NURSING / CARING

 a caring, unique profession, that is practiced with an earnest concern for the art of care and the
science of health
 involves a humanistic blend of scientific knowledge, and holistic nursing practice
 the result of changes in the scientific, technological, political, social and economic climate
 FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE –(often considered as the 1st nursing theorist) defined nursing as “the
act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery” (1860)
 Virginia Henderson- on of the 1st modern nurses to define nursing in 1960 as
o “The unique function of the nurse is to assist individual, sick or well in the performance of
those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he
would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, & knowledge and to do
this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible
 Martha Rogers- a humanistic science dedicated to compassionate concern with maintaining
and promoting health, and preventing illness, and caring for and rehabilitating the sick and
disabled
 Sr. Calista Roy- a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and
action related to the care of the ill person
ANA- (American Nurses Association) - describe nursing practice as direct, goal oriented,
adaptable to the needs of the individual, family, & community, during health & illness.(1973);
Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health
problems. (1980); Nursing is the protection, promotion, optimization of health and abilities,
preventions of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of
human response, and advocacy in the care of the individuals, families, communities and
populations” (2003)

HISTORY- is the study of current human thought and actions as they become the patterns of our lives, a
branch of knowledge that deals systematically with the past.

ERAS IN NURSING HISTORY

I. INTUITIVE PERIOD- ( direct ,knowing, learning, of something without the conscious use of
reasoning, immediate understanding)
 Was practiced since Prehistoric times among tribes and lasted through the early Christian era
approximately the 11th century. Untaught and instinctive
 It was performed out of compassion for others, out of the wish to help others.
 BELIEFS and PRACTICES of Prehistoric Man
a. He was NOMAD. Philosophy in life was “the best for the most” and he was ruled by the law of
self preservation.
b. Nursing was for woman, to take good care of the children, the sick, and the aged
c. Believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victim’s body by evil spirit through the use
of black magic or voodoo
 d. He believed in Medicine man called SHAMAN or witch doctor- healing power by the use of white
magic
e. TREPHINING- (drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without the benefit of anesthesia as
a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the afflicted)

 Nursing in the NEAR EAST

a. Mode of living changed from nomadic style to an agrarian society to an urban community life
b. Development of communication and the beginnings of a body of scientific knowledge
c. Nursing still equivalent to duty of slaves, wives, sisters or mothers
d. Care of the sick was still closely related to religion, superstition, and magic.
e. Astrology and Numerology were also used in the medical practice
f. This period saw the birth of three great religious ideologies: JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM
 Rise of the Early Civilization
Sumerians- the earliest record of healing practices is a 4000 year old clay tablet
I. Babylonian- CODE OF HAMMURABI- provided laws that covered every facet of Babylonian life
including Medical Practice, regulations related to sanitation, Public Health, Practice of Surgery,
differentiation between practice of human medicine and veterinary medicine.
II. Egyptian- introduced the art of embalming which enhanced their knowledge of human anatomy
a. Make keen observation, and left a record of 250 recognized diseases
III. Israelites- MOSES- is recognized as the “Father of Sanitation”. Wrote the 5 books of the Old
Testament (Pentateuch)
a. Practice of hospitality to strangers and acts of charity
b. Promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable diseases and the ritual
of circumcision of the male child
c. Referred to nurses as midwives, wet nurses or child’s nurses whose acts were
compassionate and tender

 NATIONS/CITIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD OF MEDICAL PRACTICE

I. CHINA
-they strongly believed in spirit and demons such practices as:
a. Using girl’s clothes for male babies to keep from evil sprit
b. Ancestor worship-thereby, prohibiting dissection of dead human bodies
c. Concoctions of animal organs, and excretions
d. DIOSCARIDES prepared “de Materia Medica”(PHARMACOLOGY), which scientifically
discussed 600 different plants as substances intended to treat in the 1st century until
the 16th century
e. OPIUM-the most important Chinese drug
f. External treatment included massage and dry cupping-a form of counter irritation
 2 special form of Counter Irritation
1. ACUPUNCTURE- puncture of the skin by needles to relieve pain and congestion
2. CAUTERY- searing of the skin by the application of burning ,a preparation of oil –soaked
leaves of Chinese wormwood

