Finalll

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF
ARTS AND SCIENCES, INC.
Taro Stem (ColocasiaEsculenta)

As an Alternative Source
of Packaging Paper
A Science Investigatory Project
Presented to
Batangas College of Arts and Sciences, Inc.
Lipa City
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for Completion/Graduation in
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
BAUTISTA, JOHN BENEDICT M.

JAPLOS, ANGELO RAFAEL M.
MARUNDAN, MAXINE H.
UMALI, REYNALDO P.
April 2019
Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City, Batangas 4217

Contact #: (043)756-1232 main / (043)784-6071 annex 1
Website: www.bcas.edu.p
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
III. CHAPTER 1 (The Problem)
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1.2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
IV. CHAPTER 2 (Review of Related Literature)
2.1 Conceptual Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 Research Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
V. CHAPTER 3 (Research Methodology)
3.1 Research Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2 Ingredients and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
3.3 Methods and Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

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3.4 Data Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
VI. CHAPTER 4 (Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data)
4.1 Components of taro stem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
4.2 Effectiveness of taro stem in terms of:
Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Resistivity to Heat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Resistivity to Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
4.3 Significant Differences of:
Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
VII. CHAPTER 5 (Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations)
5.1 Summary of Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.2 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
5.3 Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
VIII. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
IX. APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
X. PROFILE OF THE RESEARCHERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
XI. LIST OF FIGURES
F.1. Conceptual
Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

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F.2. Methods and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
F.3. Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
XII. LIST OF TABLES
T.1 Ingredients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
T.2 Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
T.3 Resistivity to
heat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
T.4 Resistivity to water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
T.5 Resistivity to acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
T.6 Resistivity to
base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
T.7. Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

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ABSTRACT
Pollution and increased taxes are some of the contemporary problems
experiences on our country and one of the causes are wasted plastic bags and
materials. Plastics was used often on our daily lives as consumers. However,
once the plastic material was consumed or used it was thrown away. The
researchers find a better product to lessen the use of decomposable plastic.
As another alternative, the researchers sought a common plant that was
beneficial, cost efficient and easily obtained. ColocasiaEsculenta, also known as
taro, contains starch and fibers which was used in making the packaging paper.
The experimental design was the two group design in which is particularly used
to determine the capabilities and durability of the paper made out of taro. The
researcher used spring balance to determine the strength, and used water,

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vinegar and baking soda to test the resistivity to liquid, and an oven to
determine the heat resistivity. T-test was applied to determine the significant
difference among the used taro paper. Based on the results, taro stem can be
used as an alternative source of packaging paper. Furthermore, compared to the
commercialized packaging paper in terms of its tensile strength the experimental
product was stronger and more durable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to give thanks and give their deepest gratitude to the
respective people who have cooperated and supported to the success of the
completion and submission of the study.
First and foremost, our Lord Almighty, whom enlightened the researchers and
gave protection, knowledge and inspiration for the completion of this study.
To Ms. Leah Lina, the researchers’ thesis adviser, whom supported, guided,
and gave important lessons in which the researchers used all throughout the
study’s development.
The researcher’s parents, whom gave their full financial and moral support
that was greatly beneficial for the researcher’s study.
To the class adviser, Ms. Nerish Joy Uri, whom gave courage, hope, advice

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and especially her full outmost support to the researchers to finish this study.
To the class of 10 Selenite, for all the help, support, trust, comfort, faith and
belief in the researchers that they can accomplish something this significant and
the encouragement they gave to the researchers. They gave their support and
help in missed activities in case of excused absences.
And finally, to themselves, for cooperating and helping each other out on
finishing the study.
The researchers owe of the people with all their respect and gratitude for
without them, this paper would not be possible.

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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM
This chapter includes the statement of the problem, its objectives,
significance of the study, scope and limitations, and definition of terms that
present in the study with clarity to facilitate the understanding of the topic.
1.1 Introduction
Too much use of plastics has resulted to the clogging of drainage, flash
floods, waste pollution and water pollution. Plastics affects human health. Toxic
chemicals reach out of plastics and are found in the blood and tissue of nearly all
of us. Exposure to plastics is linked to cancers, birth defects, impaired immunity,
innovative disruption and other ailments.

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The purpose of the study is to contribute an alternative packaging paper in
the society to gain or produce a more durable and safer packaging paper made
out of taro stem. It aims to reduce the cutting of trees by suggesting the use of
taro stem as an alternative source of packaging paper.
A polluted country like the Philippines, plastic bags are used by everyone.
Plastic bags has been a big part to the people. However, the usage of this has
been out of which results in killing our environment. Every year same problem
gets worse and it liters the bays. Streets, parks, beaches and if they burned it,
they infuse the air with toxic fumes. About 60,000 animals are killed every year
due to this plastic wastes. Many animals ingested plastic bags remains intact
even after the death and compositions of animals. Plastic bags are not capable
of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms and it gives bad
effects on our environment.(G. Thompson, 2008)
Packaging paper can be defined as “All the activities of designing and
producing the container or wrapper of a product.” Packaging paper is a structure
designed to make it easier and safer to transport, to protect against
contamination or less degradation or damage and to produce a convenient way
to dispense the product. Packaging also pertains as a container or wrapper for a
consumer product that serves a number of purposes. Including protection and
description of the contents, their difference an product promotion. Packaging

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paper constitutes the largest person of packaging material even more than glass,
metal or plastic. It is multi-purpose, clean and flexible. Most consumer used
packaging paper for safer and less damage of the product.
This study has provided an alternative packaging to plastic with the use of
taro stem to lessen the problem of plastic waste that cause much environmental
problems.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
This study determined the quality of taro stem as an alternative source of
packaging paper in terms of its strength, heat and water resistivity.
Specifically answered the following questions:
1. What are the components of taro stem that can use to make packaging
paper?
2. How effective is the taro stem as packaging paper in terms of:
2.1 Strength/Durability
2.2 Resistivity to heat
2.3 Resistivity to liquids
3. Is there any significant difference between the commercially used
packaging paper and taro stem packaging paper?
Hypothesis:
HO: There is no significant difference between the commercially used packaging

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paper and taro stem packaging paper in terms of its strength, resistivity to heat
and liquids.
1.3 ConceptualFramework
Fig. 1. Conceptual framework of the Study
Independent variable is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researchers
to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. The independent
variable of this study was taro stem since it is the one being tested as an
alternative source of packaging paper in terms of its strength, resistivity to heat
and liquids that serves as the dependent variable. Dependent variable acts as the
response variable which is observed and measured to determine the effect of the
independent variable. The intervening variable interferes with the independent
and dependent variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the
independent and dependent variables. The intervening variable in this study is
the amount of taro stem since this factor can affect the effectiveness of taro
stem as an alternative source of packaging paper.
1.4 Significance of the Study

