Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pharmacology
History of
Pharmacology
3
Ancient
Period
4
The Cave Man
Ancient man learned from instinct, from observation of
birds and beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first
soothing application. By trial, he learned which served him
best. Eventually, he applied his knowledge for the benefit of
others. Though the cavemen's methods were crude, many of
today's medicines spring from sources as simple and
elementary as those which were within reach of early man.
5
Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often
called the cradle of civilization, provides the
earliest known record of practice of the art of the
apothecary. Practitioners of healing of this era
(about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and
physician, all in one. Medical texts on clay tablets
record first the symptoms of illness, the 6
prescription and directions for compounding, then
an invocation to the gods. ANCIENT BABYLONIA
Chinese Pharmacy, Ancient China
according to legend,
stems from Shen Nung (about 2000 B.C.), emperor who sought out
and investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. He
reputed to have tested many of them on himself, and to have
written the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs. Still
worshiped by native Chinese drug guilds as their patron god, Shen
Nung conceivably examined many herbs, barks, and roots brought
in from the fields, swamps, and woods that are still recognized in
Pharmacy today.
Emperor SHEN NUNG
◈ In China, many medicinal plants
have been used since 2000 BC.
◈ “ PEN T’SAO” , the oldest
known herbal written by the
emperor.
◈ Contains 365 drugs, one for
each day of the year.
EGYPTIANS
AL-RHUZI came up with the first formulary that served as model for London
Pharmacopeia
DATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
MERCK & PARK-DAVIS MADE COCOA WIDELY AVAILABLE FOR
USE IN PHARMACEUTICALS
16TH
CENTURY TOBACCO WAS USED TO TREAT SORES, ULCERS AND ASTHMA,
WOUND, BRUISES, VENOMOUS BITE, FLATULENCE, HALITOSIS,
HEADACHES , RHEUMATISMS, TOOTHACHE. CONSTIPATION &
COLIC
20TH
CENTURY
◈ THERAPY
◈ TREATMENT
PHARMACIST/ PHARMACY
◈ PHARMACIST IS A
PROFESSIONAL WHO
DISPENSES DRUGS
ACCORDING TO
MEDICAL
PRESCRIPTION
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
- Another term for clinical
pharmacology
- The branch of pharmacology that
deals with drugs , chemicals that
are used in medicine for the
treatment, prevention & diagnosis
of disease in human
◈DRUGS – CHEMICALS THAT ARE
INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY THAT
CAUSE SOME SORT OF CHANGE
33
◈ Antagonist – drugs which
inhibit or counteract effects
caused by other drugs
◈ Absorption – the taking in
of drug from the site of
administration into the
blood stream or lymphatic
system 34
◈ Enzymes – substance produced by
living cells which act as catalyst
◈ Serum – clear fluid portion of
blood similar to plasma but does
not contain fibrinogen
◈ Vaccines – suspension of killed /
attenuated or modified
microorganisms
35
◈MEDICATION –
Therapeutic substance
administered for cure ,
treatment & prevention of
diseases
Branches of
Pharmacology
38
◈PHARMACODYNAMICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS is the study of how
drugs interact with body cells and tissues- the
theories of drug action
◈TOXICOLOGY
– A BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY WHICH
DEALS WITH THE UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS OF
CHEMICALS IN THE BIOLOGIC SYSTEMS
◈Side Effects – Physiologic effects not related to the desired drug effects
◈Drug Toxicity- it is the deleterious effects of a drug on an organism or tissue
Effects of Drugs
◈Drug Allergy – allergic reaction that may be either mild or severe
- ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK is a severe form of allergic
reaction usually occurring immediately after the
administration of the drug
◈ Drug Tolerance – is tolerance to a frequently repeated
administration of a certain drug.
◈before,
Drug Interaction – occurs when the administration of one drug
at the same time, or after another drug deters the effects of
one or both drugs.
• Plants
• Alkaloids
• Glycosides
• Gums
• Resin
• Oil
• Crude Drugs
47
Organic Sources
• Animals
• Proteins
• Fats/Oil
• Enzymes
• Vaccines
48
Inorganic Sources
• Minerals
• Metals/Non metals
• Inorganic Acids, Alkali &
Salts
49
Microbiological Agents
50
Methods of
Naming Drugs
51
Methods of Naming Drugs
Chemical Name
Generic Name
Trademark / Brand name
52
Chemical Name
54
Trademark/ Brand Name
a drug that has a trade name and is
protected by a patent (can be produced
and sold only by the company holding the
patent)
55
Prescription
◈ PRESCRIPTION – A WRiTTEN
DIRECTION FOR THE
PREPARATION AND
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
Includes the patient’s
information
56
Patient’s Information
( Name & age etc )
date of prescription made
the symbol Rx
Name of drug, dosage & strength
route of administration
dispensing instruction
how drug should be taken
direction to the one administering the drug
Doctors affix their full name & signature
Maria Obama July 18, 2019
San Juan St, NC 42 M
PHARMACODYNAMICS
The science that deals with the
interactions between chemical
components of living systems
and foreign chemicals
including drugs that enter the
system
59
It comes from the greek
word PHARMACON
“ DRUGS “ &
DYNAMICS “ ACTION
or POWER
60
DRUGS USUALLY WORKS IN ONE OF
FOUR WAYS:
1. To replace or act as substitutes for
missing chemicals
2. To increase or stimulate certain cellular
activities
3. To depress or slow cellular activities
4. To interfere with functioning of foreign
cells, such as invading microorganisms
Principles of
Drug Action
62
1. Drugs do not create new cellular
functions but rather ALTER existing
ones
◈ Ex. Antibiotics slows down the
growth & action of many microbial
organisms
◈ Laxatives increase the peristaltic
movement of the lower GIT
63
Drugs interact in many different ways.