II. INDIA
-men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive form of asepsis, and were proficient
in the practice of medicine and surgery
Vedantic or Hindu medicine (1000-1500) BC
i. CHARAKA
ii. SUSRUTA- describe malaria, tuberculosis, and diabetes and wrote:
1. Indian Hemp (CANNABISSATIVA)
2. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)- plants used for inducing anesthesia as well as treating insect
bites , (hyoscyamine and scopolamine)

RAUWOLFIA- root of an Indian plant used as a source material for the first
modern tranquilizer

iii. SUSHURUTU-made a list of function and qualification of nurse, for the 1st time in
recorded history there was a reference to the nurse’s taking care of the patient’s, they
were described as combination of physical therapist and a cook.
III. GREECE
 Nursing was a task of untrained slaves
 Care of the sick & injured was advanced in mythology
a. CADUCEUS- the insignia of the medical profession today
b. HIPPOCRATES- the Father of Scientific Medicine (4th century)
c. KOS AND CNIDUS- Greek medical schools in 5th century BC
d. ARISTOTLE- the Father of Comparative Anatomy
e. ALEXANDRIA- famous medical school in the 3rd century BC and became
the center of Greek medical science because of:
1. Herophilus- anatomist, performed the first public dissection
2. Erasistratus- physiologist- did an important work on the anatomy of the brain, nerves, veins,
arteries
f. HYGEIA- goddess of health/ healthy living to prevent illness, revered by some as
embodiment of nurse
g. PANACEA- sister goddess of Hygeia, noted for treating illnesses with nature’s
remedies
h. ASKLEPIOS- Greek god, chief healer
i. EPIGONE- the soother,
IV. ROMANS
a. Transition from materialistic Pagan society to spiritual Christian philosophy
b. Regard Illness as a sign of weakness
c. Slaves and Greek physicians took care of the sick, and are regarded as inferior by
the Roman society
d. FABIOLA- a worldly, beautiful Roman matron who was converted to Christianity by
her friends, MARCELLA & PAULA, and made her house as the first hospital in the
Christian world
e. Roman contributions were in the fields of public health and hygiene, organization of
street sanitation, water supply and public hospitals

II. APPRENTICE PERIOD- Extends from the founding of the religious nursing orders
in the crusades, which began in the 11th century and ended in 1836
 Pastor THEODOR FLIEDNER and his wife founded the KAISERSWERTH INSTITUTE FOR THE
TRAINING OF DEACONESSES in Germany
 ‘ON THE JOB TRAINING’ period
 The word Nursing was derived from the Latin word Nutrire/ Nutrix which means to nourish.
Nursing was done without formal education and by people who were directed by more
experienced nurses. RELIGIOUS ORDERS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH was responsible for
the development of this kind nursing
 ORDERS-group of persons constituting an association formed for some special purpose, a
community of monks, nuns.
a. Beginning of religious wars
 During the middle ages, POPE URBAN II called for Christians to take back the Holy Land-
(name for Palestine) from the Muslims and called themselves as Crusaders.
 The Crusades were Holy wars in an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks who
denied Christ’s pilgrims permission to visit the Holy Sepulcher-(vault for burial, tomb,
receptacle for religious relics in a flat rectangular, square stone, forming the top or part of
an altar)

 KNIGHTS/MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDER- composed of brothers in arms who provided

nursing care to their sick and injured comrades
1. KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (Italian.)-devoted to religious life and nursing.
An organization of ranks- Priest, knights, brothers
2. TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (German)- established tent hospitals for the wounded
3. KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS-nursing care for the lepers in Jerusalem
 ALEXIAN BROTHERS- member of the monastic order in 1938/1431 Established
the ALEXIAN BROTHERS HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING-the largest under
religious order and exclusively for men in US. Closed in 1969
AGUSTINIAN SISTERS- was the first purely nursing order
 It was the Christian Value: “Love thy neighbor as thyself” that had
significant impact on the development of Western Nursing
 The principle of caring was established with Christ’s “the Parable of the
Good Samaritan”- tired and injured
PARABOLANI BROTHERHOOD- organization of men during the 3rd century A.D.
who provided care to the sick and dying during the great plague in Alexandria