Contact #: (043)756-1232 main / (043)784-6071 annex
11
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This study would be beneficial to the following:
Consumers -these include those who usually buy in stores and markets, which
uses single-use plastic as a packaging of their products. They would know that
there is an eco-friendly, reusable and even cheaper packaging. The risks of
having diseases because of the chemical contained in making plastics would be
lessen. Moreover, they will also be aware that the taro stem that are usually just
planted on their backyard can be very useful and they can even use it as a start-
up business.
Vendors - the vendors of the market and stores in our country will have a
cheaper packaging and the usage of plastic will be avoided. Once the taro stem
packaging paper became a product in the market, the vendors would be less
problematic because they will have fewer expenses on their packaging material.
Future Researchers - these include those who will improve and develop our
study. As we provide an initial research idea for the future researchers, they will
have an idea and know the components of taro stem that can be used as an
alternative source of packaging paper.
Environment - the environment in the Philippines is suffering a lot. As of now,
plastic waste is the main cause of flooding. Having an alternative source of

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packaging this problem will be lessen since it disintegrated easily as compare to
plastics and it lessen the clogging of drainage since the product is an eco-friendly
material.
Country - this study can facilitate a lot within the different aspects of the
country. The primary factor is its economy growth. Having its own supply of
packaging, the citizens and government will not depend upon the plastic
materials any more. Other countries might have an interest in this product and
improve the country’s economy standing. It will conjointly increase the people’s
satisfaction rate which is good for a growing country, like the Philippines.
Furthermore, it will improve its international standing and be well known for
being an inventive and innovative country.
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study
This scientific research has utilized taro stem as an alternative source of
packaging paper. This study determined the components of taro stem that made
it an alternative packaging paper. The experimental design used by the
researchers was the two group design.
The source of the taro stem was gathered in MataasnaKahoy and the
strength, resistivity to heat and liquids of taro stem as packaging paper was

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tested in Lipa City. This study started last August 2018 and has ended on April
2019.
1.6 Definition of Terms
Strength – the power to resist force. (Merriam-Webster, 2018)
Packaging – the enclosing of something in a container or covering. (Merriam-
Webster, 2018)
Taro – an herbaceous perennial, mostly cultivated as an annual. (Feedipedia,
2018)
Base – any of substance typically water-soluble and bitter tasting compounds
that in solution have a pH greater than 7. (Merriam-Webster, 2018)
Acid – any of various typically water-soluble and sour compounds that in
solution are capable of reacting with a base to form a salt and have a pH less
than 7. (Wikipedia, 2018)
Silk Screen – a screen of fine mesh used in screen-printing and was used on
the experiment as a molder for the paper. (Merriam-Webster, 2018)
Contaminants – something that makes place or a substance such as water, air
or food no longer suitable for use. (Merriam-Webster, 2018)
Disintegrated – break up into small parts, typically as the result of impact or

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decay. (Merriam-Webster, 2018)
Waste – any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless,
defective and of no use. (Wikipedia, 2018)
Sodium Hydroxide - also known as NaOH, a highly caustic base and alkali that
decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe
chemical burns. (Wikipedia, 2018)

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes the conceptual literature and review of literature,
which the researchers have pursued to shed light on the topic under the study.
2.1 Conceptual Literature
Plastic Waste: Ecological and Human Health Impacts.
Plastic waste is a growing concern and the drivers behind it look set to
continue. Although recently there has been a slight decrease in plastic
production, this is unlikely to be maintained. Plastic is a highly useful material
and its applications are expected to increase as more new products and plastics
are developed to meet demands. The increased use and production of plastic in
developing and emerging countries is a particular concern, as the sophistication
of their waste management infrastructure may not be developing at an

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appropriate rate to deal with their increasing levels of plastic waste.
Plastic waste also has the ability to attract contaminants, such as persistent
organic pollutants (POPs). This is particularly so in the marine environment since
many of these contaminants are hydrophobic, which means they do not mix or
bind with water. Again, the role of plastic waste in the impact of these toxic
chemicals is unclear. Plastic could potentially transport these chemicals to
otherwise clean environments and, when ingested by wildlife, plastic could cause
the transfer of chemicals into the organism’s system. However, in some
conditions plastic could potentially act as a sink for contaminants, making them
less available to wildlife, particularly if they are buried on the seafloor. With their
large surface area-to-volume ratio, micro-plastics may have the capacity to make
chemicals more available to wildlife and the environment in comparison to larger
sized plastics. However, once ingested, micro-plastics may pass through the
digestive system more quickly than larger plastics, potentially providing less
opportunity for chemicals to be absorbed into the circulatory system. Although
plastic waste may not always cause detectable harm or death as an isolated
factor, when combined with other impacts, such as uncontrolled fishing or oil
spills, it may contribute cumulatively to serious impacts. These sub-lethal effects
are difficult to monitor, but are nonetheless important to recognize. Research has
indicated that some species or developmental stages are more vulnerable to

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ingestion of plastic waste and the toxic effects of the chemicals associated with
it. Policy responses to plastic waste come in many forms and work on many
levels, ranging from beach clean-ups to bans on plastic waste disposal at sea, to
targets for waste management and recycling. Several market-based instruments
have been explored such as deposit schemes to encourage the return and multi-
user of plastics, and taxation on single-use plastics that do not fit into deposit
return systems. However, there has been little widespread application of these
instruments and more research is needed to maximize their effectiveness and
ensure they do not have secondary effects other than those intended.
(Unknown, 2011)
Plastic Pollution.
Plastic bags harm us, by polluting the environment, and killing animals as
well as aquatic life. About a hundred billion plastic bags are used every year in
the US alone. If one considers the huge economies and population of India,
China, Europe,and other parts of the world’s numberscan be staggering.
A polluted country like the Philippines, plastic bags are used by
everyone. Plastic bags has been a big part to the people. However, the usage of
this has been out of which results in killing our environment. Every year same
problem gets worse and it liters the bays. Streets, parks, beaches and if they

