MATH 1 (MMW)
be more noble, more  J.B SHAW
MODULE 1: Introduction of
Mathematics
INTRODUCTION:
 Etymology
 The term
“Mathematics” is
derived from two
Greek words:
o “Manthanein”
means “learning”
o “Techne” means
“an art or
techniques
 Hence, Mathematics
means “the art of
learning related to
disciplines or facilities.
 Mathematics also
accelerates the social,
economical and
technological growth of a
nation.
MATHEMATICS IN WORDS
OF DIFFERENT AUTHORS:
 KANT
 “Mathematics is the
indispensable
instrument of all
physical resources”
 C.F. GAUSS
 “Mathematics is the
queen of science and
arithmetic is the queen of
all Mathematics”
 BACON
 “Mathematics is the
gateway and key to all
science”
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
 “What science can there
excellent, more useful
for men, more
admirable, high and
demonstrative than that
of Mathematics”
 COURANT & ROBBINS
 “Mathematics as an
expression of the human
mind reflects the active
will, the contemplative
reason and the desire for
aesthetic perfection. Its
basic elements are
logic and intuition,
analysis and
construction, generality
and individuality”
 LINDSAY
 “Mathematics is the
language of physical
sciences and certainly
no more marvelous
language was created by
the mind of man.”
 DESECRATES
 “Mathematics is the
science of order and
the measure.”
 ARISTOTLE
 “Mathematics is the
study of quantity.”
 BERTRAND RUSSELL
 “Mathematics is a
subject identical with
logic.”
 LOCKE
 “Mathematics is a way to
settle in the mind of habit
of reasoning.”
 “Mathematics is engaged,
in fact, in the profound
study of art and the
expression of beauty.”
MEANING AND
DEFINITIONS OF
MATHEMATHICS
MATHEMATICS
 Is a systematized,
organized and exact
branch of science
 Deals with quantitative
facts, relationships as
well as with problems
involving space and
form
 The logical study of
shapes, arrangement
and quantity
 Is not only about
“number work” or
computation, but it is
more about forming
generalizations, seeing
relationships and
developing logical
thinking & reasoning
 Mathematics should be
shown as a way of
thinking, an art or form of
beauty and as human
achievement
 The National Policy on
Education (1986) states
that “Mathematics should
be visualized as the
vehicle to train a child to
think, reason, analyses
and to articulate logically”
 It also helps in solving
problems of life that
needs numeration and
calculation
 Provides opportunity for 7) Mathematics is the
intellectual gymnastic of 4) Mathematics is a tool subject of logical
the man’s inherent subject sequence
powers  Mathematics is a  Mathematics learning
 The exact science and powerful and incisive always proceeds from
involves high cognitive tool of wide simple to complex and
abilities and powers. applicability. from concrete to
 As Howard. J. Fehr says, abstract.
“If Mathematics had not  Dependence on earlier
NATURE OF been useful, it would long knowledge is particularly
MATHEMATICS: ago have disappeared great.
from our school
1) Mathematics is a curriculum as required 8) Mathematics requires
science of Discovery study." the application of rules
 According to and concept to new
A.N.Whitehead, “Every 5) Mathematics involves situations
child should experience an intuitive method  The study of Mathematics
the joy of discovery."  The first step in the requires the learners to
 Today discovery learning of any apply the skill acquired to
techniques are making mathematical subject is new situations.
spectacular progress. the development of  The students can always
 They are being applied in intuition. verify the validity of
two fields: in pure  Intuition when applied to mathematical rules and
number relationships Mathematics involves the relationships by
and in everyday concretization of an idea applying them to novel
problems not get stated in the form situations.
of some sort of
2) Mathematics is an operations (or) examples. 9) Mathematics deals with
intellectual game  Intuition is to anticipate generalization and
 Mathematics is mainly a what will happen next classification
matter of puzzles, and what to do about it.  When the pupil evolves
paradoxes and problem his own definitions,
solving - a sort of 6) Mathematics is the concept and theorems,
healthy mental exercise. science of precision & he is making
accuracy generalizations.
3) Mathematics deals with  Mathematics is known  Mathematics teacher