 RISE OF SECULAR ORDERS- secular (layman) religious nursing orders for men & women
were founded by queens, princesses, etc.
 Secular-(Happening only once in an age or century continuing for a long time, from age to
age)
 SECULAR ORDERS FOUNDED DURING THE PERIOD OF THE CRUSADES
1. Order of St. Francis of Assisi(1200-present)-devoted their lives for poverty and
service to the poor
a. First order- founded by St. Francis himself
b. Second order(Poor Clares)- founded by St. Clare
c. Third order- composed of members-caring for the sick was one of their
important activities
2. The Beguines (1170)- founded by a priest, Lambert Le Begue. Composed of lay
nurses who devoted their lives to the service of suffering humanity
3. The Oblates- (12th century)-a person dedicated to religious life especially a person
living in or associated with a religious community but not bounded by vows
4. The Benidictines of St. Benedict-monastic order
5. The Ursulines (1535)- any member of a teaching order of nuns
6. The Augustinians of St. Augustine of Hippo
 PERSONAGES DURING THE APPRENTICE PERIOD OF NURSING
1. Camillus de Lellis (16th century)-
 Considered the Patron saint of Nurses.
 Founder of the Nursing Order of ministries of the sick
 Focused on preparing nurses to provide care for the sick, imprisoned, dying
2. St. Elizabeth of Hungary- Patroness of nurses
 Daughter of a Hungarian King yet lived her life frugally
 Fed the sick with her own hand an made beds for them
 3. St. Catherine of Sienna- “little Saint”-because she pledged her life to service at age
7
 First Lady with a lamp
 A hospital nurse, prophetess, researcher, reformer
4. St. Vincent de Paul- organized a group- Le Charite. And the community of the
Sisters of Charity addressed problem on poverty & poor health
5. Louise de Gras- the first superior and co-founder of the Order of the Sisters of
Charity- composed of uncloistered women dedicated to doing God’s work through
caring of the sick, poor, orphaned, widowed & sent nursing sisters to provide care
in the New World- CANADA, UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA
B. RISE OF PROTESTANTISM
-swept away everything connected with Religion Catholicism in schools,
orphanage, hospital

Protestantism- any of a group of German princes and cities presenting a defense of

freedom of conscience against an edict of the Diet of Spires in 1529 intended to suppress
the Lutheran movement, any member of any of several church denominations denying
the universal authority of the Pope and affirming the Reformation principles of
justification by faith alone, the priesthood of all believers, and primacy of the Bible as the
only source of revealed truth.

In England- hundreds of hospitals were closed, and there were no provisions for the sick,
no one to care for the sick.

c. DARK PERIOD OF NURSING

 Extends from 17th century to 19th century from the period of reformation until the US
civil war (1861-1865)
 Martin Luther- led the religious upheaval that destroyed the unity of the Christian
Faith
o A Reformist, German Theologian, translator of the Bible, leader of the
Protestant Reformation in Germany
 Nursing became the work of the least desirable women
 Sairey Gamp -personified women in Charles Dickens
 Betsy Preg- novel; as women who took bribes from
Patients, used alcohol as tranqulizers
  LEADERS WHO BROUGHT ABOUT REFORMS IN NURSING
1. Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika Munster- founder of the Kaiserwerth Institute
(Germany)
2. John Howard- a prison reformer, improved living conditions in prisons, gave prisoners new
hope
3. Mother Mary Aikenhand- established the Irish Sisters of Charity (Ireland)
4. Madame Jeanne Mance (1644)- founded Hotel Dieu in Montreal (Canada)
5. The Duchesse d’ Aiguillon- founded the Hotel Dieu Hospital in Quebec staffed by 3 hospital
sisters from the order of St. Augustine (Canada)
6. Mrs. Elizabeth Seton- founded the Sisters of Charity in Emmitsberg, Maryland in 1809