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burned it, they infuse the air with toxic fumes. About 60,000 animals are killed
every year due to this plastic wastes. Many animals ingested plastic bags
remains intact even after the death and compositions of animals. Plastic bags are
not capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms and it
gives bad effects on our environment. (R. Putatunda, 2011)
ColocasiaEsculenta.
Taro, Colocasiaesculenta, is a perennial tropical plant of the ARUM family,
Aracae. It's large, starchy, tuberous roots are a staple food in Polynesia and East
Asia. Roots from the wetland taro are heated to destroy their bitter taste, then
ground and fermented into an edible paste called "poi", an important food on
many Polynesian islands.
Taro is also called eddo or dasheen, herbaceous plant of the family
Araceae. Probably native to southeastern Asia, whence it spread to Pacific
islands, it became a staple crop, cultivated for its large, starchy, spherical
underground tubers, which are consumed as cooked vegetables, made into
puddings and breads, and also made into the Polynesian poi, a thin, pasty, highly
digestible mass of fermented taro starch. The large leaves of the taro are
commonly stewed. The upland(dry) taro, or dasheen, produces corms that are
eaten like potatoes in Japan, China and West Indies. The dasheen is sometimes

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grown as an ornamental houseplant called "elephant ear" because of its large
heart shaped leaves. (Unknown, 2012)
Thermal and Base Properties.
As the development and application areas of papers increase, the thermal
properties of papers are also getting more attention. Important thermal
properties of paper are specific heat, thermal conduction, thermal expansion,
combustion and thermal decomposition. The specific heat of paper is similar to
natural cellulosic fiber. Moisture content of paper affects these properties
significantly. Thermal conductivity of paper depends on apparent density and
absorbed moisture. Temperature and moisture changes affect paper extension
and shrinkage significantly. Of the two, moisture has more effect than
temperature.
Moisture Affects tensile strength. Maximum tensile is obtained between
20%-30% relative h umidity (RH). Below this range stress intensification and
above this range plastification make the paper weaker. At complete saturation,
the tensile strength of paper becomes practically zero. Sizing provides temporary
wet strength due to their applications.
Paper and paperboard has a high flammability. This is an advantage for
disposal by burning. However, flammability is a disadvantage for paper for

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applications where fire hazard is critical such as interior decoration. (Adanur, Ph
D., 1997)
Packaging Paper.
Packaging is packing of various objects and substances in suitable
containers for shipping and sale. A large part of the merchandise consumers buy
is packaged in various kinds of containers – boxes, bags, bottles and cans.
Proper packaging protects the content and makes the easier to handle and sell.
The packaging maybe done by the manufacturer or grower, by the whole sale, or
by the retailer.
Good packages should be inexpensive, to avoid adding too much to the
cost of their contents. At the same time, they must be able to withstand
whatever rough treatment they might receive in transit. Package must protect
their contents against possible damage form such things as fumes, moisture,
dirt, and fungus. They must be also attractive if they are to help rather than
hinder sales. Large sums are spent to design packages that will attract attention
and appears to buyers. Many kinds of packaging developed since 1940, then as
aerosol cans and plastic bottles, were designed to make their container safer and
more convenient to use. (Unknown, 2010)

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Tensile Properties.
The most fundamental and informative physical evaluation for paper is
probably that of the tensile test. It provides the elastic properties of paper which
are directly related to fiber quality and the level of fiber bonding is most aptly
described in the 1982 paper by Page and Seth. To a large extent, most of what
is required to be known about a paper sample can be gleaned from a tensile test
provided it is interpreted correctly. Therefore, tensile testing is routinely used in
manufacturing operations for quality control.
Simply stated, the tensile test is a strip of paper clamped at both ends and
pulled at a constant rate until failure. The load at failure is the tensile strength
(St), which is satisfactory for many purposes but much more can be gleaned
from consideration of what happens while the strip is pulled to fracture. (Roman
E. Popil, Ph.D., 2006)
The Environmental Impacts of Packaging.
The need for packaging and the development of packaging was caused by
the fact that the production and the consumption took place at separate places
and times, and the produced goods had to be distributed and transported.
Packaging became a connecting link between production and consumption, and
the importance of this link is growing in urbanized societies. More than 150,000

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people are being added to urban population in developing countries every day.
In the mid-twentieth century, only one-third of the world’s population was urban.
The prediction is that by 2025, two-third of the world’s people will live in cities.
This means thatmore people will live in cities than occupied the whole planet in
the 1980s. In such level of urbanization, distribution of goods, especially food, is
crucial, and the role of packaging is enormous.
The package is not noticed during purchase, transport, and use of the
product—infact, it is not noticed until the minute the product is consumed and
the package had fulﬁlled its function and turns into waste. At that minute, the
package is already seen as an environmental burden, wasting resources. Those
concerned about the state of the environment can take part in reducing this
burden through packaging recovery programs. Packaging has positive and
negative impacts on the environment. The negative impacts include resources
use and the effects of packaging-related wastes and emissions. The positive
impact is that packaging consumer goods facilitates their distribution, and thus
makes it possible to obtain goods otherwise not accessible. Environmentally
conscious packaging enables satisfying human needs in an effective way.
(Pongrácz, E, 2007)
Resistivity to water.

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Water resistance is desirable since it decreases the strength-reducing effects of
moisture but it can also make paper harder to glue and print, since the glue and
ink must be partly absorbed by the paper. Sizing agents, added to the pulp or to
the paper surface, as well as wet strength resins, increase water resistance.
Water resistance can be measured by directly using the “soaking method”. It
involves pouring water over it and letting it soak for a certain period of time, and
then comparing its weight to that if the dry sample. Water immersion test of
paperboard also evaluates wicking through the board’s cut edges. (D. Twede,
Susan E. M. Selke)
2.2 Research Literature
In the study of Rorisang 'Maphoka entitled “Taro (ColocasiaEsculenta) yield
and quality in response to planting date and organic fertilization” ,despite the
importance of taro (ColocasiaEsculenta) as a food security crop, scientific
research on it is scanty in South Africa. Production site, planting date and
fertiliser regime affect crop performance and quality, particularly that of cultivars,
because they tend to be adapted to specific localities. Storage temperature and
packaging method on the other hand affect the shelf-life. To investigate
performance and quality of three taro cultivar in response to planting date and
fertilization, a study was carried out at two sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