the art of drawing as an exact science should take care to make
Conclusions because of its the final generalization
 According to Benjamin precision. into a rule.
Pierce, “Mathematics is  In Mathematics, the
the science that draws results are either right 10) Mathematics is an
necessary (or) wrong, accepted (or) abstract Science
conclusions." rejected. There is no  Mathematical concepts
 In Mathematics, the midway possible are abstract in the sense
conclusions are certain between right and wrong. that they cannot be seen
and definite. (or) felt in the physical
 Can proceed from simple world.
to complex ones.
 E.g.: Euclid's lines are
supposed to have no
width, and its points have
no size. No such objects
can be found in the
physical world.
 Most of the
mathematical concepts
are without
concretization and
hence they are abstract.
E.g.: the concept of a
functions
11)Mathematics is study of
structures
 The dictionary meaning
of 'structure' is, 'the
formation, arrangement
and articulation of parts
in anything built up by
nature or art!
 With one or more basic
structure at hand, one
may construct other
structures.
 Since plane analytic
geometry is the study of
subset or the Cartesian
set Re X Re, where Re is
the set of real numbers,
plane analytic geometry
may be considered as a
superstructure based up
on the structure know as
real number system.
12) Mathematics is a
science of logical
reasoning
 Logic is an important
factor in mathematics.
Polya suggested that,
“Mathematics actually
has two faces. One face
is a systematic deductive
science. The second face
of mathematics is in the
making it appears as an TYPES OF PATTERNS
experimental, inductive
science". SYMMETRY
 The student draws the
inferences from the - Symmetry indicates that
premises, provided the you can draw an
promises are true. imaginary line across
 The process of an object and the
deduction involves two resulting parts are
steps: mirror images of each
o Replacing the real other
premises by FRACTALS
hypothetical ones.
o Making a - Fractals are objects in
mathematical inference which the same patterns
from the hypothetical occur again and again
working premises. at different scales and
 Many of the mathematical sizes.
definitions and rules can
be generalized through TESSELLATIONS
induction.
- Tessellations are patterns
(LESSON 1) that are formed by
MATHEMATICS IN repeated cubes or tiles.
PATTERNS:
SPIRAL
MATH
- Spirals are shape that
- Study of numbers and wind in a gradually or
arithmetic operations tightening curve.
- A tool or collection of
FOAM
skills that help us
answers questions of
- Foam is an object
“HOW MANY” and
formed by trapping of
“HOW MUCH”
gas in liquid or solid.
- Science of logical
reasoning, drawing STRIPE
conclusions, from
assumed premises or - a long narrow band or
strategic reasonings strip, typically of the
- “MATHEMATICS IS same width throughout its
UNIVERSAL” length, differing in color
or texture from the
PATTERNS surface on either side of
it.
- Are regular, repeated or
recurring forms of
design.
 “Topic Summary”
“Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk_1d4mbVyQ
The topic is all about Fibonacci sequence. Fibonacci Sequence is an infinite sequence starting
with (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13… ∞). It also shows us the “simple rule” which tells us that in order to find
out the next number or term in the sequence we must add up the two numbers before it. Speaking of
Fibonacci, the name or word itself came from the nickname of the one who discovered it and is
known as the greatest mathematician in Middle Ages which is “Leonardo of Pisa”. He is known for
his contributions like introducing the Arabic number system in Europe and of course the
Fibonacci Sequence which he discovered trough an investigation on a pair of rabbits and their
reproduction. As for its relation in our first topic, Fibonacci sequence is also associated in nature.
We often see it in a spiral pattern and also in flower petals, pine cones, fruits like pineapple. Besides
of it being used in patterns, we can also see Fibonacci sequence as the plant’s growth basis. To add
we have the Golden ratio which is closely related to Fibonacci. The Golden Ratio is often denoted as
Φ (phi) from a Greek word. It is also approximately equal to (1.618) and is expressed as the ration
between 2 numbers.