d. Establishment of the 1st Training School Of Nursing-

i. Germany was the site of the 1st organized nursing school
ii. In 1836 Ptr. Theodor Fliedner a Protestant pastor in Kaiserswerth
Germany, opened a Hospital in a vacant textile factory, with one patient,
one nurse,
a. Then converted it to a school when he realized there was no workforce
b. Gertrude Reichardt- became the 1st matron of the Deaconess of School of Nursing,
daughter of a physician.
e. NIGHTINGALE ERA
 Was born on May 12, 1820 in Florence Italy to a wealthy and intellectual family
 According to Sir Thomas Cook- Nightingale’s biographer, Nightingale was a linguist, had
a broad knowledge of science, mathematics, literature, and the arts
 Was well read in Philosophy, history, politics, economics and knowledgeable about the
workings of the government
 She believed she “was called by God to help others”
 Visited Kaiserswerth Institute in 1847 (Kozier),
 Entered the institute on July 6, 1851 to October 7, 1851- 3 months of training
 Studied in Paris with the Sisters of Charity (1853)
 She was asked by a friend from the British War Department to recruit a contingent of
female nurses to provide care to the sick & injured in the Crimea. With Mary Grant
Seacole, a Jamaican nurse
 She arrived in Scutari on November 5, 1854 accompanied by 38 nurses and after 6
months the MORTALITY rate dropped form 42.7-2.2% , on August 5, 1856
 She used her knowledge in data/statistics to influence the decision of the war
department on her written manuscript to Sir Sidney Herbert,
  Notes on Nursing- her most frequently cited work, is an essay on the manipulation &
organization of the environment
 Notes on Hospitals- introductory notes on Lying in institutions

III. EDUCATION PERIOD-

 Began from the establishment of Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas
Hospital in London (St. Thomas Hospital School of Nursing) June 15, 1860.
 When she returned to England from Scutari a grateful English public gave Nightingale an
honorarium of £ 4,5oo, which she later used to develop the school
 The school served as a model for other training school and its graduates traveled from
other countries to manage hospital and institute nursing training program
a. CONCEPTS IN THE NIGHTINGALE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
I. NURSING- “what nursing has to do ..is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to
act upon him.
i. Nursing “ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light warmth, cleanliness, quiet,
& the proper selection and administration of diet.
II. HUMAN BEINGS- she defined him in relationship to their environment
III. ENVIRONMENT- physical environment is stressed by Nightingale in her writing. Ventilation,
noise, and cleanliness, warmth, light. Nightingale’s writings reflect a community health
model.
IV. HEALTH- she did not defined health specifically. Nursing is an art- “unmake what God had
made disease”
 NURSING DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
1. HARRIET TUBMAN-(1820-1913) provided care and safety to slaves to the North on the
Underground Railway (Moses of her people)
2. SOJOURNER TRUTH- (1797-1883)-abolitionist, Underground railway agent, preacher, &
women’s right advocate.
3. DOROTHEA LYNDE DIX- appointed as Superintendent of the North Female nurses of the
Union army in 1861
4. JEAN HENRI DUNANT of Switzerland (1864)- organized the International Conference that
founded the Red Cross- emblem of relief to suffering in time of war and disaster
5. CLARA BARTON- (1812-1912)- founded the American Red Cross
6. LUCY OSBORNE (1868)- developed Australia’s 1st school for nurses, became superintendent
at Sydney Hospital
7. ISABEL HAMPTON ROBB- a school teacher in Canada & entered Bellevue Hospital Training
School in New York. She worked as a nurse in Rome for 2 years and became superintendent
at Illinois Training School at age 26
a. She organized the John Hopkins Hospital & School of Nursing
 b. Also an author of nursing textbooks which became the standard for nursing schools in
America
8. MARY ADELAIDE NUTTING- a graduate of John Hopkins School of Nursing. She reduced the
nursing student hour from 12 hours to 8 hours and made nurses training to 3 years
9. MARY AGNES SNIVELY- 1st president of the Canadian Nurses Association
10. LILIAN D. WALD- founded the Henry Street Settlement & visiting Nursing Service with Linda
L. Rogers and Mary Brewster. Considered as the founder of Public Health Nursing (PHN)
11. LAVINIA DOCK (1858-1956)- Nursing Leader & suffragist, feminist, prolific writer, was active
in the protest movement for womens right that resulted in the US constitution amendment
allowing woman to vote.
12. MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER- considered as the founder of Planned parenthood, nurse
activist.
13. LINDA RICHARDS- cited by many historians as America’s 1st trained nurse, graduated on
September 1, 1872 from the New England Hospital for Women & Children Training School
for Nurses in Boston. Reformed nursing in 12 major hospitals, some specialized in mental
health. Founded training school for nurses in Japan
14. HARRIET NEWTON PHILLIPS- from Women’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Some suggest that
Phillips was the 1st trained nurse to receive a certificate form that hospital in 1864. 1 st
trained nurse in America to do Community Nursing missionary service and to take Post-
graduate training
15. MARY MAHONEY- 1ST trained black nurse graduated in 1879 New England Hospital for
Women and Children
 In 1893- NIGHTINGALE’S PLEDGE was written and administered to the graduating class of
FARRAND (Nurse) training school in Detroit, Michigan.
16. Dr. WILLIAM HALSTEAD- designed the first rubber gloves
17. CAROLINE HAMPTON ROBB- first nurse to wear gloves
18. CLARA LOUISE MAAS- engaged in medical research on yellow fever during the Spanish-
American War. Died of Yellow fever.
19. EDITH CAVELL- known as “MATA HARI”. served the wounded soldiers during World
War (between the English and Russian) and suspected as a spy.
20. MARY BRECKINRIDGE- established Frontier Nursing Service, she worked in France in
1918, distributed food, clothing, supplies to rural villages & care of sick children.
Started the 1st midwifery training school in the US
 By 1920’s – Post Basic course was being offered at Teacher’s College in Columbia
University NY. To prepare nurses to be teachers
 Early decades of 20th century- concept of clinical nurse specialist arose. Most
advanced nursing curriculum were prepared in nursing school administration,
 teaching, supervision in Public Health and hospital administration (extended,
expanded role)
 Today the clinical nurse is a graduate of Master’s and Doctorate-responsible for
increasing their own clinical knowledge & competence & for enhancing the
quality of nursing care the quality of the organizational climate for learning and
research.
IV. CONTEMPORARY NURSING- period after World War II to present (1945-
present). Scientific and technological as well as social changes marked this period.
 Establishment of who- world health organization by the United
Nations
 Use of Nuclear and atomic energy for diagnosis and treatment
 Use of computers
 Aerospace Nursing at Cape Kennedy developed by Colonel Pearl Tucker
 Health being a fundamental human right

HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES

 EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
 Evil spirits, herb doctors (herbolarios),
 Herbmen-“Herbicheros”
 Bewitched- “mangkukulam”, ‘manggagaway’
 “Pamao”- difficult childbirth and some diseases
 EARLIEST HOSPITALS ESTABLISHED IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. HOSPITAL REAL DE MANILA (1577)- Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande. Established
mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldier, but later civilians
2. SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL (1578)- Founded by Brother Juan Clemente, administered by
Hospitallers of San Juan de Dios, built exclusively for lepers
3. HOSPITAL DE INDIO (1586)- by the Franciscan order, service by alms and contributions
from charitable persons
4. HOSPITAL DE AGUAS SANTAS (1590)- in Laguna, near a medicinal spring, foundedby Bro.
J. BAUTISTA of the Franciscan order
5. SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL (1596)- founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia,
administered by the Hospitallers of San Juan de Dios
 DURING THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
1. JOSEPHINE BRACKEN- installed field hospitals in an estate house in Tejeros
2. ROSA SEVILLA DE ALVERO- made her house into quarters for Filipino soldiers during the
Philippine-American War in 1899
3. DONA HILARIA DE AGUINALDO- organized the Filipino Red Cross in Malolos, Bulacan
4. DONA MARIA AGONCILLO DE AGUINALDO- president of Filipino Red Cross branch in
Batangas
5. MELCHORA AQUINO (Tandang Sora)- shelter and food for the Filipino soldiers
6. CAPITAN SALOME- revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija
7. AGUEDA KAHABAGAN- revolutionary leader in Laguna
8. TRINIDAD TECSON- “Ina ng Biac na Bato”

HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS OF NURSING

ILOILO MISSION HOSPITAL AND SCHOOOL OF NURSING (Iloilo city (1906) by Baptist
Foreign Mission Society of America
 Miss Rose Nicolet- 1st superintendent nurse, a graduate of NEHWC
 Miss Flora Ernst- American nurse who took charge of the hosp March 1944- 22
nurses graduated, April 1944 held the 1st Nursing Board Examination at the Iloilo
Mission Hospital
ST.PAUL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (Manila 1907)
 Established by the Archbishop of Manila, the Most Reverend Jeremiah Harty
under the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres in Intramuros Manila
 Opened its training school for nurses in 1908- with Rev. Mother Melanie as
superintendent and Miss E. Chambers as Principal
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL (PGH) School of Nursing
 Began as a small dispensary in 1901 for “Civil officers and employees” to a Civil
Hospital
 Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters- advocated the idea of training Filipino girls for the
profession of Nursing, opened a dormitory for girls at the Philippine Normal Hall
and University of the Philippines
 With Governor Gen. Forbes & the Director of Health she opened classes in
nursing under the auspices of Bureau of Education
 Entrance examination & completion of 7th grade
 Julia Nichols & Charlotte Clayton- taught nursing subjects & American physician
as lecturers
 In 1910 Act 1976 put the school under the Department of Health, the civil
hospital was abolished and PGH was established and the school became known
as PGH School of Nursing
 Elsie McCloskey Gaches- became the Chief Nurse, she made the course more
attractive and practical
 Anastacia Giron Tupas- 1st Filipino nurse to occupy the position of Chief Nurse
and Superintendent in the Philippines
St. LUKE’S HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING- (Quezon City 1907)
 An Episcopalian institution- started as a small dispensary
 The school opened with 3 Filipino girls
 The girls in the 1st year combined classes with students of PGH & St. Paul
 Miss Helen Hicks- was the 1st principal
 Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran- 1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses
 Dr. Jose Fores- 1st Filipino medical director of the Hospital
 CENTRAL SCHOOL IDEA- students of St. Paul, St. Luke’s and PGH had common 1st
year course
 REQUIREMENTS OF THE 3 SCHOOL
a.Educational preparation- 7th grade completion
b. Sound physical & mental health
c. Good moral character
d. Good family and social standing
e. Recommendations from 3 different person well known in the
community
 Later, they were fused in one class, lived in same dorm and received same
instruction in Anatomy & Physiology, massage, PN, material medica, Bacteriology
& English
MARY JOHNSTON HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (Manila 1907)
 Small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (Avenida, Rizal)
 Called Bethany dispensary- founded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of
suffering women and children.
 Sister Rebecca Parrish with Nurses Rose Dudley and Gertrude Dreisback-
organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing with 3 Filipino girls from
elementary grade
 Mr. DSB Johnston of Minnesota donated as a memorial to his wife $ 12,500 for
the hospital Building
 In 1911, the Philippine Assembly appropriated P 500 per month as appreciation
for its services during the cholera epidemic. Later the PA provided P 11,000 for
the construction of maternity & milk dispensary
 In WW II, it became an Emergency Hospital, and burned down in 1945
 Reconstructed by the Methodist Church of America and reopened as Harris
Memorial in 1945
 Miss Librada Javalera- the 1st Filipino Director of the School
 PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN MISSION INSTITUTE SCHOOL OF NURSING
 The United Christian Missionary Society of Indianapolis Indiana, a Protestant
organization of the Disciples of Christ operated 3 schools
a.Sallie Long Read Mem. Hosp. School of Nursing (Laog City Ilocos Norte
1903)
b. Mary Chiles Hosp. School of Nurisng (Manila 1911) established by Dr.
WN Lemon in a small house on Azcarraga Sampaloc Manila in 1913. Ms
MARY CHILES of Independence, Montana donated large sum of money
with which the present building brought at Gastambide street. Ms.
