author of the medical papyrus, now known as the the Edwin
Smith Papyrus. This ancient text is the oldest known written manual of surgery and trauma and describes
48 cases of wounds, fractures, dislocations, and tumors.

Babylonians 2000 BC

 Similar to Egyptians
 Physicians are paid for services
 Both cultures had poor sanitation and hygiene.
 Ancient Egyptians and Babylonians

By 2000 BC, the Babylonians set up a medical structure that was similar to that of the Egyptians. They
created rules that required fees to be paid to physicians for medical services. Like the Egyptians,
Babylonian physicians were punished severely if a patient died or lost eyesight during treatments.

The Code of Hammurabi, a law code made by a Babylonian King, sets out medical fees for various
services and penalties for errors made by the doctor. Services referred to involved, the opening of an
abscess, the treatment of broken limbs, eyes and intestinal complaints.
Both the Egyptians and the Babylonians had poor sanitation methods and little regard for personal
hygiene. Infection and disease spread quickly among the people. During this time, the average lifespan
was only 30 years.

Ancient Hindus and Chinese (Hindus 1500 BC)

 Hospitals and Nurses

 Many types of surgeries
 Knowledge of drugs
 Sewers improved sanitary conditions and slowed spread of disease
The Hindus in India had developed an advanced medical organization. The Hindus set up hospitals with
some of the best nurses in the world. Hindu doctors were trained in many types of surgery, including
cataracts and plastic surgery. They also increased knowledge of drugs, in particular those used for
anesthesia.

In addition, the Hindus created walled sewer drains and an underground water pipe system. These
advancements helped to maintain a sanitary environment and to slow the spread of disease.

Chinese 3000 BC

 Documented over medical herbs

 Acupuncture
 Ancient Hindus and Chinese
The ancient Chinese also developed useful medical practices. The Chinese documented over 1000
medical herbs and established the science of acupuncture.

There were 388 areas of the body into which the needles could be inserted and they needed to be inserted
at the correct time, based upon the weather, the time of day and the phases of the moon. Acupuncture
does appear to be effective for pain relief as the needles seem to make the body produce endorphins, the
bodys own natural painkillers. Claims have been made that acupuncture can cure many diseases including
muscle, bone, respiratory and digestive disorders.

Acupuncture is recognized today as a valid form of alternative treatment.

Ancient Greeks- 2000 to 400 BC

 Hippocrates
 Father of Medicine
 Observation and Note- taking
 Hippocratic Oath
 Aristotle
 Anatomy
As the Greek civilization advanced, they began to question the accepted medical beliefs.
In the late 400s BC, Hippocrates began his study of medicine in Greece. He made one of the greatest
contributions to medical history by stressing the importance of observation and note-taking. Hippocrates
taught that disease was a result of natural causes, not supernatural punishment. The only way to
cure disease is to observe the sick. Hippocrates is known as the Father of Medicine. To this day,
physicians are required to abide by the Hippocratic Oath, which is a code of behavior written by
Hippocrates thousands of years ago.

Aristotle was another Greek contributor to the growing medical field. Aristotle developed the field of
anatomy by dissecting animals. He was the first to make a connection between medicine, biology,
and the body.

Ancient Romans -200 BC to 500 AD

 Claudius Galen
 Ignored the practice of patient observation
 Four body fluids
 Many flawed theories
 Established superior drainage systems and set up public hospitals
The teachings of Hippocrates were forgotten, and the medical field returned its focus to
supernatural causes and cures.

In the mid 100s AD, a Greek physician named Claudius Galen went to Rome and quickly became famous
for curing the emperors stomach ache. Galen re-introduced the ideas of Hippocrates to the Romans.
Many of Galens theories were flawed, and true medical progress was held back for centuries.

As a result of Galens theories, the Romans contributed very little to medical advancement. However, the
Romans did recognize that disease was often caused by filth and overcrowding. They installed superior
drainage and sanitation systems and also set up public hospitals.

Dark Ages 542 AD First episode of the bubonic plague.

 Rome is overthrown by barbarians, and the study of medicine is forbidden.

 People return to religion, magic, and folklore to cure disease.
In 542 AD, the Roman Empire succumbed to the first major pandemic in history. The entire known
world, qstretching from China to Africa to Europe, developed outbreaks of malaria and smallpox.
Because of the widespread disease, Rome was overthrown by barbarians. This period is known as the
Dark Ages. Once again, the study of medicine was forbidden. People turned to religion, magic, and
folklore to cure disease.