“Leonardo of Pisa” or Chart of the “The Golden Ratio”

” Fibonacci” Reproduction of Rabbits

Example of Fibonacci sequence in nature Example of the Golden Ratio

Appreciation of Numbers 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SWNBNYkgOk
Math is all around us, and it is present in the simplest forms in our daily life. Like how we go into the
market to buy goods. Also, we use math to know our measures, in sizes and even in body
temperature. Time is also something best associated in math for we keep tract of it. Not to mention,
math is one of the things that help us to have the access to modern technology as well as the internet
which is definitely beneficial for us during this time of pandemic. Math is all around us and that’s
because we are surrounded by numbers. Our houses, the transportation, and even getting certain
data presented in the tv like the percentage of the current situations are all involved in math more
specifically numbers.

Mathematical Language and Symbols 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwKfiXGdo1A
The topic itself focuses on Mathematics Language, but other stuffs were also explained like language
itself. Language is used as a systematic way of communicating by the means of using sounds or
convention symbol. Language is one way for us to be able to share our ideas and for us to construct
our social identity by communicating. However, language of mathematics is designed for us to write
it in numbers, sets, functions and as well as to use it in performing mathematical operations. This
language of math contains symbols and one of these are the “Ten Digits”, Mathematical
operations, “Sets”, Variables, special and logic symbols and of course the set notations. The
language of math also involves grammar. Mathematical notations we use for formulas has its own
grammar, but this grammar does not depend on a specific or natural language . Rather, it is
shared by mathematicians internationally regardless of what their mother tongue is . To add
mathematics language also has its own characteristics that lives up to why it is called mathematics,
and these are being, precise, concise, and powerful. And last, like any other language this
particular language also has difficulties. There is contradictions between a certain language to the
mathematical language since the mathematical language has some of its own definition of things.

“Mathematical Symbols”

Mathematical Language and Symbols: variables 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngUotonNTNY
his topic is related to the previous one its just that it will focus more on the variables. Variable are
often represented as “x” and “y”. This allows us to have a temporary alternative name to what we
are seeking or trying to compute. This will then lead us to performing concrete computations with it to
help discover its possible values. To make it simple, a variable tends to give a temporary name to
the number we might choose and enables us to maintain the generality of the statement. As for
identifying the said value of a variable, it will all depend on the given. For example, if the x is equal to
2, then the x^2 is greater than 4. From the word “squared” itself, it means to be doubled. Going back,
variables are also written in sentences, for us to write it formally first we must identify if the numbers
(or variables) with the property of their squares are equal to the square of their sum. Second is to find
any given number (or variable) as long as its square is nonnegative. These sentences are then
called mathematical statements. There are some important kinds of mathematical statements,
namely we have the Universal Statement which states that “a certain property is true “FOR ALL”
elements in a given set. This stands to the point that all positive numbers are greater to zero . Next,
we have Conditional Statement that says “IF one thing is true, THEN some other things is also or
has to be true. This then stands to da point of divisibility or multiplicativity meaning if a certain number
is divisible or multipliable to the other number then it should also be the same in vice versa. Last, we
have Existential Statement which says that “there is at least one thing for which a certain
property is true”. This stands to the point that there is a prime number that is an even number and
that number is 2. To add, these statements could be combined. This is applied to Universal
Conditional Statement, wherein it is written to make them appear to be purely both universal and
conditional. We also have Universal Existential Statements, where a statement is said to be
universal because its first part says that a certain property is true for all objects of a given type, while
it is existential because its second part asserts the existence of something . This stand to every real
number having an additive inverse. Last, we have the Existential Universal Statements which is the
inverted statement of the Universal Existential statement.