Esperanza Tuazon- donated for the Annex bldg.
c. Frank Dunn Mem. Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur 1912)
SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (Manila 1913)- through the
initiative of Dr. Benito Valdez- the school of nursing was opened, run by the Daughters
of Charity
 Sister Taciana Trinanes-1st directress of the school
Dr. Gregorio Singian-made reforms in 1920
Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz 1913)
 Dr. PHJ Lerrigo was sent by ABFMS to open a hospital with Ms Nicolet. Offered 3
year training course with an annual fee of 100
 Ms. Ciara Pedrosa-1st Filipino principal
SOUTHERN ISLANDS HOSP. SCHOOL OF NURSING (Cebu 1918)
 The hospital opened in 1911 by the Bureau of Health.
 Ms. Anastacia Giron Tupas organized the school. Ms. Visitacion Perez as the 1 st
principal
 1921- Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing
Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing
 1923- Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing
 1930- Manila Sanitarium Hospital School of Nursing
 1946- St. Paul School of Nursing (Iloilo)
North General Hospital School of Nursing
 1947- Siliman University School of Nursing
FIRST COLLEGES OF NURSING
1. University of Santo Tomas (College of Nursing)/ School of Nursing Education 1947-
(February 11, 1941)
 Sr. Taciana Trinanes- 1st directress
2. Manila Central University (1947) served as the clinical field for practice
 Ms.Consuelo Gimeno- 1st principal
3. University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948)-
  Ms. Julita Sotejo- 1st Dean; UP President Gonzales
 NURSING LEADERS IN PHILIPPINES
1. Anastacia Giron Tupas- founder of PNA
2. Cesaria Tan- 1st Filipino to receive a Master’s degree
3. Socorro Sirilan- pioneered Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro, where she was chief
nurse
4. Rosa Militar- pioneered in school health education
5. Sr. Ricarda Mendoza- nursing education
6. Socorro Diaz- 1st editor of the PNA magazine “the Message”
7. Conchita Ruiz- full time editor of the newly named PNA magazine “The Filipino Nurse”
8. Loreto Tupaz- Dean ofPhilippine Nursing, Nightingale of Iloilo
EVALUATION OF NURSING EDUCATION
Types of Educational Program
1. Practical Nursing Program (Vocational)- in community college vocational schools, hospitals
& other independent health agencies
a. 9-12 months both classroom & clinical experience
b. LPN/LVN- practice under a supervision of a nurse in a hospital, nursing home,
rehabilitation center & home health agency. Provide basic direct technical care to clients
c. RN- knowledge & skill make more sophisticated nursing judgment & assessing the client’s
condition & planning care & evaluating the outcome effect of care
2. ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAM-
a. Arose in the 1950’s- developed through planned research and experimentation. Several
Trends & events influenced the development of the program
i. Cadet Nurse Corps
ii. Community College Movement
iii. Earlier Nursing Studies
iv. Dr. Montag’s Proposal for an associate degree
b. Was financed during the WW II to provide additional nurses to meet both military &
civilian needs. They could be educated in less time than 3 years
c. In US.- it started when Dr. Mildred Montag published her dissertation in 1951 “ The
Education of Nursing Technician”
i. Conceptualized a nursing technician or bedside nurse
d. Students was to be rewarded an AND & be eligible to take the state boards for RN
e. It started in Columbia University Teachers College in 1952 under the direction of Dr.
Montag from 3 students in 1958 to 880 in 2001
3. DIPLOMA NURSING PROGRAM (DNP)-
a. Idea of training school as a source of free/ inexpensive staffing for the hospital was
welcomed
b. Nursing education in the years largely took the form of apprenticeship
c. Little formal classroom instruction, students learned by doing
d. No standardization of curriculum, no accreditation
e. Programs were designed to meet the service needs of the hospital not the educational
needs of the students
f. Initial program was 1860…,(New England Hospital.., Bellevue Hospital,, Women’s Hospital,
John Hopkins Hospital
g. In US-DNP are hospital based educational programs that provide a rich clinical experience
for nursing students
h. In 1965 the ANA recommended that Baccalaureate Degree Education- should be the
minimal prep for beginning professional nursing practice.