The End of an Era

The majority of people who lived in the ancient world believed that sickness was directly linked to a
supernatural being. They believed that sickness could only be cured through obedience, prayer, and
religious rites.
II. MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE GO

Middle Ages 800 to 1300 AD Moslem Arab Empire

 Pharmacology
 Rhazes
 First medical school
 Common people are treated by barber surgeons.
Progress was slow. But by 1000 AD, the Moslem Arab Empire created a medical revival. The Arabs
vast knowledge of chemistry led to advancements in pharmacology, the study of medicines and their uses.
They also set up a system of hospitals with specialized wards for certain illnesses.

During this time, the physician Rhazes became known as the Arab Hippocrates. Rhazes discovered that
blood was the cause of many infectious diseases. Additionally, he developed the first form of stitches by
using animal-gut sutures to sew wounds.

Another major medical advancement in the Middle Ages was the formation of the first true medical
school. The school was located in Salerno, Italy, and it was open to all nationalities. It taught both
anatomy and surgery based on the studies of Hippocrates and Galen. Anatomy was limited, however,
because students were forced to dissect animals. In most parts of the world, human dissection was illegal.

In the Middle Ages, medical doctors treated only the wealthy. As a result, common people received
medical treatment from barbers. The barbers were not trained in medical procedures, but they often
performed surgeries, such as amputations and cataracts. The methods were unsanitary, and many patients
developed infections or died.

Black Death 1347 to 1352 AD

 Second episode of the bubonic plague

 Over one-third of Europes population died.
 Many Europeans challenge the belief that religion is the cure for disease.
Between 1347 and 1352, over one-third of Europes population died. This wave of the plague is called
the Black Death. Because of the lack of medical progress in Europe, the cause of the Black Death was
unknown for many years. It was later determined that the fatal disease was caused by a bacteria from fleas
on infected rats.

The Black Death was devastating for Europe. However, fear of the plague caused many Europeans to
challenge the belief that religion was the cure for disease.

The Renaissance (1350 to 1700 AD)

 Many Europeans reject their commitment to religion.

 Andreas Vesalius published the first human anatomy book.
 The microscope is invented.
The Renaissance, which began around 1350, was a time of enlightenment. Europeans began to reject
their commitment to religion, and they formed new ideas about the arts and sciences.
Several medical researchers stole corpses and dissected them. One anatomist named Andreas Vesalius
compared the human corpse to the human anatomy described in Claudius Galens teachings. Vesalius
quickly realized that Galens theories were based on animal corpses, not human corpses. In the mid 1500s,
Vesalius published the first human anatomy book which proved Galens many errors.

. Hookes microscope proved that all living things are made of cells.

Result of the Middle Ages and Renaissance

 Reason and intellect had replaced religion and superstition in the medical field.
 The cause of disease was still a mystery.
 Typical life span was about 40 years.
Important medical advances were made during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. However, the cause
of disease was still a mystery. Many people developed infections and died at young ages. The typical
lifespan was only about 40 years.

Despite the lack of understanding, the general attitude resulting from the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance was one of intellect and reason. Reason had replaced religion and superstition in the medical
field.

III. Industrial Revolution and Modern Era Go (1700 and 1800s)

 Advances in chemistry and physics

 Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization.
 Joseph Lister develops methods of medical asepsis.
The Age of Reason that began in the Renaissance period had a great effect on the following centuries.
Huge advances were made in the fields of chemistry and physics, which provided many new
medical tools and methods.

One of the greatest discoveries during the Industrial Revolution was made by Louis Pasteur and Joseph
Lister. Pasteur was a chemist who worked in a winery. He wanted to determine what caused the wines to
become sour. Using a microscope, he discovered that microorganisms were to blame. He then developed
a system of destroying these dangerous microorganisms through heating and sealing. This procedure
became known as pasteurization. It is still used today, specifically on milk and dairy products.

Pasteurization process in which certain packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice)
are treated with mild heat, usually less than 100 °C (212 °F), to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life

Joseph Lister was a surgeon in England in the 1800s. He became frustrated by the many infections his
patients acquired after surgery. Using the research provided by Pasteur, Lister discovered that
microorganisms were the cause of infection in people. Lister continued his study and developed methods
of medical asepsis, which are cleaning procedures that kill microorganisms and help to eliminate
infection.