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(Ukulinga and Umbumbulu), during the 2007/2008 growing seasons. The effect
of two storage temperatures (12oC and ambient temperature) and three
packaging methods (polyethylene bags, mesh bags and open boxes) on cormel
quality following storage was also investigated for three cultivars. Delayed
planting negatively affected the number of cormels plant-1 and fresh cormel
mass plant-1. Fertilization and cultivar affected the number of cormels plant-1
and fresh cormel mass plant-1 only when planting was done in October and
November at both sites. Fertilization increased the number of cormels plant-1 for
all cultivars except Dumbe-dumbe. Dumbe-dumbe had the lowest number of
cormels plant-1 but the highest number of marketable cormels plant-1. Dumbe-
dumbe showed the lowest fresh cormel mass plant-1 in October and the highest
in November at Ukulinga. Fertisation increased fresh cormel mass plant-1 in
October at Umbumbulu. Dry matter content was negatively affected by
fertilisation at Ukulinga. The response of dry matter content, specific gravity,
protein, minerals, reducing sugars and starch content was variable depending on
cultivar. Delayed planting negatively affected starch content for Dumbe-dumbe
and Pitshi at Ukulinga. Fertilization decreased starch content of Pitshi, while
delayed planting increased sugar content for Dumbe-dumbe and decreased it for
Mgingqeni and Pitshi at Umbumbulu. Dumbe-dumbe had higher starch content
and higher reducing sugars. Considering all growth and quality parameters, it is

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recommended that Dumbe-dumbe is the best taro cultivar for crisping and the
best time to plant it is October with 160 kg N ha-1 of organic fertilizer and
November with 320 kg N ha-1 at Ukulinga whereas at Umbumbulu the best time
to plant Dumbe-dumbe is October with 320 kg N ha-1 of the fertilizer. Starch
granules degradation, alpha-amylase activity and sprouting increased with
storage time and storage temperature. Cormels of Mgingqeni stored in
polyethylene bags showed highest alpha-amylase activity and sprouting.
Reducing sugar content increased and starch content decreased with time in
storage and decline in storage temperature. It is recommended that taro cormels
be stored in mesh bags at 12oC. The chapters of this thesis represent different
studies presented as different papers. Chapter 1 is a general introduction to
explain the study background and hypothesis. Chapter 2 is a general review of
literature. Chapter 3 is on growth, development and yield of taro in response to
planting date and fertilization. Chapter 4 is on the influence of planting date and
organic fertilizer on crisping quality of taro cormels. Chapter 5 is on changes in
the surface morphology of starch granules and alpha-amylase activity of taro
during storage. Chapter 6 is on the effects of pre and post-harvest practices on
starch and reducing sugars of taro. (Mare, Rorisang 'Maphoka, 2009)
In the study of Maninder Kaur, PragatiKaushal, and Kawaljit Singh Sandhu

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entitled “Studies on physicochemical and pasting properties of Taro
(Colocasiaesculenta) flour in comparison with a cereal, tuber and legume flour” ,
the physicochemical and pasting properties of taro (Colocasiaesculenta) flour
were investigated and compared with flours from other botanical sources.
Proximate composition, color parameters, water and oil absorption, foaming
characteristics and pasting properties (measured using Rapid visco analyzer) of
flours were related to each other using Pearson correlation and principal
component analysis (PCA). Taro flour was significantly (P < 0.05) different from
other flours in exhibiting highest carbohydrate, water absorption, and lower
protein, foaming capacity and setback viscosity. Peak viscosity of taro flour was
lower in comparison to potato flour but higher than that of soya and corn flours.
Several significant correlations between functional and pasting properties were
revealed both by PCA and Pearson correlation. PCA showed that taro and potato
flours were located at the left of the score plot with a negative score, while
soybean and corn flours had a large positive score in the first principal
component.
Root and tuber crops are grown throughout the world in hot and humid
regions and contain starch as the major carbohydrate in them. Tubers have a
short-shelf life because of their high moisture content and start rotting as early
as 2 weeks post-harvesting. In order to minimize tuber losses, they must be

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converted from perishable to non-perishable through food processing operations
(Aboubakar et al. 2008). One of the best ways to preserve them is by processing
them into flour and/or starch (Perez et al. 2005). Taro (Colocasiaesculenta L.) is
a tropical tuber crop largely produced for its underground corms and consumed
in tropical and subtropical areas of the world (Aboubakar et al. 2008). Protein
and fat content of taro are low but it is high in carbohydrates, fibre and minerals
(Del Rosario and Lorenz 1999) and has been reported to have 70% to 80%
starch (Jane et al. 1992). Even though taro is not an industrial crop, its starch
has numerous applications for use in several food products due to its small
particle size which offer improved binding and may offer additional health
promoting benefits. The high viscosity of taro starches makes them very useful in
food applications where high thickening power is desired as well as the small
particle size being useful for bread or noodle production (Aprianita et al. 2009).
It has been reported that flour from taro corms, dried and milled contains easy
digestion starch and therefore is widely used as infant food (Del Rosario and
Lorenz 1999). Successful performance of flours as food ingredients depend upon
the functional characteristics and sensory qualities they impart to the end
product (Kaur and Singh 2007). The functional properties of the flours are
provided not only by proteins, but also by the complex carbohydrates and other
components such as pectins and mucilages (Kaur and Singh 2005). Literature on

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taro has been reviewed by some authors (Mega 1992; Tagodoe and Nip 1994;
Mbofung et al. 2006; Njintang and Mbofung 2006; Njintang et al. 2007).
Attempts have been made to characterize taro starches and flours of Hawaiian
and Cameroonian varieties but no such studies have been reported on Indian
taro. The main objective of the present work was to study the functional and
pasting properties of taro flour in comparison to other tuber (potato), cereal
(corn) and legume (soyabean) flours. An acquisition of understanding of
properties of taro flour may demonstrate its further potential uses in the food
industry as an alternative source to conventional forms of carbohydrates or in
production of new food products. Also the correlations between different flour
properties were established using Pearson correlation and principal component
analysis. (Maninder Kaur, PragatiKaushal, and Kawaljit Singh Sandhu
In the study of AlirezaAshori entitled “Nonwood fibers—A potential source
of raw material in papermaking”,world demand for paper has increased at an
average annual rate of 4.7% over the past 40 years. Although future growth will
reduce to 2–3% the existing wood resources may be inadequate to meet this
growing demand for paper especially in the Asia-Pacific region and Eastern
Europe.
In addition, logging is coming under increasing pressure from
environmentalists concerned about habitat destruction and other longer-term

