Neffe Cleo Del Rosario

General Biology/ Quarter 2 Las 1

1. Photosynthesis
-Plants use sunlight, water, and the gases in the air to make
glucose, which is a form of sugar that plants need to survive. This
process is called photosynthesis and is performed by all plants,
algae, and even some microorganisms. To perform
photosynthesis, plants need three things: carbon dioxide, water,
and sunlight.

2. Photosystem
- Photosystems are the functional units for photosynthesis,
defined by a particular pigment organization and association
patterns, whose work is the absorption and transfer of light
energy, which implies transfer of electrons

3. Chlorophyll
- Chlorophyll is the substance that gives plants their green color. It
helps plants absorb energy and get their nutrients from sunlight
during a biological process known as photosynthesis
Neffe Cleo Del Rosario
General Biology/ Quarter 2 Las 2

1. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is

absorbed by chlorophyll and that energy is converted into stored
chemical energy. In the light-independent reactions, the chemical
energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions drives the
assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide.

Activity 1.3

1. Plant pigments are important in controlling photosynthesis,

growth and development of plants. Different kinds of pigments
exist, and each absorbs only certain wavelengths (colors) of
visible light. Pigments reflect the color of the wavelengths that
they cannot absorb
Neffe Cleo Del Rosario
General Biology/ Quarter 2 Las 3

1. ATP SYNTHESIS - ATP synthase is a protein that catalyzes

the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine
triphosphate using adenosine diphosphate and
inorganic phosphate.
2. light-dependent reactions - use light energy to make two
molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis.
3. Photophosphorylation - the synthesis of ATP from ADP and
phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed
during photosynthesis.
4. Photosystem II (PSII) - is a membrane protein supercomplex
that executes the initial reaction of photosynthesis in higher
plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It captures the light from the sun
to catalyze a transmembrane charge separation.
5. Chemiosmosis - the mechanism by which the synthesis and
utilization of the biochemical energy source ATP is regulated.
6. Photosystem - a biochemical mechanism in plants by which
chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
7. Thylakoid - any of the membranous disks of lamellae within
plant chloroplasts that are composed of protein and lipid and are
the sites of the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis.
8. Cyclic electron flow (CEF) - electrons are recycled around
photosystem I.
9. NADPH formation – where NAPH is formed on the stromal side
of the thylakoid membrane, so it is released into the stroma. 
10. Photosystem I - an integral membrane protein complex that
uses light energy to catalyze the transfer of electrons across the
thylakoid membrane from plastocyanin to ferredoxin.