Structure and Function

John Hunter inserted a feeding tube into a patients stomach in 1778.

Edward Jenner administered the first vaccination in 1796.

William Beaumont fully described the digestive system in 1822.

Anesthetics, such as ether and chloroform, were used to put patients to sleep during surgeries in the
mid 1800s.

Elias Metnikoff explained how white blood cells protect humans from diseases in the early 1900s.

Almost every discovery during this time led to another one. The Industrial Revolution paved the way for
modern medical practices.

The Modern Era 1900 to Present

 1932 Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.

 Early 1900s Wilhelm von Roentgen developed the X-ray machine.
The modern medical era began in the early 1900s. The cause of infections and diseases was no longer a
mystery. Scientists quickly developed treatments for many illnesses.

A major milestone was reached in 1932 when Sir Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin.
Penicillin is an antibiotic that is now used across the world to treat diseases caused by bacteria.
Throughout the modern era, many other antibiotics and medicines have been developed. These medicines
destroy disease-causing microorganisms. In turn, they have helped to create longer, healthier lives in the
20th and 21st centuries.

Wilhelm von Roentgen also contributed to medical progress by creating a tool that changed medical
procedures forever. In the early 1900s, he developed the X-ray machine. For the first time, physicians
were able to diagnose illnesses and fractures without using invasive surgeries.

Technological Advancements

 Francis Crick and James Watson discover DNA.

 Organ transplants become successful.
 Infertile couples have children through in vitro fertilization.
 Childhood vaccinations eliminate many viral diseases.
The 20th century was filled with technological advances. The new technology produced rapid growth in
the medical world.

Francis Crick and James Watson identified the structure and function of DNA.

Organs, such as the kidneys and heart, were transplanted successfully from one body into another.

In vitro fertilization allowed infertile couples to have children.

Childhood vaccinations caused many viral diseases to be completely eliminated.

Health Insurance
  Health insurance plans were developed in the 1920s.
 Medicare and Medicaid.
 Hospitals were organized into specialized units.
As medical treatments and procedures became more advanced, health care delivery became more
structured and organized. Health insurance plans were developed in the 1920s to help cover the cost
of health care. The United States government developed Medicare and Medicaid to help elderly people
and low-income families pay for health care. Hospitals were renovated and organized into specialized
units. Examples of such units include emergency rooms, intensive care units, and pediatric units. Private
clinics were also opened to help care for certain illnesses.

The future of medicine is full of promise.

 Medical innovations should be explored with caution.

 Health care workers must stay open- minded and flexible.

The future of medicine is full of promise. Discoveries are made almost every day. Medical innovations
should be explored with great caution. However, health care workers must stay open-minded and flexible
to adapt to new ideas.

REASON

 allow for improvements in solving problems, in this instance, healthcare problems.

 A clear definition is necessary because lack of consensus acts as a barrier to bringing innovation
to clinical practice. Due to a lack of clarity and consistency, the term ‘innovation’ has been
frequently used inappropriately to describe different developments within healthcare.
 As healthcare organizations face unprecedented challenges to improve quality, reduce harm,
improve access, increase efficiency, eliminate waste, and lower costs, innovation is becoming a
major focus once again. ... The healthcare industry is on the brink of massive change.
 Prerequisite to economic growth
 Improve the quality of healthcare delivery and save lives

ADVANTAGES

Ancient Medical System

Primary prevention: The main goal is to prevent diseases. For this purpose immunization is used in
modern medicine. Starting from childhood until a certain age, vaccinations and similar precautions have
been adopted but these are useful to a limited extent. There are specific vaccinations for diseases like
polio, measles, and hepatitis and so on, but in some cases polio and measles occur even after the
vaccination.
  Ayurveda, yoga and natural medicine are not only a medicine system but are the best and
most scientifically examined system of living life in harmony with nature.
 One who practices yoga regularly and takes Indian gooseberry (amvala), Tinospora (guducT),
Holy basil (tulasT), Aloe Vera and a group of vitality promoting herbs, Astavarga along with
a natural lifestyle can stay free from disease almost entirely. This is a big achievement and
eventually the whole universe will have to revert to this path.
 By following yoga, natural medicine and an Ayurvedic lifestyle, all the cells of the body and
also the complete body remains balanced and controlled which promotes longevity; by means
of meditation and self-control, one moves on the path of salvation as has been said by the
great sages of India.
 By following yoga, Ayurveda and natural medicine we prevent the degeneration of cells,
tissues, internal organs and the complete body system and also provide strength,
detoxification and equilibrium to the receptors of every cell from genes and chromosomes to
life itself, in a natural way. In this way we protect the body from degenerative lifestyle
diseases and also make the body youthful, energetic, healthy and productive.
The primary aim of Ayurveda is to safeguard the health of a person, emphasizing the approach of
healthy living by adapting a lifestyle and diet according to the seasons and following a disciplined
daily regimen.

