University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka

General Degree Examination in Science - Level 2G - 2018

Pure Mathematics
PMM203G3 - Analysis - Answers

Tutorial No-01

Z b Z b Z b
1. (a) Claim: f + g ∈ R [a, b] and (f + g) dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx
a a a

Let h = f + g and ε > 0 be arbitrary.

Since f ∈ R [a, b] and g ∈ R [a, b]

ε
∃P1 ∈ P [a, b] such that U (P1 , f ) − L(P1 , f ) < 2 and

ε
∃P2 ∈ P [a, b] such that U (P2 , g) − L(P2 , g) < 2

Put P = P1 ∪ P2

ε ε
Then U (P, f ) − L(P, f ) < 2 and U (P, g) − L(P, g) < 2

⇒ [U (P, f ) + U (P, g)] − [L(P, f ) + L(P, g)] < ε

But U (P, h) ≤ U (P, f ) + U (P, g) and L(P, h) ≥ L(P, f ) + L(P, g)

∴ U (P, h) − L(P, h) < ε

Since ε > 0 is arbitrary,

∀ε > 0, ∃P ∈ P such that U (P, h) − L(P, h) < ε

∴ h ∈ R [a, b]

That is f + g ∈ R [a, b].

1
 Z Z
ε
Since f= inf U (P, f ), ∃P1 ∈ P [a, b] such that U (P1 , f ) < f+
P ∈P[a,b] 2
Z Z
ε
Since g = inf U (P, g), ∃P1 ∈ P [a, b] such that U (P1 , g) < g +
P ∈P[a,b] 2

Let P = P1 ∪ P2

Then U (P1 , f ) > U (P, f ) and U (P2 , g) > U (P, g)

⇒
Z Z Z
ε ε
f +g ≤ U (P, h) ≤ U (P, f )+U (P, g) < U (P1 , f )+U (P2 , g) < f + + g+
2 2

Z Z Z
∴ f +g < f+ g + ε, ∀ε > 0

Z Z Z
⇒ f +g ≤ f+ g (1)

Similarly, we can obtain

Z Z Z
ε ε
f + g ≥ L(P, h) ≥ L(P, f ) + L(P, g) > f − + g −
2 2

Z Z Z
f +g > f+ g − ε, ∀ε > 0

Z Z Z
⇒ f +g ≥ f+ g (2)
Z Z Z
Now (1), (2) ⇒ f +g = f+ g

2
 Z b Z b
(b) Claim: h = λf ∈ R [a, b] and λf = f
a a

Let ε > 0

Since f ∈ R [a, b], we have

ε
∃P ∈ P [a, b] such that U (p, f ) − L(P, f ) < : λ 6= 0
|λ|
Let P = {x0 = a < x1 < x2 < · · · < xi−1 < xi < · · · < xn = b} ∈ P [a, b]
 
Xn 
Then U (P, h) − L(P, h) = sup λf (x) − inf λf (x) 4 xi
i=1
x∈[xi−1,x ] x∈[xi−1,xi ] 
i
 n n
!
 X X
λ sup f (x) 4 xi − inf f (x) 4 xi , if λ ≥ 0



x∈[x ,x
i−1 i ] x∈[x i−1 ,xi ]
i=1 i=1
= n n
!
 X X
λ inf f (x) 4 xi − sup f (x) 4 xi , if λ ≤ 0



x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]
i=1 i=1 x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

 n n
!
 X X
λ sup f (x) 4 xi − inf f (x) 4 xi , if λ ≥ 0



x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]
i=1 x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] i=1
= n n
!
 X X
−λ sup f (x) 4 xi − inf f (x) 4 xi , if λ ≤ 0



x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]
i=1 x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] i=1

= |λ| (U (P, f ) − L(P, F ))

∴ U (P, h) − L(P, h) = |λ| (U (P, f ) − L(P, F ))

⇒ U (P, h) − L(P, h) < ε

∴ ∀ε > 0, ∃P ∈ P [a, b] such that U (P, h) − L(P, h) < ε

∴ Hence, λf ∈ R [a, b]
Z
λf = inf U (P, λf )
P ∈P[a,b]

3
 
λU (P, f )
 if λ ≥ 0
= inf
P ∈P[a,b] 
λL(P, f ) if λ ≤ 0



λ inf U (P, f ) if λ ≥ 0
 P ∈P[a,b]


=

λ inf L(P, f ) if λ ≤ 0


P ∈P[a,b]

Z
=λ f

Z Z
Therefore, λf = λ f

Z b Z b
(c) Claim: If f ≤ g then f (x)dx ≤ g(x)dx.
a a

Since f, g ∈ R [a, b], g − f ∈ R [a, b].

