Republic of the Philippines

Surigao del Sur State University

Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GENERAL TEACHER TRAINING DEPARTMENT

OUTCOMES-BASED COURSE SYLLABUS

English 102- Teaching English in Elementary Grades through Literature
1st Semester A.Y 2020 - 2021

PRE- FINAL

UNIT 3
Lesson 1. Folklore and Folktales
Lesson 2. Myths
Lesson 3. Legends
Lesson 4. Epics and Hero Tales
Lesson 5. Fables

Prepared by:

MARGARITA M. LADANAN, PhD.

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 Lesson 1. Folklore and Folktales

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Discuss the concept of folktale and create their own folktale to develop creative-thinking,
language and writing skills.
Analyze folktale that have been passed down from one generation to the next, and tell
one of their own.

Discussion

Importance of Folklore:
1. Folklore is important in explaining social history of mankind.
2. Folklore is helpful in the study of comparative mythology and
science of religion
3. Folklore helps in the understanding of the relationship between
races and on the development of religion, beliefs and ceremonies.
4. Folklore is of great assistance to the ethnologists, sociologists,
historians and students of comparative mythology and science of
religion.

There are certain qualities common to all folk literature:

1. Concerned more with action rather than reflection;
2. Concerned with physical heroism;
3. Concerned with mysterious and powerful influences-gods, giants, heroes,
fairies, animals, and other supernatural beings.

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 Kinds of Folklore:
1. Traditional literature in narrative form
a. Folktale
b. Hero tale
c. Ballads and song
d. Legends of places
2. Traditional customs
a. Local customs
b. Astrology
c. Festival customs
d. Games
3. Superstitious and beliefs
a. Witchcraft
b. Astrology
c. Superstitious practices
d. Superstitious beliefs and fancies
4. Folk Speech
a. Popular sayings
b. Popular nomenclature
c. Proverbs
d. Jingles, rhymes, riddles

Origin of Poetry
There are two theories concerning the origin and transmission of folk tales:
1. That all folk tales originated in India in the Sacred Books of Buddhism and were
transmitted by migration of people by crusaders and Hebrew gypsies.
2. That many of the tales arose independently among people widely separated
geographically and historically
Studies haven been shown similarity in the plots of the stories that were handed
down from generation to generation in different countries. This proves that human
experiences, human nature and human emotions are universal.

Primary Characteristics of Folktales

1. Has no known individual author
2. Has no fixed or original form
3. Has a brief introduction
4. Adapted to any age
5. Has simple plot that is easy to remember
6. Characters appeal to both children and adults
7. Has element of magic that appeals to children

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 Values of Folktales
1. Gives pleasant and enjoyment to children
2. Stirs the imagination
3. Gives insight into life
4. Used for dramatization
5. Used for illustration
6. Develops ear training
7. Plays a role in the emotional development of children
8. Develops confidence and encourage in children against fear of the
unknown

Folklore: Myths, Folktales, Legends, and Fables

Folklore can be defined… as all the traditions, customs, and stories that are passed along by
word of mouth in a culture.
“Folk” means… ordinary people and “lore” means… knowledge. Folklore not only means the
stories of a group of people, but also their arts and crafts, dances, games, superstitions, proverbs,
holidays, songs, and so on.
The stories of folklore have their beginnings in spoken language also called the oral tradition.
Folklore is collected and written down only after they have been told for many years perhaps
even centuries.
Folklore can be grouped into four major categories:
1. folk tales (includes fairy tales as a subcategory)
2. fables
3. legends
4. myths

Fairy Tales
Fairy tales are a type of folktale; they are simple stories of humans and their dealings with
magical beings or objects; they teach a lesson or values important to the culture they originate
from.