Secondary prevention: The main aim of secondary prevention is that if a person had a history of
myocardial infarction, hemorrhagic stroke or status asthmaticus and such conditions, medicines should be
given which do not let the disease recur and also to complete this goal Ayurveda is more effective.

o Ayurvedic treatment is one thousand years old, easy, simple, authentic, and safe and a
scientific heritage of Indian saints. We can preserve our culture by making use of
Ayurvedic treatment. By adopting Ayurveda in life one can achieve an easy, healthy, and
natural life and also benefit from the ancient, rich cultural philosophy and ideology.
o The numbers of diseases that can be completely cured by modern medicine are very few
like chronic infections such as tuberculosis, injuries and those needing surgical
intervention. Ayurveda can completely cure diseases from dengue, hepatitis, colitis,
pancreatitis, chronic bronchitis, arthritis, psoriasis and migraine to cancer and many other
diseases. In the complete cure of disease Ayurveda plays an important role.

Modern Medical System

 Modern medicine is defined by tremendous advances in understanding of human health and the
ability to moderate the course of chronic diseases, correct disabling physical conditions, and cure
molecular deficiencies. Medical benefits can take many forms.

 Therapeutic interventions can stop or slow the progression of serious diseases, prevent
illnesses, or improve the quality of life for a patient and, in some cases, for a caregiver.
 The ability to do real-time electronic tracking of outcomes in the postmarketing time frame
means earlier identification of possible safety signals.
 Modern medicine makes us know that certain things we regard as an abomination are normal
occurrences.
 It made possible to deformed people to become normal through operations and transplants.
 Mortality and fatality rates have reduced with modern medicine.

DISADVANTAGES

Traditional Medicine

According to the World Health Organization, traditional medicine is, “the knowledge, skills and practices
based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, used in the maintenance of
health and in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness.”

Although there are various forms of traditional medicine, one of the most prevalent and most commonly
used is traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as it dates back over 3,000 years and is still in practice
today.

TCM uses yin, “…the earth, cold, and femininity” and yang, “the sky, heat, and masculinity.” Yin and
yang must be in balance for good health.

Cons: The herbs used in TCM can be unsafe in certain individuals. In addition, there is less regulations in
place for the safety of herbs. For example, when you pick up a prescription at the pharmacy, you can be
assured that it has tested to ensure its safety and its efficacy. You cannot be as certain regarding your
herbals.

As such, taking an herb that has been untested can lead to toxicity, especially in people who are ill and the
elderly.

Modern Medicine

If you’ve ever gone to an urgent care clinic because you had strep throat or pink eye and left with a
prescription for an antibiotic, you’ve been the recipient of modern medicine.
Modern medicine, or standard medical care, is practiced by a medical doctor (an MD) or a doctor of
osteopathy (a DO). It is also practice by the healthcare team: “…physical therapists, physician assistants,
psychologists, and registered nurses.”

Cons: However, critics of modern medicine are quick to point out that there is a pill for everything. Yes,
we are quick to create more drugs, and yes, we are living longer due to said drugs – but are we living
better?

Medicine has evolved, and we now have surgeons who are able to perform surgeries robotically. We have
cardiovascular surgeons who can perform open-heart surgery using a minimally invasive approach. We
have physicians trained in specialties such as oncology, cardiology, nephrology, podiatry, and urology.

But critics point out that medicine has evolved to the point that we’re treating disease instead of
preventing it.

Intake of medicine which gives us relief instantly and make our life easy and intake of medicine becomes
a regular habit. Henceforth we are making our immune systems weak. Dosage what we take may
sometimes lead to Stomach upset, diarrhea, nausea, etc. It's a biggest commercial business. Side effects
may sometimes be slight or adverse.