But f ≤ g

⇒g−f ≥0
Z b
⇒ (g − f ) dx ≥ 0.
a
Z b Z b
(i.e) f (x)dx ≤ g(x)dx.
a a

Z b  Z b
 
(d) Claim: |f | ∈ R[a, b] and  f (x)dx ≤ |f (x)| dx.
a a

Since f ∈ R [a, b]

∀ε > 0, ∃P ∈ P [a, b] such that U (P, f ) − L(P, f ) < ε (3)

Let P = {x0 = a < x1 < x2 < · · · < xi−1 < xi < · · · < xn = b} ∈ P [a, b]

4
 Consider

sup |f (x)| − inf |f (y)| = sup (|f (x)| − |f (y)|)

x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] y∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

≤ sup (|f (x) − f (y)|)

x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

= sup f (x) − inf f (y)

x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

(i.e) sup |f (x)| − inf |f (y)| ≤ sup f (x) − inf f (y)

x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] y∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

⇒ U (P, |f |) − L(P, |f |) ≤ U (P, f ) − L(P, f ) (4)

Equation (3) ⇒ U (P, |f |) − L(P, |f |) < ε

⇒ |f | ∈ < [a, b]

Since f (x) ≤ |f (x)| and −f (x) ≤ |f (x)| ,

Z b Z b Z b Z b
f (x)dx ≤ |f (x)| dx and −f (x)dx ≤ |f (x)| dx,
a a a a

Z b  Z b
 
⇒  f (x)dx ≤ |f (x)| dx.
a a

(e) Claim: If f, g ∈ R[a, b] then f.g ∈ R[a, b].

Since f, g are bounded, ∃M > 0 s.t |f (x)| ≤ M and |g(x)| ≤ M for all
x ∈ [a, b]

Since f ∈ R [a, b] ,

∀ε > 0, ∃P1 ∈ P [a, b] such that U (P1 , f ) − L(P1 , f ) < ε

5
Since g ∈ R [a, b] ,

∀ε > 0, ∃P2 ∈ P [a, b] such that U (P2 , f ) − L(P2 , f ) < ε

Let P = P1 ∪ P2
ε ε
Then U (P, f ) − L(P, f ) < and U (P, g) − L(P, g) < (5)
2M 2M

Let P = {x0 = a < x1 < x2 < · · · < xi−1 < xi < · · · < xn = b} ∈ P [a, b]

Then sup f (x)g(x) − inf f (x)g(x)

x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

= sup |f (x)g(x) − f (y)g(y)|

x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

= sup |f (x) (g(x) − g(y)) + g(y) (f (x) − f (y))|

x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

= sup {|f (x)| |g(x) − g(y)| + |g(y)| |f (x) − f (y)|}

x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

≤ sup {|f (x)| |g(x) − g(y)| + |g(y)| |f (x) − f (y)|}

x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

≤ sup {M |g(x) − g(y)| + M |f (x) − f (y)|}

x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

( )
≤M sup |g(x) − g(y)| + sup |f (x) − f (y)|
x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

( ) ( )
=M sup g(x) − inf g(y) +M sup f (x) − inf f (y)
x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x,y∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

⇒ U (P, f g)−L(P, f g) ≤ M (U (P, f ) − L(P, f ))+M (U (P, g) − L(P, g)) (6)

6
 Equation(5) and Equation(6) ⇒
ε ε
U (P, f g) − L(P, f g) < M. + M. =ε
2M 2M

(i.e) ∀ε > 0, ∃P ∈ P [a, b] s.t U (P, f g) − L(P, f g) < ε

(i.e) f.g ∈ R [a, b] .

(f) Exercise.

2. Assume that lim S(P, f, ξ) = γ.

||p||→0

Let  > 0 be arbitrary.