Elements of Fairy Tales

1. Usually begins with “once upon a time…”
2. Include fantasy and make-believe, supernatural elements.
3. Clearly defined “good” verses “evil” characters
4. Involves “magical” elements—people, things—magic could be positive or negative
5. Includes objects, people, events in series of threes
6. Often have happy endings
7. Teach a lesson or demonstrate values important to the culture
8. Plot focuses on a problem or conflict that needs to be solved
9. Does not have to include “fairies”
10. Usually set in past—long, long ago

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Examples of Fairy Tale:

 Cinderella

• Snow White

• Beauty and the Beast

• The Goose-Girl

• The Golden Key

• The Peasant and the Devil

Activity 1

Make your own compilation of the well-known Fairy Tales. At least 5 examples, make your own
creativity

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 Lesson 2. Myths

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Define and classify different types of myth

Read and illustrate a myth
Summarize key characters and events from a myth

Discussion

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 Myth characteristics
1. Characterization is very important; traits are revealed through appearance, actions, words, and
what others think of them
2. Deal with aspects of human life: jealousy, love, death, ambition
3. Deal with gods and goddesses, and lesser deities as well as humans
4. Gods and goddesses have human emotions and extraordinary powers
5. Themes and symbols are still important in western culture today

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Examples of Myths: “Echo and Narcissus,”
“The Origin of the Seasons,
“Orpheus, the Great Musician.

Creation of Myths
Definition: At the foundation of nearly every culture is a creation myth that explains how the
wonders of the earth came to be.
Why are they important?
These myths have an immense influence on people's frame of reference.  They influence the
way people think about the world and their place in relation to their surroundings.  Despite
geographical differences, all creation myths share some common elements.
Similarities seen in Creation Myths
1. Many creation myths begin with the “birth” of the earth.
2. According to some myths, animals and people lived together peacefully until some “sin”
separated them or a “god took that peace away”.
3. A supreme being is usually found in all creation myths; this being(s) trigger a chain of events
that create the earth; sometimes there are two ‘beings’.
4. Not all creation myths begin on earth; some cultures believe life started above or below the
earth.
As you read each of these Creation Myths, note the common elements shared in all. Most
important is the element of ARCHETYPES. • Examples: –Japanese Creation Myth –Iroquois
Creation Myth

Eight Archetypal storylines

1. Cinderella - Unrecognized virtue at last recognized. It's the same story as the Tortoise and the
Hare. Cinderella doesn't have to be a girl, nor does it even have to be a love story. What is
essential is that the good is despised, but is recognized in the end, something that we all want to
believe.
2. Achilles - The Fatal Flaw, that is the groundwork for practically all classical tragedy, although
it can be made comedy too, as in the old standard Aldwych farce. Lennox Robinson's The White
headed Boy is the Fatal Flaw In reverse.
3. Faust- The Debt that Must be Paid, the fate that catches up with all of us sooner or later. This
is found in all its purity as the chase in O'Neill's The Emperor Jones. And in a completely
different mood, what else is the Cherry Orchard?
4. Tristan - that standard triangular plot of two women and one man, or two men and one
woman. The Constant Nymph, or almost any French farce.
5. Circe - The Spider and the Fly. Othello. The Barretts of Wimpole Street, if you want to
change the sex. And if you don't believe me about Othello (the real plot of which is not the
triangle and only incidentally jealousy) try casting it with a good Desdemona but a poor Iago.
6. Romeo and Juliet - Boy meets Girl, Boy loses Girl, Boy either finds or does not find Girl: it
doesn't matter which.
7. Orpheus - The Gift taken Away. This may take two forms: either the tragedy of the loss itself,
as in Juno and the Paycock, or it may be about the search that follows the loss, as in Jason and
the Golden Fleece.

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8. The Hero Who Cannot Be Kept Down. The best example of this is that splendid play
Harvey, mad Fairy Tales Fairy tales are a type of folktale; they are simple stories of humans and their
dealings with magical beings or objects; they teach a lesson or values important to the culture they
originate from. e into a film with James Stewart.

The Three Types of Myth

1. Aetiological Myths

Aetiological myths (sometimes spelled etiological) explain the reason why something is the way
it is today. The word aetiological is from the Greek word aetion (αἴτιον) meaning “reason” or
“explanation”. Please note that the reasons given in an aetiological myth are NOT the real (or
scientific) reasons. They are explanations that have meaning for us as human beings. There are
three subtypes of aetiological myths:  natural, etymological, and religious.

A natural aetiological myth explains an aspect of nature. For example, you could explain
lightning and thunder by saying that Zeus is angry.