CONCLUSION

On the primitive time, they believed in supernatural beings that causes their illness. And as times
goes by it evolve and change into new beliefs, on Egyptians and Babylonians are believing in magic and
religion are cure to the illness like epilepsy, etc. Because they think of evil spirits are inside of the body of
human. And times go by people have a knowledge in medicine during the time in Hindus and Chinese
like surgeries and drugs like herbs. Up to present, medicine nowadays has a capsules that combines
different vitamins, etc. and had a technology today to make performance of surgery is faster and more
safely and pain free. I conclude is The Health today is more reliant to medicine.

AESTHETICS

INTRODUCTION

The philosophical study of beauty and taste it is closely related to the philosophy or art. It has also
been defined as “critical reflection on art, culture and nature”. The word aesthetic derives from the
Greek “aisthetikos” meaning “of sense perception.

Aesthetic is broad. It deals not only with the nature and value of the arts but also with those responses to
natural object that find expression in the language of the beautiful and the ugly.

History

The first use of the term aesthetics is commonly attributed to Alexander Baumgarten in 1753. In
18th century considered as just the flourishing time of inquiries into beauty, taste, the sublime and genius.
The Ancient Greek philosophers initially felt that aesthetically appealing objects were beautiful in
and of themselves. Plato felt that beautiful objects incorporated proportion, harmony and unity
among their parts. Aristotle found that the universal elements of beauty were order, symmetry and
definiteness.

According to Islam human works of art are inherently flawed compared to the work of Allah, and to
attempt to depict in a realistic form any animal or person is insolence to Allah. This has had the effect of
narrowing the field of Muslim artistic possibility to such forms as mosaics, calligraphy, architecture and
geometric and floral patterns.

EVOLUTION

Plastic Surgery – Past, Present

Early Beginnings

 The ancient Egyptians weren’t the only ones to experiment with nose reshaping. Around the first
century B.C., Roman physicians practiced rudimentary reconstructive surgical methods on
gladiators whose bodies and faces had become severely damaged.
 Later, a Sicilian surgeon became the inventor of the “Italian method” of rhinoplasty (nose
surgery), and in the late 1500s, another Italian authored what is considered by many to be the
first true textbook on plastic surgery.

World War Brings Plastic Surgery to the Forefront

 It took the outbreak of World War I in 1914 to push plastic surgery toward the limelight.
Breakthroughs in oral and maxillofacial surgery were made as surgeons became focused on
reconstructing “broken faces” and disfigured servicemen.
 During World War II, facial plastic surgery gained more prominence and several military
plastic surgery centers were created within the U.S. to help treat facial trauma and burns.

The 70s, 80s, and 90s

 Plastic surgery carved out a presence in the 1970s. Instead of merely pulling the facial skin
tighter, plastic surgeons began manipulating the SMAS (superficial musculoaponeurotic
system—in other words, the supporting framework of the face) to provide better and longer
lasting facelift results.
 In the 1980s, Brochures on individual surgery procedures were produced as cosmetic surgery
took steps to enter the mainstream.
 Perhaps one of the most significant contributions made in the 80s was liposuction, especially
the introduction of the tumescent technique which involved fat reduction using a local
anesthetic.
 Breast implants were re-classified as class III devices which meant the agency could requires
manufacturers to submit studies on implant safety and effectiveness, and require pre-
market approval.
  The 1990s, we also saw the FDA ban silicone gel-filled implants for cosmetic use in 1992 due
to safety concerns. And finally, toward the end of the century, ultrasonic liposuction was
introduced. This method liquefies fat, enabling it to be removed more easily.

The 21st Century—Plastic Surgery for Everyone, Innovation Explodes

 We’ve also seen innovations introduced at a rapid pace, these aesthetic technologies use lasers,
radio frequency, ultrasound, and intense pulsed light—to name a few—to tighten lax skin, reduce
wrinkles, boost skin clarity, and more.
 A flurry of new and improved silicone gel-filled breast implants—resulting from the FDA’s
approval of new generation silicone gel-filled implants for general patient use in 2006—give
women more options in breast enhancement than ever before.

Early Wigs

 The earliest Egyptian wigs (c. 2700 B.C.E.) were constructed of human hair, but cheaper
substitutes such as palm leaf fibers and wool were more widely used. They denoted rank,
social status, and religious piety and were used as protection against the sun while keeping the
head free from vermin.