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impacts of forest harvesting. It is, therefore, necessary to consider alternative
fiber sources to meet the possible shortfall of wood fiber for papermaking.
Suitable non-wood fibers are abundantly available in many countries and are the
major source of fiber for papermaking in some developing nations.
(AlirezaAshori, 2006)
In the study of Faith Faustine J. Sapupoentitled “Banana Penducles as a
potential source of paper”, packaging papers constitutes the largest portion of
packaging material, even more than glass, metal, or plastic. It is multi-purpose
clean and flexible. Among the types of packaging paper are all kinds of
corrugated cardboard, kraft paper for paper bags and classic brown packaging
paper, as well as the cover layers for plaster board. As a rule, a high portion of
recovered papers is common to all of them. They perform important functions in
merchandise management protection for damage during transport and storage,
as form carriers or purely for image enhancement.
Banana penducles from Musa cavendishii was studied for its components
and its utilization into high value added products. Fiber and juices were found to
be main components and these were extracted by means of retting and by
mechanical press, respectively. The cell length of penducle fiber is longer than
those from other non-wood materials and classifies it a linger fiber. Dried fibers

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was utilized for dietary fiber enrichments of meat products. In addition, to some
identified functional properties, for manufacture of fiberboards, for pulp and
paper. (Faith Faustine J. Sapupo, 2016)
In the study of Kimberly Del Agua and KylaAlorroentitled “Taro
(ColocasiaEsculenta) as an Alternative Source of Biodegradable Plastic” , the
government are working out to lessen the impact of plastic bags on the
environment. Each of us should shoulder some of the responsibility for this
problem which ultimately harms us. It must be understood the risk of the
harmful effects of plastic bags on the environment. They are not only non-
biodegradable, but are one of the pollutants of the bodies of water.
Plastic bags are very popular with both retailers as well as consumers
because there are cheap, strong, lightweight, and functional. A hygienic means
of carrying food as well as other goods. Even though they are one of the modern
conveniences that we seem to be unable to do without. They are responsible for
causing pollution, killing wildlife, and causing up the precious resources of the
Earth. According to Sriroth K. et. al(2009) starch foam is one of the major
starch-based packaging materials. It is produced by extrusion or
compression/explosion technology. Their product has been developed as a
replacement for polystyrene w/c is used to produce loose filters and other

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expanded items. It was found cut in their research that in biodegradable plastics,
granular starch can be directly blended w/ polymer or its granular structure can
be destructurized before being incorporated into the polymer matrix. (Kimberly
Del Agua and Kyla Alorro, 2015)
In the study of T. Kasemsuwan, and W. K. Nip entitled “Physical and
Chemical Studies of Taro Starches and Flours” , taro (Colocasiaesculenta) is a
tropical tuber crop and is cultivated widely in many countries, including the
United States. Taro is a major crop of the islands of Hawaii and Samoa. In
Hawaii, taro is cultivated in both wetland and dryland conditions. Native
Hawaiians grow taro in wetland for the preparation of poi (taro paste).
Taro also has been used in baby food, taro chips, taro bread (Moy and Nip
1983), and taro sorbet (Hong and Nip 1990). Taro has been reported to have 70-
80% starch (dry starch basis, dsb) (Payne et al 1938, Tu et al 1979) with small
granules (diameters between 1.4 and 5 ttm) (Amin 1955, Sugimoto et al 1986).
Taro also is rich in gums (mucilages). Up to 10.7% crude taro mucilages can be
extracted from taro corms and tubers with boiling water (Gaind et al 1968).
Purified gums (100 g) also are isolated from fresh taro corms (1 kg) (Taki et al
1972). Drumdrying properties and storage stability of tropical fruit-taro mixtures
were reported by Nip (1979a,b). The use of crude taro gums as binding and

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emulsifying agents has been studied by Gaind et al (1968, 1969). Because of its
small granular size, taro starch has been considered a good filling agent for
biodegradable polyethylene film (Griffin and Wang 1983, Lim et al 1992) and as
a fat substitute. Some chemical and physical properties of several varieties of
taro starch, such as Dasheen, Bun-long, Engler, Ishikawa-wase, and
Takenokoimo, have been reported (Goering and DeHaas 1972, Higashihara et al
1975, Sugimoto et al 1986). Higher pasting and gelatinization temperatures of
taro starches compared with those of other small granular starches, such as cow
cockle, catchfly, and pigweed starch, were reported by Goering and DeHaas
(1972). Amylose contents of Ishikawa-wase and Takenokoimo taro starch were
reported as 13.5 and 10.8%, respectively (Sugimoto et al 1986). Developmental
changes in starch properties of taro starches were reported by Sugimoto et al
(1987). Taro starch was found more susceptible to pancreatin hydrolysis than
other tuber and root starches (Sugimoto et al 1979). In this study, five varieties
of taro flours, Bun-long, Dasheen, Hawaii Red (Lehua), Hawaii White, and Niu'e,
were investigated. Chemical structures and physical properties of the flours and
starches, including the starch contents and starch yields of the flours, amylose
contents and molecular sizes, amylopectin branch chain lengths, lipid and
phosphorus contents, morphology, Xray diffraction patterns of the starches,
protein contents (as nitrogen), thermal properties, retrogradation rates, and

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pasting. (T. Kasemsuwan, and W. K. Nip, 2002)
In the study of E.V.Suresh Kumar and B.K.K.Vanientitled “Impact of Plastic
Leading Environmental Pollution”, we know that a living organism cannot live by
itself. Organisms interact among themselves. Hence, all organisms, such as
plants, animals and human beings, as well as the physical surroundings with
whom we interact, form a part of our environment. All these constituents of the
environment are dependent upon each other. Thus, they maintain a balance in
nature. As we are the only organisms try to modify the environment to fulfill our
needs; it is our responsibility to take necessary steps to control the
environmental imbalances. Environmental pollution is defined as the undesirable
change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of our air, land and
water. As a result of over-population, rapid industrializations, and other human
activities like agriculture and deforestation etc., earth became loaded with
diverse pollutants that were released as byproducts
Plastic is now a regular material that is being used on a daily basis. Plastic
is everywhere either in the form of food containers, financial transactions
(Debit/Credit cards, plastic money), storage, baggage, stationary items,
electronic and electrical products and every foreseeable item that a human being
can think of. Plastic as a product is now like a regular feature of manufacturing,