DEFINITIONS OF NURSING:

 Nursing is a caring profession, one that combines human compassion with sophisticated
technology of modern health care.
 Nursing is “Putting the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon
him”.(Nightingale)
 It is a helping profession that assists individuals and groups in society to attain, maintain
and restore health, if it’s not possible, help individuals die with dignity. (King)
 A humanistic science dedicated to compassionate concern with maintaining and
promoting health and preventing illness and caring for and rehabilitating the sick and
disabled. (Rogers)
 The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individuals, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to the health or recovery that he should
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to do this in
such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. (Henderson)
 An art and science by which people are assisted in learning to care for themselves
whenever possible and cared for by others when they are unable to meet their own
needs.
PROFESSION – an occupation that requires extensive education.
 An organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge
which establishes its own rules and standards for the protection of the public and the
professionals.
  An occupation or calling requiring advanced training and experience in some specific or
specialized body of knowledge which provides service to society in special field.

PROFESSIONAL NURSING – as an art and science, dominated by an ideal of service in which

certain principles are applied in the skillful care of the well and the ill.

PROFESSINAL NURSE – is one who has acquired the art and science of nursing through her
basic education, who interprets her role in nursing in terms of the social ends for which it exists.

Primary Characteristics of a Professional Nurse:

1. Education-as a profession, nursing is establishing a well defined body of knowledge & expertise.
2. Theory & Ongoing Research- it has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills and
abilities. Increasing research to nursing is contributing to nursing practice.
3. Service- serves the society and not the specific interest of a group.
4. Autonomy – it regulates itself and sets standards for its members.
5. Code of Ethics – nurses have traditionally placed a high value on the worth and dignity of others.
6. Caring – the unique characteristic of nursing as a profession.

 NURSING (as an art)

 Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and
methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the
promotion and maintenance of health
 NURSING (as a science)
 Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal
health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or
potential problem

 NURSE
 Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to cherish
 One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and
emotionally disabled
 One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the
prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health.
An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and
communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of health and
healthy environment
 PATIENT
 Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to Bear”
 An individual who is in the state of physical, mental, and emotional imbalance
 An individual who seeks for nursing assistance, medical assistance, or for surgery
due to illness or a disease.
 Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing medical or surgical care. One who is
physically or mentally disabled.
ROLES OF A NURSE
 Caregiver
 Primary goal
 TYPES OF CARE:
 Full Care  for completely dependent patient
 Partial Care  for partially dependent patient
 Supportive-Educative care  to assist clients in attaining their highest
possible level of health and wellness; for learnings
 Communicator
 Integral to all nursing roles
 Nurses communicate with the client, support persons, other health
professionals, and people in the community
 Nurses identify client problems and then communicate these verbally or in
writing to other members of the health team
 Teacher
 Nurses help clients learn about their health and the health care procedure they
need to perform to restore or maintain their health.
 Nurses assesses the client’s learning needs and readiness to learn, sets specific
learning goals in conjunction with the client, enacts teaching strategies, and
measures learning.
 Nurses also teaches unlicensed assistive personnel to whom they delegate care,
and they share their expertise with other nurses and health professionals.
 Client Advocate
 Acts to protect the client
 Nurse may represent the client’s needs and wishes to other health professionals,
such as relaying the client’s wishes for information to the physician.
 Nurses assist clients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for
themselves
 Counselor
  Helping a client recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems,
to develop improved interpersonal relationships, and to promote personal
growth.
 Involves providing emotional, intellectual and psychologic support.
 Nurses counsel primarily healthy individuals with normal adjustment difficulties
and focuses on helping the person develop new attitudes, feelings, behaviors by
encouraging the client to look at alternative behaviors, recognizing the choices,
and develop sense of control.
 Leader
 Influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal.
 Can be employed at different levels: individual client, family, groups of clients,
colleagues, or the community
 Case Manager
 Work with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the effectiveness of
the case management plan and to monitor outcomes.
 Works with primary or staff nurses to oversee the care of a specific caseload.
 Primary nurse or provides some level of direct care to the client and family
 Helps ensure that care is oriented to the client, while controlling costs.
 Administrator
 Assumes middle management position
 Connects the patient to other services of the hospital
 Expanded Career Roles
 Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse midwife, nurse educator, nurse
researcher, and nurse anesthetist
 All of which allow greater independence and autonomy.

SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE

 PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS

 Wellness – state of well-being. Engaging in attitudes and behavior that enhance
the quality of life and maximize personal potential
 For both healthy and ill.
 Involve individual and community activities to enhance healthy lifestyle, such as
improving nutrition and physical fitness, preventing drug and alcohol misuse,
restricting smoking, and preventing accidents and injury in the home and
workplace.
 PREVENTING ILLNESS
  The goal is to maintain optimal health by preventing diseases
 Nursing activities includes immunizations, prenatal and infant care, and
prevention of sexually transmitted disease.

 RESTORING HEALTH
 Focuses on the ill client
 Extends from early detection of disease to helping the client during the recovery
period
 NURSING ACTIVITIES:
 Providing direct care to the ill person: administering medications, baths,
and specific procedures and treatments
 Providing diagnostic and assessment procedures: measuring BP and
examining feces for occult blood
 Consulting with other health care professionals about client’s problems
 Teaching clients about recovery activities: exercise that will accelerate
recovery after a stroke
 Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional level following physical
or mental illness, injury, or chemical addiction
 CARE OF THE DYING
 Involves comforting and caring for people of all ages who are dying
 Includes helping clients live as comfortable as possible until death and helping
support persons cope with death.
 Work in homes, hospitals, and extended care facilities
 Hospices are specifically designed for this purpose.