 
Since S(P, f, ξ) → γ as ||p|| → 0, ∃ δ > 0 s.t γ− < S(P, f, ξ) < γ+ , ∀P with ||p|| < δ
2 2
(7)

Since Mi = sup f (x) and mi = inf f (x), ∃ξi , ηi ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] s.t

x∈[xi−1 ,xi ] x∈[xi−1 ,xi ]

ε ε
f (ξi ) > Mi − and f (ηi ) > Mi +
2(b − a) 2(b − a)
Then
n n n
X X X ε ε
S(P, f, ξ) = f (ξ)∆xi ≥ Mi ∆xi − ∆xi = U (P, f ) −
i=1 i=1 i=i
2(b − a) 2

ε
(i.e) S(P, f, ξ) ≥ U (P, f ) − (8)
2
Similarly,
n n n
X X X ε ε
S(P, f, η) = f (ηi )∆xi ≤ mi ∆xi + ∆xi = L(P, f ) +
i=1 i=1 i=i
2(b − a) 2

ε
(i.e) S(P, f, η) ≤ L(P, f ) + (9)
2

7
Equation(8) and Equation(9) ⇒
ε ε
U (P, f ) − ≤ S(P, f, ξ) < γ +
2 2

⇒ U (P, f ) < γ + ε (10)

Equation(7) and Equation(9) ⇒

ε ε
γ− < S(P, f, η) ≤ L(P, f ) +
2 2

⇒ γ − ε < L(P, f ) (11)

Equation(10) and Equation(11) ⇒

⇒ γ − ε < L(P, f ) ≤ U (P, f ) < γ + ε (12)

But
Z b Z b
f (x)dx ≤ U (P, f ) and f (x)dx ≥ L(P, f ) (13)
a a

Equation(12) and Equation(13) ⇒

Z b Z b
f (x)dx < f (x)dx + 2ε, ∀ε > 0
a a

Z b Z b
⇒ f (x)dx ≤ f (x)dx
a a

But clearly,
Z b Z b
f (x)dx ≤ f (x)dx
a a

8
Hence Z b Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx.
a a

∴ f ∈ R[a, b].

Also from Equation(10) and Equation(11), we obtain

Z b
γ−ε< f (x)dx < γ + ε, ∀ ε > 0.
a

Z b
⇒ f (x)dx = γ
a

Note: Assume that f ∈ R[a, b]. Let  > 0 be arbitrary.

Z b Z b
Then ∃ δ > 0 such that f (x)dx − ε < L(P, f ) ≤ U (P, f ) < f (x)dx + ε
a a

for any partition of [a, b] with ||P || < δ.

Since, f ∈ R[a, b] & L(P, f ) ≤ S(P, f, ξ) ≤ U (P, f ), ∀P ∈ P[a, b],

Z b Z b
we have f (x)dx − ε < S(P, f, ξ) < f (x)d(x) + ε, ∀ P with ||P || < δ.
a a

Z b 
 
∴ ∀ ε > 0, ∃ δ > 0 such that  f (x)dx − S(P, f, ξ) < , ∀ P with ||P || < δ
a

Z b
∴ lim S(P, f, ξ) = f (x)dx.
||p||→0 a

9
 Z 4
112
x2 + 2x dx =


3. (a)
0 3
Z b n
X b−a
Note that f (x)dx = lim f (ξi )∆x, ∆x = , ξi = a + (∆x)i
a n→∞
i=1
n
Let f (x) = x2 + 2x

b−a 4−0 4
∆x = = =
n n n
 
4 4i
ξi = 0 + i=
n n
 2
16i2 8i
 
4i 4i
f (ξi ) = (ξi )2 + 2(ξi ) = +2 = 2 +
n n n n
Z 4 n 
16i2 8i 4
X 
2


x + 2x dx = lim 2
+
0 n→∞
i=1
n n n
n 
64i2 32i
X 
= lim 3
+ 2
n→∞
i=1
n n
n  2 
X 2i i
= 32 lim 3
+ 2
n→∞ n n
i=1 
2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 n(n + 1)
= 32 lim + 2
n→∞ n3 6 n 2
1 (2n2 + 3n + 1) (n + 1)
 
= 32 lim +
n→∞ 3 n2 2n
 
2 1
= 32 +
3 2
7
= 32 ×
6
112
=
3

10
 Z 3
(b) 2x3 + x − 1 = 42
1

Let f (x) = 2x3 + x − 1

   
b−a 2 2 2i
∆x = = ξi = a + (∆x) i = 1 + i = 1+
n n n n
 3  
2i 2i
f (ξi ) = 2 1 + + 1+ −1
n n
"    2  3 #
2i 2i 2i 2i
=2 1+3 +3 + +
n n n n

16i3 24i2 14i

 
= + 2 + +2
n3 n n
Z 3 n  3 2
 
X 16i 24i 14i 2
2x3 + x − 1 dx = lim


+ + + 2
1 n→∞
i=1
n3 n2 n n

n 
32i3 48i2 28i 4
X 
= lim + 3 + 2 +
n→∞
i=1
n4 n n n

8(n2 + 2n + 1)
 