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consumption, and service activities. Plastic waste is a growing concern and the
drivers behind it look set to continue. Although recently there has been a slight
decrease in plastic production, this is unlikely to be maintained. Plastic is a highly
useful material and its applications are expected to increase as more new
products and plastics are developed to meet demands. The increased use and
production of plastic in developing and emerging countries is a particular
concern, as the sophistication of their waste management infrastructure may not
be developing at an appropriate rate to deal with their increasing levels of plastic
waste. Plastic pollution is defined as the accumulation of the different types of
plastic material on land, as well as in water bodies like rivers, oceans, canals,
lakes, etc. As a commodity, it is used on a large scale all around the world.
Basically, it is a synthetic polymer that consists of many organic and inorganic
compounds, and is mostly derived from petrochemicals like olefins. Plastic
generally degrades in about 500 - 1000 years, though we may never know its
actual degradation time, as this material has been in long-term use only since
the last century. During its manufacture, many hazardous chemicals are emitted
that can lead to dreadful diseases in humans as well as other animals. Ethylene
oxide, xylene, and benzene are some of the chemical toxins present in plastic,
which can have hazardous effects on the environment. It is not easy to dispose it
off, and it can cause permanent harm to living beings. Several additives found in

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plastic such as phthalates, adipates, and even alkyl phenols have been
recognized as toxic materials. Vinyl chloride, which is used in the manufacturing
of PVC pipes, is classified as a carcinogen. (E.V.Suresh Kumar and B.K.K.Vani,
2014)
In the study of Rafael Auras, Bruce Harte, and Susan Selkeentitled
“Polylactides as Packaging Materials” , polylactide (PLA), a polymer derived from
lactic acid (2- hydroxy propionic acid), has been widely studied for use in medical
applications because of its bioresorbable and biocompatible properties in the
human body. Due to its higher cost, the initial focus of PLA as a packaging
material has been in high value films, rigid thermoforms, food and beverage
containers and coated papers. PLA may have packaging applications for a
broader array of products as modern and emerging production technologies
lower its production costs.
The production of PLA presents numerous advantages: it can be obtained
from a renewable agricultural source (corn); its production consumes quantities
of carbon dioxide; it provides significant energy savings; it is recyclable and
compostable; it can help improve farm economies and the physical and
mechanical properties can be manipulated through the polymer architecture.
Figure 1 shows a life cycle model for polylactide polymers. Early economic

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studies showed that PLA is an economically feasible material to use as a
packaging polymer. Medical studies have shown that the level of lactic acid (LA)
that migrates to food from packaging containers is much lower than the amount
of LA used in common food ingredients. Therefore, polymers derived from lactic
acid may be good candidates for packaging applications. By providing consumers
with extra end-use benefits, such as avoiding paying a ‘‘green tax’’ in Germany or
meeting environmental regulations in Japan, PLA has become a growing
alternative as a packaging material for demanding markets. Currently, PLA is
being used as a food packaging polymer for short shelf life products with
common applications such as containers, drinking cups, sundae and salad cups,
overwrap and lamination films and blister packages. Moreover, new applications
include thermoformed PLA containers being used in retail markets for fresh fruit
and vegetables. (Rafael Auras, Bruce Harte, and Susan Selke, 2004)

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CHAPTER 3
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
This chapter presents the method used in the study. It also describes the subject
of the study, the instrument used, the procedures, data gathered and the
statistical treatment of the data.
3.1 Research Design
The researchers utilized experimental research particularly the two group design,
which involves two comparable groups are employed as experimental and control
groups or two comparable groups are both experimental. The packaging paper
out of taro stem serves as the experimental group and the control group as the
packaging paper. The two groups were tested through its durability and
resistivity to heat and liquids.
3.2 Ingredients & Materials

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The ingredients used in this study was taro stem. The following table shows the
ingredients and materials that was used in this experimental research.
Ingredients Quantity per Sample
Taro Stem 600 grams
Sodium Hydroxide
60 grams
Water
½ liter
Table 1. List of Ingredients used in the experiment.
Materials/Equipment Units
Basin 2
Pot 1
10x14 Silk Screen 1
Strainer 1
Blender 1
Table 2. List of Materials used in the experiment.

3.3
.ExbPupFhSdTg
Colectinfarsm
Methods & Procedures
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Figure 2. Methods used in making this experiment.

Contact #: (043)756-1232 main / (043)784-6071 annex
40
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Collection of taro stem
The full grown taro plant was abundantly, easily obtainable near roads and
woods. Using a machete or knife, the researchers cut off the stem to smaller
pieces. Moreover, the taros stem were washed rinsed so the latex of the sap
would be removed.
Extraction of taro fibers
It was started by heating the stove in high heat filled with a good amount of
water. The water was boiled for 10 minutes. Afterwards, 600 grams of taro stem
and 60 grams of sodium hydroxide were added. The color and the appearance of
the mixture suddenly changed after 20 minutes.
Purification of the paper
The taro stems were set aside for about 10 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture
was strained and rinsed. The taro stems were purified using a blender.
Formation and Solidification of the paper
The taro stem mixture was formed and flattened on a silk screen. Moreover, it
was dried for 3 days laying down on a flat surface.
Testing of Parameters

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The durability was tested using a spring balance. The paper was hanged on the
hook of the spring balance. Therefore, once the paper got teared apart the
calibrated measurement was recorded. Resistivity to heat was tested using an
oven. Resistivity to liquids was tested using different substance such as base,
acid and water. For base substance, 1 part of baking soda and 1 part of water
was used. However, vinegar was used for the resistivity to acid.
3.4 Data Analysis
The following numerical value were used in interpreting the data based on its
resistivity to heat and liquids, guided with a scale of 1-4, 4 being the highest and
1 being the lowest. The following are the verbal interpretation for it: 4 – highly
damaged, 3 – moderately damaged, 2 – slightly damaged, 1 – not damaged.
T-test was used to determine the significant difference of the packaging
paper out of taro stem in terms of its durability.
If the computed value is greater than the tabular value at 0.05 margin of
error at 95% level of confidence there is a significant difference in the

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treatments applied, hence null hypothesis is rejected.
If the computed value is less than the tabular value at 0.05 margin of error at
95% level of confidence there is no significant difference in the treatments
applied, hence null hypothesis is accepted.
The formula used was as follows:
x 1−x 2
√¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
Where in:
n – sample size
X1 – mean of sample
SD1 – standard deviation of sample 1
X2 – mean of sample 2
SD2 – standard deviation of sample 2

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CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter contains the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data in
the study.
4.1 Components of taro stem
The taro stem has a rich deposit of starch which were used for the
construction of paper. The starch found inside the taro stem are dependable and
reliable when it comes to its durability. The taro stem also contains non-wood
fiber that is the most important ingredient in papermaking. (G.N. Agrios, 2005)
4.2 Effectiveness of taro stem packaging paper in terms of:
1. Strength/Durability