 Hair was gummed and powdered, false curls and ringlets were in fashion, and, in some cases, a
complete head of false hair called a perruque, was worn. The French perruque was colloquially
known as a peruke, periwyk, periwig, and eventually the diminutive wig by 1675.

Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (colonial)

The seventeenth centuryo, wig became the height of fashion for both men and women, with many
shaving their heads beneath for both comfort and fit.

By the eighteenth century, those who had the finances had a large wig for formal occasions and a
smaller one for use in the home. The larger or more "full bottomed" the wig, the more expensive, thus
they were also a mark of class and income and the target of wig snatch-ers. If one was unable to
afford a wig, one made one's natural hair look as wiglike as possible.

By the mid-eighteenth century, white was the favored color for wigs, and they were first greased
then powdered with flour or a mixture of starch and plaster of paris in the house's wig closet using
special bellows.

1920s to Present

With the introduction of the new bobbed hairstyle in the 1920s, wigs fell out of favor and were worn by
older women who were not interested in the newly shorn look. Their use returned in the 1950s, but only
as a way of having temporary fantasy hairstyles.

TRIVIA: The most renowned wigmakers and hairdressers in Europe were Maria and Rosy Carita.

he late 1960s that wigs underwent a massive renaissance in white hairdressing practices. By 1968 there
was a wig boom and it is estimated that one-third of all European women wore what hair-dressers
called a "wig of convenience." Men still tended to wear wigs differently moving further toward the
naturalism that many women were rejecting. Until the early 1950s, all wigs were made by hand.
However, the invention of the machine-made, washable, nylon and acrylic wig.

TRIVIA: Hong Kong led to cheap, mass-produced wigs flooding the market. The novelty fashion
wig or hair-piece became one of Hong Kong's fastest growing exports and by 1970 the industry
employed 24,000 workers. In 1963 British imports of wigs and hairpieces from Hong Kong was
worth £200,000 ($350,000); by 1968 it was almost £5 million ($8.78 million).

No hairy women in the harem of Ramses III

Waxing originated in Egypt. In 1150 BC. It was reported that the bodies of women in Ramses III harem
were smooth and hairless. It is possible that body waxing was practiced even earlier in Egypt dating back
to 3000 BC. Most areas of concern were legs and underarms.

The Roman Empire and waxing

The handsome Roman bourgeois men liked their legs smooth. Methods of hair removal ranged from
cocoa shells to resins and at times extreme to include bat’s blood for waxing eyebrows.’ waxings was
evident; it included the waxing of chest, under arms, legs, arms, upper lip and nose.

Waxing in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages hairy skin ruled. But that changed with the return of the crusaders from Africa
who brought natural resins that revolutionized the practice of waxing. Women began to detest unpleasant
body hair and went through extremes to prevent the re-growth of hair after waxing. Unusual ingredients
such as arsenic sulfur, liquid chalk, bats, frog blood and ash with vinegar were among many
practices.

Experience Waxing today

Since the 80’s body waxing saw an increase in the numbers of women that wax. Today intimate waxing
(known as Brazilian) is wildly popular followed by legs, underarms, facial and backs.

Cosmetic Facemasks in Ancient Times

Ayurveda Haldi Masks in India
Use of cosmetic products was not exclusive to religious events, however. In fact, using cosmetics was a
pleasure and fulfilled a desire to not only appear more attractive but also to become healthier and have a
longer life.
In the ancient Ayurveda tradition, face and body masks called ubtan were applied and adjusted according
to the season. Ubtan masks are in fact the very first cosmetic product ever used in the world. Ubtan
is a mix of various herbs, plants, roots and flowers chosen and mixed according to various skin
types and desired outcomes. Ubtan became popular across India and was adopted as a ritual for religious
festivals like Diwali and the Haldi ceremony during Indian weddings.

Egyptian Cosmetics and Cleopatra

 Wealthy citizens often applied many different face masks to maintain their beauty. The first Egyptian
face masks were made of clay. It is said that Cleopatra applied a dead sea mud face mask twice a week to
cleanse her skin. Additionally, she also applied egg whites to tighten pores and give her skin a youthful
look. Most famously, Cleopatra also swore by using rose. She was especially fond of drenching her ships
in rose-scented perfume to herald her arrival.