“Writing sentences using Variables (a) & (b)”

“Rewriting the Combined Mathematical Statements”

The Language of Sets 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVj39F1P9D8
From the title itself the topic is all about the Language of sets. A set is a said to be a well-defined
collection of distinct objects. It is usually represented by capital letters and the objects of a set are
often separated by commas. The objects that belong we see in a set are called the elements, or
members of the set. This can be represented by listing its element between what we call “braces”.
Talking about sets also links us to some notations. The notation used in Set are “S” which stands for
set and “∈” stands for the Element. Going forward, we also have different kinds of notation like Set-
Roster Notation or simply Set notation that stands for a set being specified by writing or listing all the
elements within the braces. There are several things to remember under this notation and these are
called “Cartesian Sets of Numbers” wherein “N” is the set of natural numbers, “R” is for the set of
real numbers and “C” representing complex numbers. We also have “W” for the set of whole
numbers, “Z” as the set of integers, “Q” is for the set of rational numbers in terminating or repeating
decimals and last but not the least is “Q'” as the set of irrational numbers in non-terminating and non-
repeating decimals. Going back to the kinds of notation we then have the Set- Builder Notation who
defines a set by describing its properties rather than just listing its elements . To define better the sets,
we have the Finite and Infinite. Finite is a set of number that has an end or can be counted, while the
Infinite is the opposite. We also have the Equal and Equivalent sets, wherein Equal sets denotes a
set with the same elements and cardinality, while Equivalent sets denotes a set when the sets
contain the same number of both elements and cardinality. Last is Joint and Disjoint sets. Joint is
for sets with common elements or intersection, while Disjoint set is the opposite.

“Set-Roster Notation”

“Set-Builder Notation”

The Language of Sets (Part 2)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArgFkbIovLw
This is the continuation of the previous video. This is still all about language of sets. Starting of we
have, the Universal Set known as the set of all elements. We use the letter “U” to denote universal
set, but it could also be seen as “U” for union. On the other hand, we have the empty set or null set.
This is the set that contains no elements. The symbol that represents the empty set is either “Ø” or
“{ }” which both denotes that the set in empty. Another term that was mentioned was “subsets”.
Subsets are the elements that are present or in both sets we have. For example, if set A has {X, Y}
and set B has {X, Y, Z}, then A is the subset of B because elements of A are also present in set B. It
claims that a set will be a subset of the other set when all elements except one are presented in the
other set. We can also say that this is a Proper subset. Furthermore, the distinction between “∈”
which denotes a true statement, and the “C” which denotes a false statement was also discussed. In
addition, the ordered pairs are also mentioned. Ordered pairs are a composition of the set A and a
set B having two values written in a fixed order within a parenthesis. Meaning that there is a
specification on which one is the first element of the pair and the second element. In relation to the
previous video which is the part 1, the word Cartesian is brought up once again but this time it is
called Cartesian Product. If we are given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B, denotes A x
B and is read "A times B," this will now become the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where (a) is in A and
(b) is in B. (…) and so forth is eclipses

“Examples”

The Language of Relations and Functions 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbyBlZhC8Ds
Relations is said to be abound in our daily life. A lot of people are related to each other in many ways
as parents and children, teachers and students, employers and employees, and many others. This
also goes the same in business, where things that are bought are related to their cost and the amount
paid is related to the number of things bought. Relation in mathematics is defined as a rule that
relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values (called the range.)
The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies a rule to these
inputs to generate one or more outputs. To add a relation is also considered as a set of ordered pair
(x, y). In relation to the previous video, Subsets are also linked in relation. It is where we combine
both sets by distributing the elements and to form a new set which determines the relation. On the
other hand, Functions is known as a relation where each element in the domain is related to only
one value in the range by some rule . It also states that the elements of the domain can be imagined
as input to a machine that applies a rule so that each input corresponds to only one output. To
simplify a function is a set of ordered pairs that has no two ordered pairs that have the same x-value
but different y-values. Functions can be presented in various forms, one of this is table of values,
followed by Ordered pairs, Graph, and an Equation. To determine a function to non-function, you
must always observe if there is a repeated domain or the first term in the set. This applies often in
table of values and ordered pairs. It was also discussed about the vertical line test in connection
with the graph. It states that in identifying a function in a graph it must only intersect each vertical
once. While in equation you just have to remember that your “y” should not have an exponent or it
must not be squared.

“Relation as a Subset”

“Identifying Functions”