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4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3 Replication 4 Replication 5
Taro Stem Commercialized
Fig. 3. Breaking point of packaging paper.
According to Roman E. Popil, Ph.D, The most fundamental and informative
physical evaluation for paper is probably that of the tensile test. Tensile testing is
useful to describe the elastomercity which are related to the fiber quality and
fiber bonding of the sample and is a combination of the sample failure strength
and stretch or strain to failure or breakage
The 2x2 samples were each tested by using a spring balance until breakage. The
results were recorded in the unit of Newton. The tensile strength of packaging
paper made out taro has obtained a result of 2.1N, 3N, 1.5N, 4N. 3.8N,
respectively while the commercialized packaging paper has obtained a result of
1.2N, 1.3N, 2N, 1.5N, 2.3N. The packaging paper made out of taro stem has
achieved its highest tensile strength test result of 4N, while the commercialized
packaging paper has attained 2.3N as its highest tensile strength result.
From the results, the packaging paper made out of taro stem is more
durable than the commercialized packaging paper.

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2. Resistivity to Heat
Treatment (Control)
Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation
100°C 2 Slightly Damaged

200°C 3 Moderately Damaged
Treatment
(Experimental) Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation

200°C 3 Moderately Damaged
Table. 3. Heat resistivity of experimental group in different treatments.
Sabit Adanur, Ph.D (1997) states that the moisture content of paper affect the
thermal properties like thermal conduction, combustion, and thermal
decomposition. The temperature and moisture can greatly affect paper
expansion and shrinkage significantly. While, thermal conductivity of paper
depends on appearance, density and absorbed moisture. Off the two, moisture
has more effect than temperature.
The resistivity to heat varies between 1-4, 4 as highly damaged and 1 as not
damaged. The experimental and the control group are tested in which variated
on different temperatures which were 100°C, 150°C and 200°C. It resulted that
both the control and experimental groups tested in temperature 100°C and
150°C obtained a weighted mean of 2 with a verbal interpretation of slightly

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damaged. However, both the control and experimental groups tested in
temperature 200°C obtained a weighted mean of 3 which mean moderately
damaged.
Based on the results, the control groups and experimental were the same on
quality in terms of its resistivity to heat.
3. Resistivity to Liquids
Resistivity to water
Treatment (Control)
1 hour 1 Not Damaged

2 hours 2 Slightly Damaged
Treatment

Table. 4. Water resistivity of packaging paper in different soaking period.
D. Twede, Susan E. M. Selke (2014) states that water resistance is desirable
since it decreases the strength-reducing effects of moisture. Water resistance
can be measured by directly using the “soaking method”. It involves pouring
water over it and letting it soak for a certain period of time, and then comparing
its weight to that if the dry sample.

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Table 4 shows the water resistivity of the taro stem as packaging paper and the
commercialized packaging paper. Resistivity in water is the measure of the ability
of the material to resist on water. Water resistivity of the packaging paper was
determined by soaking the sample replication in the water for different time
periods. For the first hour, the results obtained by the packaging paper made out
of taro stem and commercialized packaging paper was 1 with a verbal
interpretation of not damaged. Moreover, the results obtained by the and
commercialized packaging paper packaging paper made out of taro stem was 2
which is determined as slightly damaged.
Based on the results, packaging paper made out taro stem and commercialized
packaging paper has no differences in terms of its resistivity to water.
Resistivity to acid.
Treatment (Control)

Treatment

Table. 5. Damage after submersion in acid.

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According to L. Usher (2006) Using different solution in acids may progress in
good product, it may strengthen the paper or resize it.Any acid compound that is
added to a paper may easily help to make it a better and wiser product.
The table 5 shows the acidity of taro stem packaging paper. Acidity is the level of
acid in substance such as water, oil and wine. Acidity was determined by soaking
the packaging paper in vinegar. The experimental and control packaging paper
which was measured for 1 hour has resulted to a weighted mean of 1 and a
verbal interpretation of not damaged. As for the 2 hours of soaking period, it has
resulted to a weighted mean of 2 and a verbal interpretation of slightly
damaged.
Based on the results, packaging paper made out taro stem and commercialized
packaging paper has no differences in terms of its resistivity to acid.
Resistivity to base
Treatment (Control)

2 hours 1 Not Damaged
Treatment

2 hours 1 Not Damaged
Table. 6. Damage after submersion in base.

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Sabit Adnur, Ph. D (1997) stated that moisture affects its strength in terms of
tension. His study stated that making the paper’s texture more humid, makes it
more susceptible to breakage. In his study, he has shown that as the paper was
exposed in complete saturation, its strength drops to zero, thus it is important to
know for its applications such as packaging paper.
From the figure 6, it was shown that from the scale of 1-4 in whereas 1 is highly
damaged and whereas 1 is equal to no damage. Both the control group and the
experimental group are tested to be submerged with baking soda in which will
test its ability to remain its strength and its resistivity for 1 and 2 hours and in
these both test, both of the control and experimental group scored the weighted
mean of 1 which can be verbally translated into no damage.
From the results, in terms of its resistivity and quality, the experimental group
have met the standard or the same quality as the same as the control group.
4.3 Significant Differences
1. Strength
Samples Mean Mean Computed t- Tabular Decision
Difference value t-value
Control 8.3 Accept

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6.1 0.971 2.306 Null
Hypothesis
Experimental 14.4
Table. 7. Data for t-value of strength.
Figure 7 shows the computed data for the t-value of strength. x₁ consists of the
data from the experimental group while the values of x₂ are from the control
group. The value of SD₁² is 141 while SD₂² is 55.26. The degrees of freedom is
8.
The tabular t-value is greater than the computed t-value with 5% level of
significance.
Therefore, null hypothesis is accepted. There is no significant difference
between the tensile strength of taro stem packaging paper and commercialized
packaging paper.
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter contains the summary of findings, conclusions and