Yang Guifei in China

Yang Guifei from the Tang dynasty in China, known as one of the Four Ancient Beauties of China, was a
trendsetter in China with her use of beauty masks. Her go-to face mask was a mix of pearls, jadeite, lotus
root and ginger ground into powder. This mixture was meant to brighten the skin, diminish pigmentation
and wrinkles.

Facemasks in Ancient Rome

Roman women regularly used face masks as part of their beauty routine. Oils, honey, vinegar, basil juice
and goose fat were popular ingredients. They also used some rather exotic ingredients such as placentas
or stools of animals like kingfishers and cows.
Western Use of Cosmetics
Beauty Care in the Middle Ages
flawless white complexion was all the rage among women in the middle ages in Europe, creative and
dangerous ways to make their skin look more pale. Some even used blood-sucking leeches to achieve an
appearance of somebody on the verge of fainting. Others resorted to applying the blood of calves or hares
since they believed that these kinds of treatments were supposed to rejuvenate the skin and remove
freckles.

Renaissance Cosmetics
The pale look continued to be popular well into the times of Elizabeth I. They used hitherto unknown
toxins such as white lead mixed with honey and olive oil to whiten their skin. But even this was not
enough for some, and the practice of bloodletting continued. Face masks made of egg whites and lemon
juice were also used by some to brighten and nourish the complexion and achieved much safer results.

Beauty Care in the 17th and 18th Centuries

Perfumes and heavy make-up products dominated the shelves of stores for men and women alike, but
skin care had not been completely forgotten. , it was still important to have a strong foundation of healthy
skin.

Cosmetic Advances in the 19th Century

The 19th century saw many weird inventions For example, a special face mask invented by Madam
Rowley made of Indian gum and custom adjusted to the features of the user. This overnight mask was
supposed to remove visible freckles, fight discoloration and unclog pores.

Empress Elisabeth of Austria (also called Sisi) is one example of a 19th century woman obsessive about
caring for her beauty. She was a proponent of applying raw veal or smashed strawberries on her face. She
also used creams based on rose water, almond oil and wax.
20th Century Beauty Care
. Make-up slowly became widely acceptable and not simply something that was associated with actresses
and prostitutes. By the 1960s, skin care terms like cleansing, toning, and moisturizing became a part of
everyday life. In the 1970s, cosmetics producers started to put natural ingredients to satisfy customers’
desires for more organic products. In the 1980s, collagen started to be added into cosmetics and face
masks for better skin elasticity.

Modern Skincare and Beauty Trends

Today we are quite spoiled for choice when it comes to cosmetics and face masks. Face masks in
particular are available in all different types: creams, gels, powders or sheets. There are masks that choose
to follow a more scientific and “chemical” approach and others that are rooted in a natural and holistic
approach to skin care.

History of Lipsticks

Ancient Civilizations
Apart from aesthetics, makeup also had medicinal appeal. People from Sumerian civilization can be
credited as the earliest users of lipsticks. The stain was procured from naturally occurring substances like
fruits, henna, clay rust, and of course insects. Mesopotamian women were a little on the fancier side and
used ground precious jewels to add color and shimmer to their lips.
Egyptians, perhaps, were the first real lipstick lovers. Striking shades like purple and black were
common.. However, Egyptians used harmful substances like lead and a mixture bromine man-nite and
iodine which may result in serious diseases or even death.

In Japan also women wore thick makeup and dark lipsticks derived from tar and beeswax. It was only in
Greek Empire, application of lipsticks was associated with prostitution and prostitutes were under
obligation to wear dark lips, by law.

History of Lipstick Prostitution – Lipstick Use At Middle Ages

With the advent of Christianity and puritanical beliefs, Red lips were associated with Satan worship, and
women sporting lipsticks were suspected of being sorcerers and witches. Apart from prostitutes, no self-
respecting women sported colored lips. Women thus secretly added color to salves or resorted to
pinching, biting or rubbing lips with various materials to make them appear redder.

1990s - 2000 Onwards

This was the era of grunge and makeup was simple., natural formulas for lipstick grew. Tattooed or
getting semi-permanent color on the lip was getting popular. But if the 90s is remembered as the era of lip
liners. Nothing screams the 1990s more than darker lip liners with a lighter lipstick. Brands such as Mac
and Urban Decay came into the scene.