8 2

14(n + 1)
= lim + 2n + 3n + 1 + +4
n→∞ n2 n2 n

= 8 + 16 + 14 + 4

= 42

11
 Z 1
1
(c) x3 dx =
0 4

Let f (x) = x3

b−a 1 1 i
∆x = = ξi = a + (∆x) i = 0 + i =
n n n n

 3
i i3
f (ξi ) = = 3
n n
Z 1 n  3
X i 1
x3 dx = lim
0 n→∞
i=1
n3 n
n
1 X 3
= lim 4 i
n→∞ n
i=1

1 n2 (n + 1)2
= lim 4
n→∞ n 4
(n + 1)2
= lim
n→∞ 4n2
1
=
4

12
 Z b   
1 1 1
(d) dx = −
a x2 a b

Let P = {x0 = a < x1 < x2 < · · · < xi−1 < xi < · · · < xn = b} be a partition
of [a, b]
√
Choose ξi = xi xi−1 , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n

Then ξi ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n

Then
n
X
S(P, f, ξ) = f (ξi )∆xi
i=1
n
X 1
= (xi − xi−1 )
i=1
x i xi−1

n  
X 1 1
= −
i=1
x i−1 xi
1 1
= −
x0 xn
1 1
= −
a b

This shows that for each partition, there is an appropriate choice of points
1 1
ξi0 s for which S(P, f, ξ) = −
a b
1 1
Therefore, lim S(P, f, ξ) = −
kpk→0 a b

Z b 
1 1 1
⇒ f ∈ R[a, b] and dx = −
a x2 a b

13
 Z b
1 √ √ 
(e) √ dx = 2 b− a
a x

Let P = {x0 = a < x1 < x2 < · · · < xi−1 < xi < · · · < xn = b} be a partition
of [a, b]
√
xi + xi−1 2
√ 
Choose ξi = , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n
2
Then ξi ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n

Then
n
X
S(P, f, ξ) = f (ξi )∆xi
i=1
n
X 2
= √ √ (xi − xi−1 )
i=1
xi + xi−1
n
X √ √
= 2 ( xi − xi−1 )
i=1
√ √
= 2 ( xn − x0 )
√ √ 
= 2 b− a

This shows that for each partition,

√ there
 is an appropriate choice of points
√
ξi0 s for which S(P, f, ξ) = 2 b− a

√ √ 
Therefore, lim S(P, f, ξ) = 2 b− a
kpk→0

Z b
1 √ √ 
⇒ f ∈ R[a, b] and √ dx = 2 b− a
a x

14
4. (a) Exercise

(b) Suppose that f is Riemann integrable. Let

 
1 2 i−1 i
Pn = x0 = 0 < x1 = < x2 = < · · · < xi−1 = < xi = < · · · < xn = 1
n n n n
be a partition of [0, 1]
i
choose ξi = , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n
n
Then ξi ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n

lim (S, Pn , ξ) = lim f (ξi )∆xi

n→∞ n→∞

n  
X i 1
= lim 1+
n→∞
i=1
n n
n  
X 1 i
= lim +
n→∞
i=1
n n2
 
1 1 n(n + 1)
= lim .n + 2
n→∞ n n 2
 
3n + 1
= lim
n→∞ 2n
3
=
2
i−1
Again choose ξi0 = , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n
n
Then ξi0 ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n

lim (S, Pn , ξi0 ) = lim f (ξi0 )∆xi

n→∞ n→∞

n   
X i−1 1
= lim 1−
n→∞
i=1
n n

15
 n  
X 1 i 1
= lim − 2+ 2
n→∞
i=1
n n n

 
n+1
= lim
n→∞ 2n

1
=
2

This is a Contradiction.

Hence f is not Riemann integrable.

(c) Suppose that f is Riemann integrable. Let

 
1 2 i−1 i
Pn = x0 = 0 < x1 = < x2 = < · · · < xi−1 = < xi = < · · · < xn = 1
n n n n
be a partition of [0, 1]
i
choose ξi = , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n
n
Then ξi ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n

lim (S, Pn , ξ) = lim f (ξ)∆xi

n→∞ n→∞

n  
X i 1
= lim
n→∞
i=1
n n

1 n(n + 1)
= lim
n→∞ n2 2
 
n+1 1
= lim =
n→∞ 2n 2

lim (S, Pn , ξi0 ) = lim f (ξi0 )∆xi =0

n→∞ n→∞

16
 This is a Contradiction.

Hence f is not Riemann integrable.

5. Exercise
6. Exercise

17