Some act by altering the chemical
composition of a body fluid.
◈ ANTACIDS are designed to alter the
acidity of the stomach contents.
◈ ANESTHESIA has an affinity with the
lipid portion of the nerve cell causing it
accumulate in the fatty cells and
depress nerve function.
64
◈ Different drugs whose molecules
precisely fits into a given receptor
can be expected to elicit a
comparable drug response.
◈ Ex. Penicillins perfectly fit in their
receptors, they have an affinity to a
receptor. It takes only a small
amount of drug to cause an effect
on the body.
65
◈ Drugs which interact with a receptor to
produce a response are known as
AGONISTS
◈ Drugs which do not have specific
pharmacological action of their own but
interact with a receptor to inhibit or
prevent the action of agonists are called
ANTAGONISTS
66
◈ EXAMPLE:
◆ A patient in pain was given
morphine to address surgical pain but
it can also depress the CNS ; can
produce respiratory distress so an
antagonist ( narcotic antagonist ) is
given to reduce the effect of
morphine ( agonist-antagonist
interaction ) 67
Drugs act in several different ways to achieve results:
RECEPTOR SITES Drugs acting on specific areas of the cell called
receptor sites thereby causing chemical reaction.
69
3 Phases of Drug Action
1. DISSOLUTION PHASE
PHARMACEUTIC -1st phase of Drug Action
PHASE -drugs disintegrate to be able to
be absorbed in the GIT.
-drugs in SOLID form undergoes
dissolution
2 Pharmaceutic Phases:
DISINTEGRATION &
DISSOLUTION
2. DRUG MOVEMENT,
PHARMACOKINETIC 1. Absorption 2. Distribution
PHASE 3. Metabolism 4. Excretion
70
3 Phases of Drug Action
3. Study of DRUG
PHARMACODYNAMIC CONCENTRATION & its
PHASE effects in the body
It is the Dose response &
maximal efficacy, Onset &
peak of action/ duration of
drug action
71
DRUG EVALUATION
2 PURPOSES
1. To determine whether they have
the presumed effects on the living tissue
2. To evaluate any adverse effects
STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
REASONS FOR DISCARDING A DRUG
AFTER A PRECLINICAL TRIAL:
◇It takes 5-6 years for the entire drug development and
approval process
STAGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
◈ PHASE IV STUDIES
◆ The drug has been approved for marketing &
and continuous evaluation
LEGAL REGULATIONS OF DRUGS
SAFETY DURING DRUGS TO BE DISTIBUTED SHOULD BE TESTED FOR TERATOGENIC EFFECT.
PREGNANCY REGULATION OF SUCH WILL BE OBSERVED ESPECIALLY FOR USE IN
PREGNANT WOMEN, BENEFITS SHOULD OUTWEIGH THE RISKS IN CASE IT IS
REALLY NEEDED.
CONTROLLED DRUGS WITH ABUSE POTENTIAL; DRUGS THAT ARE CLOSELY MONITORED
SUBSTANCES IN TERMS OF PRESCRIPTION, DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE AND USE TO
PREVENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE
GENERIC DRUGS CHEMICALS THAT ARE PRODUCED BY COMPANIES SOLELY INVOLVED IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF DRUGS. THEY DID NOT UNDERGO RESEARCH
AND ADVERTIZING, THEY ARE PRODUCED AND SOLD CHEAPER.
ORPHAN DRUGS DRUGS USED TO TREAT RARE DISEASE BUT IS NOT ADOPTED BECAUSE THEY
ARE FINANCIALLY NOT VIABLE . THEY ONLY REACH PHASE 1
OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS THAT CAN BE BOUGHT OVER THE COUNTER WITHOUT
DRUGS PRESCRIPTION AND IS USED FOR SELF TREATMENT
Types of Drugs
111
Types of Drugs
◈ Prescription
◈ Recreational
◈ Controlled Drugs
◈ OTC/ Non –Prescription
Drugs
112
Prescription Drugs
113
114
Recreational Drugs
119
◈ Drug labels
◈ Package Inserts
◈ Reference Books
◈ Journals
◈ Internet informations
120
DRUG LABELS
◈ Drug labels have specific
information that identifies a
specific drug
123
JOURNALS (
AMERICAN JOURNAL
OF NURSING )
INTERNET
INFORMATION
Package inserts
Formulary
PIMS/ MIMS
PDR
Drug
Handbooks
NDC # USED TO BRAND NAME
DRUG
IDENTIFY A STATUS DRUG DOSE
SPECIFIC DRUG
WARNINGS
GENERIC DRUG
NAME MANUFACTURER SOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATION
PHARMACEUTICAL
PREPARATIONS
126
◈ SOLIDS
◈ Extracts
◈ Powders
◈ Pills
◈ Suppository
127
◈ Ointment
◈Lozenges/ Troches
◈Capsules
◈Tablets
Most popular form
of medicine
128
◈ LIQUIDS
◆ Suspension/
Magmas
◆ Syrup
◆ Emulsions
◆ Gels
◆ Elixirs
◆ Tinctures
129
salbutamol
130