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recommendations of the study.
5.1 Summary of Findings
1. Taro stem are known to be a great source of calcium and fiber that helps
to form the packaging paper and it also contains vitamins A and B6 and
minerals such as thiamin, copper, potassium, niacin, zinc, and iron.
2. Strength vary from the experimental with a weighted mean of 8.3 and
control with weighted mean of 14.4 that results in Accept Null Hypothesis.
3. Based on heat resistivity test, 1 as the highly damaged and 4 as the not
damaged. The experimental and control packaging paper on 100°C and
150°C, resulted to a weighted mean of 3 and verbal interpretation of
slightly damaged. Furthermore, 200°C has resulted to a weighted mean of
2 which is determined as moderately damaged. Based on the results, both
the experimental and control packaging paper can resist heat.
Resistivity to water vary from experimental and control packaging
paper which was measured for 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours. Based on the
results found, experimental and control packaging paper has no
differences in terms of its water resistivity.
5.2 Conclusions

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1. Taro stem can be used as an alternative source of packaging
paper.
2. Sodium hydroxide can cook the fibers of the taro stem and it helps
bind the fibers to make a packaging paper.
3. In terms of its tensile strength, it shows that the experimental
product is way more substantial and durable than the control product.
There is a significant difference between control and experimental product.
5.3 Recommendations
1. The researchers recommend the consumers and vendors to use taro
stem as an alternative source of packaging paper.
2. The researchers recommend to consider the physical characteristics
aside from strength, heat resistivity and water resistivity in determining
the parameters of packaging paper.
3. The researchers recommend the future researchers to more develop
and enhance this study.
REFERENCES

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http://www.aaccnet.org/publications/cc/backissues/1992/documents/
69_528.pdf
N. M. dana Gopal, P.Phebe, E.V.Suresh Kumar, B.K.K.Vani. (2014). Impact of

Plastic Leading Environmental Pollution. Retrieved from
https://www.jchps.com/specialissues/Special%20issue3/20%20jchps
%20si3%20N.%20M.%20dana%20Gopal%2096-99.pdf
Rafael Auras, Bruce Harte, Susan Selke. (2004). Polylactides as Packaging

Materials. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Retrieved
from
https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/48864463/mabi.200
40004320160915-25472-1xgq85s.pdf?
AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1539531081&Sign
ature=jr4Hq%2FcvLWtVII6N3SHoxRV5TTo%3D&response-content-
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%3DAn_Overview_of_Polylactides_as_Packaging.pdf

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF
APPENDICES
Appendix A
1st Trial

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF
2nd Trial
3rd Trial
4th Trial

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF
Appendix B
Testing of Parameters
Water Resistivity
Experimental Control
Acidity
Based

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF
Heat Resistance
100 ֯C 150 ֯C
200 ֯C
PROFILE OF THE RESEARCHERS

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF
Full Name JOHN BENIDECT M. BAUTISTA
Email Address jbbautista03@gmail.com
Educational Attainment
Junior High School Batangas College of Arts and Sciences, Inc.

Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City
2015-Present
Grade School Batangas College of Arts and Sciences, Inc.

2012-2015
Academic and Non-Academic Achievements
Title/Description of the Achievement Third Honor

School Year SY 2013-2015
Scholarship/s Received
Title/Description of Scholarship ESC Grantee

School Year SY 2015-Present
Affiliation in School/Civic Organizations
Name of Organization YES-O Club

Position Member
Full Name ANGELO RAFAEL M. JAPLOS
Email Address angelomagpantay1015@gmail.com

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF

2015-Present

2009-2015
Title/Description of the Achievement Second Placer (BCAS Hip-Hop)


Title/Description of the Achievement Third Placer (Swimming, Backstroke)

Title/Description of the Achievement With Honors

Title/Description of the Achievement Third Placer (Sci-Math Camp, Fusion)

Title/Description of the Achievement Third Placer (Battle of the Bands)



BATANGAS COLLEGE OF

Position Member
Name of Organization Junior Math Wizards Club

Position Member
Name of Organization Varsity Club

Position Member
Full Name MAXINE H. MARUNDAN
Email Address maxinemarundan135@gmail.com

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF

2015-Present

2009-2015

Title/Description of the Achievement With Honors

Title/Description of the Achievement Third Placer (Swimming, Medley Relay)


Name of Organization Varsity Club

Position Member

Position Member
Name of Organization Junior Math Wizards Club

Position Member

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF
Name of Organization Mabikas

Position Layout Artist
Full Name REYNALDO P. UMALI III
Email Address reinarudoumariru@gmail.com

BATANGAS COLLEGE OF

2015-Present

2009-2015
Title/Description of the Achievement Third placer (On the spot ballpoint

drawing)
School Year SY 2009-2015; 2017-2018


Position Member
Name of Organization English Speakers club

Position Member
Name of Organization Bakas Arts club

Position Member


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BATANGAS COLLEGE OF

ARTS AND SCIENCES, INC.

Taro Stem (ColocasiaEsculenta)

A Science Investigatory Project

BAUTISTA, JOHN BENEDICT M.

Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City, Batangas 4217

III. CHAPTER 1 (The Problem)

1.2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.4 Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.6 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. CHAPTER 2 (Review of Related Literature)

2.1 Conceptual Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2 Research Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

V. CHAPTER 3 (Research Methodology)

3.1 Research Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.2 Ingredients and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

3.3 Methods and Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City, Batangas 4217

3.4 Data Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

VI. CHAPTER 4 (Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data)

4.1 Components of taro stem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 Effectiveness of taro stem in terms of:

Resistivity to Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

4.3 Significant Differences of:

VII. CHAPTER 5 (Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations)

5.1 Summary of Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.2 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

VIII. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

IX. APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

X. PROFILE OF THE RESEARCHERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

XI. LIST OF FIGURES

Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City, Batangas 4217

F.2. Methods and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

F.3. Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

XII. LIST OF TABLES

T.2 Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

T.4 Resistivity to water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

T.5 Resistivity to acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

T.7. Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City, Batangas 4217

Pollution and increased taxes are some of the contemporary problems

researchers find a better product to lessen the use of decomposable plastic.

As another alternative, the researchers sought a common plant that was

beneficial, cost efficient and easily obtained. ColocasiaEsculenta, also known as

Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City, Batangas 4217

used as an alternative source of packaging paper. Furthermore, compared to the

commercialized packaging paper in terms of its tensile strength the experimental

product was stronger and more durable.

completion and submission of the study.

that was greatly beneficial for the researcher’s study.

Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City, Batangas 4217

help in missed activities in case of excused absences.

finishing the study.

without them, this paper would not be possible.

Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City, Batangas 4217

This chapter includes the statement of the problem, its objectives,

of us. Exposure to plastics is linked to cancers, birth defects, impaired immunity,

innovative disruption and other ailments.

Banaybanay Concepcion, Lipa City, Batangas 4217

The purpose of the study is to contribute an alternative packaging paper in