An etymological aetiological myth explains the origin of a word. (Etymology is the study of

word origins.) For example, you could explain the name of the goddess, Aphrodite, by saying
that she was born in sea-foam, since aphros is the Greek word for sea-foam.

A religious aetiological myth explains the origin of a religious ritual. For example, you could
explain the Greek religious ritual of the Eleusinian Mysteries by saying that they originated when
the Greek goddess, Demeter, came down to the city of Eleusis and taught the people how to
worship her.

All three of these explanations are not true: Zeus’ anger is not the correct explanation for
lightning and thunder; Aphrodite’s name was not actually derived from the Greek word aphros;
and Demeter did not establish her own religious rituals in the town of Eleusis. Rather, all of these
explanations had meaning for the ancient Greeks, who told them in order to help them
understand their world.

2. Historical Myths

Historical myths are told about a historical event, and they help keep the memory of that event
alive. Ironically, in historical myths, the accuracy is lost but meaning is gained. The myths about
the Trojan War, including the Iliad and the Odyssey, could be classified as historical myths. The
Trojan War did occur, but the famous characters that we know from the Iliad and
the Odyssey (Agamemnon, Achilles, Hector, etc.) probably did not exist.

3. Psychological Myths

Psychological myths try to explain why we feel and act the way we do. A psychological myth is
different from an aetiological myth because a psychological myth does not try to explain one
thing by way of something else (such as lightning and thunder can be explained by Zeus’ anger).
In a psychological myth, the emotion itself is seen as a divine force, coming from the outside,
that can directly influence a person’s emotions. For example, the goddess, Aphrodite, is
sometimes seen as the power of erotic love. When someone said or did something that they did
not want to do, the ancient Greeks might say that Aphrodite “made them” do it.

Activity 2

Research on the following Roman Gods VS Greek Gods and their

description. Include their pictures.

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 Lesson 3. Legends

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Define a legend, as distinguished from a folktale or myth

Identify the critical elements of narrative writing
Apply the elements of a narrative in their own writing

Discussion

Legend
 a story about a person, event, or place, that may have some basis in historical fact.
 A narrative that is partly true and partly imaginary about a particular person, event, place
or natural feature. It is a form of story containing miracles and wonders handed from
generation to generation though they are not authenticated by accepted proof. A legend is
closely allied to history although it is not verifiable.

Legend characteristics:
1. Characters are usually “Larger than life”
2. Details tend to become exaggerated over time
3. Character’s qualities are reflective of values, attitudes, and beliefs of the culture
4. Often include elements of magic and the supernatural
Examples of Legends:
“Paul Bunyan,”
“Beowulf”
“King Arthur,”

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“Pecos Bill

A legend contains some facts and becomes exaggerated to the point that real people or
events take on a "larger than life" quality. In contrast, a myth isn’t based on fact, but is symbolic
storytelling that was never based on fact. For instance, the Norse didn’t know the science of
thunder and lightning, so they invented the myth of Thor in the sky pounding with his big
hammer.
As nouns the difference between legend and folktale
 is that legend is a story of unknown origin describing plausible but extraordinary past events
while folktale is a tale or story that is part of the oral tradition of a people or a place.
As a verb legend
 is (archaic|transitive) to tell or narrate; to recount.

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 Activity 3

Compilation of Legends. At least 2 Examples each of the legends about:

a. places
b. fruits
c. flowers
d. plants
e. animals
f. nature (mt. Apo, Pasig River, etc)
g. legendary heroes (biag-ni Lam-Ang, Bernardo de Caprio)

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 Lesson 4. Epics and Hero Tales

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Define epic hero and epic poem

Identify various ancient and modern examples of epic and poems
Create their own epic hero and epic story based on what they have learned about what
makes an epic hero and story.
Develop child’s good moral character

Discussion

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 Activity 4

Write samples of hero tales according to their nationality.

1 English ( Beowulf)
1 American ( Buffalo Bill)
1 Filipino (Lam-Ang)
1 Greek ( The story of Odysseus)
***Note :You can have those titles above.

Lesson 5. Fables

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Define and analyze fables

Find moral of the story
Identify the message or the theme of the fables

Discussion

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 Activity 5

A Compilation of Fables. Not less than 5 and then write the moral lesson at the end of each
sample.

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