PERSEA AMERICANA (AVOCADO)

Nurul Fatini Binti Nor Hisham 1*, Nurul Fathiah Binti Nor Hisham 2, Siti Nur Aishah
Binti Mohamad 3 & Wan Nuralis Putri binti Wan Hasli 4
1
Nurul Fatini Binti Nor Hisham, 2021126981. 2 Nurul Fathiah Binti Nor Hisham, 2021126967. 3 Siti Nur Aishah
Binti Mohamad, 2021105813. 4 Wan Nuralis Putri binti Wan Hasli, 2021121093.

1. INTRODUCTION

Persea Americana, commonly known as Avocado is a South American tropical or

subtropical fruit and is a member of the Lauraceae family and belongs to the genus Persea.
South Central Mexico, Central America, and South America are regarded to be the origins of
the AV tree. (Huey Shi Lye, 2020). Avocado has been referred to as a “superfood” due to its
distinctive nutritional and phytochemical composition in comparison to other fruits. This fruit
has successfully gained popularity around the world which led it to be widely cultivated almost
everywhere in any country in this world. Persea Americana Mill (Lauraceae) is a well-known
medicinal plant that is used to treat and manage a variety of ailments. The foliar
micromorphology, phytochemicals, and elemental composition of two cultivars of P.
Americana leaves. (Hass and Nigerian avoc, 2021).

Thus, due to the popularity of this fruit and its rich biochemical composition, Avocados
have been frequently utilized in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic
industries. Avocado production reached 6.4 million metric tonnes per year in 2019.
(FAOSTAT, 2019). P. Americana is used to treat a variety of ailments in traditional medicine,
including menorrhagia, hypertension, stomachache, bronchitis, diarrhea, and diabetes.
Avocados (Persea Americana) have a strong consumer demand in the EU, and their use in food
services for a variety of purposes has created a strong supply of avocados in the European
market. The market has developed rapidly in recent years. (Avocado Market Research Report,
2021). The Netherlands, France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom are the top
European avocado consumers; they also import avocado from South Africa, Israel, Peru, Chile,
and Colombia. (Munhuweyi, 2020)

Persea Americana is a plant that grows in the United States. “Mill”, also known as
avocado or alligator pear, is an evergreen tree belonging to the Lauraceae family. It is native
to Mexico and Central America, and it can be found throughout the tropics, including
subtropical areas. (D.J. Bhuyan, 2019). Hass avocados account for 80% of production in
avocado-growing countries, including South Africa. The remaining 20% of avocado
production is made up of Fuerte, Pinkerton, Ryan, and Reed varieties. (USDA, 2021).
 2. BENEFITS AND USES
• Best for wound healing
Methanol extract from seed of Persea Americana were
used to broth microdilution method against bacteria Persea
(staphylococcus aureus) because it displayed
antibacterial properties. The p. Americana extract gel (A. Djeridane, 2006)
resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of
wound closure and a significant decrease in the number
of colony forming units (CFU) of bacteria
(staphylococcus aureus) at the infection site. (Steve E.
Ekom, 2022)
• Have a lot of metabolic benefits
The research found that the avocado diet is more
effective other than a moderate and lower-fat diet
because it decreased oxLDL plasma better than those 2
diets. OxLDL has high inflammatory potential, it
released chemokines, acts of T cells, and cytokines
which will burn our excess body fat that caused obesity,
a cardiovascular disease that corresponds with BMI
during weight loss. (al, 2012)
• Known as “superfood” or nutrient-dense food
Persea Americana’s oil is frequently used as a dietary
supplement because it contains about 20 vitamins,
nutrients, and phytonutrients. In short, avocado can be
counted as a rich monounsaturated fats source hand a
naturally low level of sodium and sugar. This fruit also
plays an important role in helping to prevent low LDL,
and high cholesterol, manage weight and decrease
glucose levels in our blood. (al P. Z., 2005)
• Can prevent gastric ulcers (indomethacin-
induced) (Brena Ramos Athaydes, 2019)
Americana has anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, and antioxidants that can treat gastric.
• Food preserving during refrigerated storage
Based on research, avocado’s mass contains over 70
percent bioactive compounds that can prevent
discoloration and strong antioxidant activities. (M.A.
Al-Farsi, 2008). It makes the extract from avocado
seed a natural alternative to avoid the loss of food
quality throughout chilled conditions.
• Help in absorption of necessary colourful
carotenoids that good for eye health
“Yellow spot” in the center of our retina is called
macula lutea responsible for vision (central). It is
yellow because it is seeming to be yellow because it
contains lutein, zeaxanthin, and carotenoids (help to
decrease macular degeneration risk) which are thought
to protect against free radical damage caused by light.
(al G. M., 2008). Persea Americana contains
carotenoids and as a booster to High-Density lipids
cholesterol and absorbs fat-soluble from other foods.
Carotenoids absorption increases and the risk of
macular degeneration decreases. (Bl, 2007)
3. CHEMICAL/ACTIVE, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND HOMOLOG
SERIES OF COMPOUNDS

Acetone

(Acetone Formula, 2018)

• Acetone, also synonym to Dimethylketone; 2-propanone; dimethylketal is an organic

compound with the formula of (CH3)2CO. The functional group for this compound is ketone
and the homologous series is carbonyl. In a variety of organic reactions, such as S N 2 reactions,
acetone is used as a polar, aprotic solvent. The Jones oxidation requires the use of acetone as a
solvent. With water, it does not form an azeotrope. Because of its low cost and volatility, it is a
common solvent for rinsing laboratory glassware. (Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) , n.d.)

Oleic acid

(Information, Oleic acid, 2022)

• Oleic acid or also known as cis-9 octadecenoic acid is an 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid that
have a double bond in the 9th position from the methyl end with the formula C18H34O2
(CH3(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7COOH). (Mohamed A. Farag, 2022). The functional group for oleic
acid is carboxyl and the homologous series is carboxylic acid. It is considered as a beneficial
fat because it helps in lowering cholesterol, reducing inflammation and stabilize heart rhythms.
(Aenlle, 2019)

Ethanol

(Ethanol (C2H6O, EtOH), n.d.)

• Ethanol also known as ethyl alcohol, alcohol and grain alcohol main alcohol composed of
ethane with one of the hydrogens replaced by a hydroxy group. The functional group is alcohol
and homologous series is hydroxyl. Many hand sanitizers and medical wipes contain ethanol
 (also known as ethyl alcohol) because of its antibacterial and antifungal
properties. (Information, 2022)

chlorogenic acid

(Toronto Research Chemicals, n.d.)

• Chlorogenic acid is a cinnamate ester formed by the formal condensation of trans-caffeic acid's
carboxy group with quinic acid's 3-hydroxy group. It is made up of (-)-quinic acid and trans-
caffeic acid. It is a chlorogenate conjugate acid with the formula C16H18O9.The functional
group or this compound is carboxyalkoxy and the homologous series is ester. Chlorogenic acid
usually taken as a dietary supplement or can be found in coffee and has been studied for anti-
inflammatory properties. (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2022)

Phenol

(Phenol (Liquid/Certified ACS), n.d.)

• Phenol also known as carbolic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenic acid and others is a synthetic
chemical as well as a natural material with the molecular formula of C6H5OH or C6H6O.The
functional group is Aromatic/Arene, and the homologous series is Benzene ring. Phenol has
been shown to be a powerful antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agent. (National Center for
Biotechnology Information, 2022)

4. REFERENCES:

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