Now, the variety of colors and formulas of lipsticks available are mind-blowing, to say the least. From
nudes to pink to even whackier options like yellow or green, lipstick has truly become a symbol of self-
expression.

REASONS FOR INNOVATING AESTHETICS

 Unstoppable growing of technology

 global trend
  product advancement leading to treatment for new indications, quicker or easier treatments, better
outcomes and enhanced patient safety.
 more severe skin disorders
 improve quality, reduce harm, improve access, increase efficiency, eliminate waste, and lower
costs

ADVANTAGES

Ancient Aesthetic System

 Inexpensive unlike to the modern day operations and plastic surgeries

 Its ingredients comes from our natural resources and can evenly see in our homes nowadays
 Low maintenance than the process of modern aesthetic
 One way of incorporating organic Earth wisdom into our daily lives

Modern Aesthetic System

Demand for Cosmetic Treatments

Both men and women alike are growing more interested in discovering the treatments available from
basics such as microdermabrasion to more complicated laser and IPL technologies. From wanting to rid
themselves of acne or scarring to diminishing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, medical
aesthetics provide endless possibilities for clients seeking improvements to their appearance.

Prevention

Patients are interested in keeping their skin in tip top condition before the signs of aging or sun damage
begin to worsen and become more noticeable. As a patient you can speak to an aesthetician to discover
ways to keep your skin looking lovely with the treatments best suited for clear skin.

Less Maintenance

. No more worrying about hair removal daily or weekly. Laser hair removal allows you to have
maintenance free skin that remains smooth and hairless without the need for shaving, waxing and other
unpleasant hair removal treatments.

Pain-free, non-invasive beauty treatments

Laser treatments and other medical aesthetic treatments tend to be relatively pain-free, but more
importantly they are non-invasive unlike cosmetic surgical procedures. This means you do not have to
undergo any down time or painful recovery. . In fact the effects of many treatments are permanent.

DISADVANTAGES

Traditional and Ancient

  it is less suited to a multimorbid population or patients who have unrecognised disease and
functional issues
 little opportunity to optimise patients and modify risk
 generation of referral to primary care or multiple organ specific services
 delays in the timeline to surgery
 possible labelling of patients as “medically unfit”, which may influence future decision making
 no single point of contact for case coordination
 a lack of medical expertise to manage common postoperative medical complications
 a lack of involvement of expertise in rehabilitation and goal setting
 a lack of expertise in discharge planning and accessing appropriate community services
 a lack of expertise in communication with patients and carers regarding medical, geriatric and
functional issues

Modern aesthetics

When it reaches the age of 30, depending on the structure of the skin, the first signs of aging begin to be
felt, and over time, there are sagging and deep lines in the skin. The result sagging and lines affect the
person psychologically in the negative.

Despite the general optimism that patients usually have for plastic or cosmetic surgery, such surgeries are
not without risk. The risks and complications that can occur during and after plastic or cosmetic surgery
are some of the biggest disadvantages of these surgeries.

During surgery, the patient may bleed excessively or react negatively to anesthesia. Such cases can
degenerate into a dangerous situation that can be fatal or dangerous.

Other disadvantages related to cosmetic or plastic surgery could be the dissatisfaction that comes when
the patient has high expectations that are not met. That said, doctors should emphasize that the patient
should not have unrealistic expectations regarding the results of his cosmetic surgery.

CONCLUSION

On Ancient time, in plastic surgery they perform this only for broken faces not for beautification
for their faces, to make their faces normal to those broken faces. After World War I, Many of the soldiers
or who fought in those times had their faces broken and that time started the plastic surgery centers, it is
really for the military. Because in present times, most of them perform a plastic surgery to get their ideal
faces and also bodies. People nowadays started making their breast filled with silicone gel to make it
bigger and also in their butts etc. To make their faces look younger they get rid those wrinkles etc. All we
can do is to accept what is happening in the present how it evolves at least we know the origin of it. In
addition, wigs and cosmetics; the wigs in Egypt usually it is used for protection to the head lice that’s one
of the reason why the other Egyptian bald and using wig. While in the cosmetics I think it doesn’t change
a lot because we are still using it but it change in ingredient and it became more easy to use. For Overall
conclusion, the aesthetics nowadays in human has evolved to much especially their defining the beauty of
human.