ANSWER SHEET FOR BIO270

ONLINE TEST 2

FULL NAME: NURUL FATHIAH BINTI NOR HISHAM

STUDENT ID: 2021126967
CLASS/GROUP: A4AS1203C

You can fill in the answers (A, B, C or D) in this sheet for Part A.
PART A

1.A 6.D 11.A 16.C

2.B 7.C 12.B 17.B
3.C 8.C 13.A 18.C
4.A 9.C 14.D 19.C
5.B 10.A 15.D 20.C

PART B
You can place your answers on this sheet.

QUESTION 1

1. Endocrine signaling: it is responses to stimuli, can maintain homeostasis and can

regulates development and growth. Besides, by endocrine cells, hormones secreted into
extracellular fluids when it reaches the targets through bloodstream or hemolymph.

2. Autocrine signaling: it is local regulators which is act over short distance and by diffusion,
it can reach target cell. The target cell for autocrine is act on the secreting cell itself (the
target cell is also the secreting cell.

3. Paracrine signaling: it is where molecules that act over short distances and target cells
are only reached by diffusion. The target cell is a responses in nearby target cells (target
cells lie near secreting cells).

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 4. Synaptic signaling: in synaptic signalling, synapses are specialized junctions that neurons
create with their target cells and at synapses, neurotransmitters are molecules secreted
by neurons that bind to receptors on target cells and diffuse over short distances.

5. Neuroendocrine signaling: Specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones,

which are transported to target cells by the bloodstream during neuroendocrine
signaling.

QUESTION 2

1. Hydrostatic skeletons: it is closed body compartment and consist of fluid that was held
under pressure. The animal will use muscles to change shape of fluid-filled compartment
to control their form and movement. example: water pressure in earthworm.

2. Exoskeletons: It is a hard encasement that deposited or settle on the surface of animal

and mostly found on arthropods (composed by cuticle that consist of chitin) and molluscs
(encased in a calcium carbonate shell that the mantle has produced). Example: the
outside shell of snail.

3. Endoskeletons: is a hard supporting elements like bones that buried within soft tissue
and were found in echinoderms, sponges, and chordates. Besides, some of it fused
together and connected at joints by ligament that allow it to move freely or give freedom
of movement. example: bones inside human feet.

QUESTION 3

Sexual reproductive is two individuals’ genetic material is combined in order to produce

genetically diverse offspring that differ from their parents. Besides, to form a zygote in the
creation of offspring, fusion of female gamete (egg) and male gamete (sperm) happen. Next,
problem in locating a mate can happen in this kind of reproductive. The benefits of the sexual
reproductive that can ensure the survival of the offspring are, in changing environments, it can
enhance reproductive success and it also can increase genetic variation among offsprings.

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QUESTION 4

1. Negative pressure in the xylem pulled the water upward. The pull is provided by
transpiration, and it is transmitted along the entire length of the xylem from the shoots
to the roots by the cohesion of water caused by hydrogen bonding.

2. Because it has a lower water potential than the air inside the leaf, the air outside the leaf
is dryer and at the airspace of a leaf, there were water vapor in it. Diffuses down its
gradient of water potential and leaves the leaf through a stomata.

3. By cohesion and adhesion, from the leaves to the root tips and even into the soil solution,
xylem sap is pulled by transpiration and is facilitated.

4. Due to hydrogen bonding, the water cohesion makes it possible to pull a column of xylem
sap from above.

5. The offset of the downward force of gravity was helped by the strong adhesion of water
molecules which are hydrogen bonds to hydrophilic wall of xylem cells.