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Ultra-High Temperature Materials IV. Preface. Contents. About the Author.

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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07175-1_1

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Ultra-High Temperature Materials IV
Igor L. Shabalin

Ultra-High Temperature
Materials IV
Refractory Carbides III (W Carbides)
A Comprehensive Guide and Reference Book

123
Igor L. Shabalin
Materials and Physics Research Centre
The University of Salford
Salford, UK
Department of High Temperature Materials
National Technical University of Ukraine
“Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”
Kyiv, Ukraine

ISBN 978-3-031-07174-4 ISBN 978-3-031-07175-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07175-1
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
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This book is dedicated to the Heroes of Ukraine,
who are defending the freedom of their country
Preface

This book is the fourth volume in my Ultra-High Temperature Materials (UHTM)

book series, which is devoted to the materials having melting (sublimation or de-
composition) points around or above 2500 °C. In the preface to Volume I I have
already detailed all the motives that led me to the creation and establishment of
this series of books, so here I believe it is enough only to refer to the ideas men-
tioned earlier in the prefaces to Volume I, II and III. This volume is not only the
continuation of three books published previously. As an author, considering the
system of references and addenda adopted in the UHTM book series in a whole, I
must explain that this book accumulates all the information presented in the previ-
ous volumes. Thus, it is a serious warning to any reader/user of this book that
he/she will be unlikely satisfied with the process of learning the subjects or
searching for the necessary information in this book without the direct usage of all
the volumes jointly.
Once more, many thanks to all the colleagues, including especially those, who
were contacting me through my personal account in the Research Gate network
(https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Igor_Shabalin), for their useful feedback on
the chapters of Volume I, II and III. Now I again ask everybody, who has any re-
marks, observations, or possible corrections and personal opinions, concerning
this book and its contents, to send all of them directly to my university e-mail or
Research Gate account. It will be extremely useful for me to consider all your re-
sponses before preparation and publishing of the next volumes of the UHTM book
series.
To prepare this book series for the publication would not have been possible for
me without the permanent encouragement and kind support (direct assistance,
sometimes) I have got for the last years from my friends and colleagues. Unfortu-
nately, some of them had passed away in the period after the publication of Vol-
ume III, as it happened recently with Prof. Sergei N. Kulkov (Tomsk State Uni-
versity, Russia). The bright memory of such people, with whom I worked together
and communicated in my everyday life, is an important part of the driving force in
my work. With the release of this volume, I would like to honour the memory of
all those colleagues, who are no longer with us.
For the invaluable and kind assistance in the preparation of this volume, I
would like gratefully to acknowledge Dr. Alexey S. Kurlov (Institute of Solid
State Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia), Prof. Igor
Yu. Konyashin (Element Six GmbH, Burghaun, Germany), Prof. Anna Bie-
dunkiewicz (West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland), Dr.
Patrick A. Burr (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia), Prof. Gopal

vii
viii Preface

S. Upadhyaya (formerly Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur), Dr. Sree S. Roy

(University of Manchester, Manchester, UK), Dr. Wayne Y. Wang (University of
Salford, Manchester, UK), Prof. Alexander I. Savvatimskiy (Joint Institute for
High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia), Prof. Irina
V. Medvedeva (Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekate-
rinburg, Russia), Prof. Anders E. W. Jarfors (Jönköping University, Sweden),
Prof. Yury G. Gogotsi (Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA), Prof. Artem R.
Oganov (Stony Brook University, New York, USA), Dr. Suneel K. Kodambaka
(University of California, Los Angeles, USA), Dr. Sergei A. Zykov (Institute of
Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia), Dr. Alex-
ander G. Trifonov (Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research, National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus), Prof. Mikhaylo S. Kovalchen-
ko (Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine), Dr. Oleksii Yu. Popov (Taras Shevchenko
National University, Kyiv, Ukraine), Prof. Tetiana A. Prikhna (Institute of Super-
hard Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine), Prof.
Petro I. Loboda (National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv
Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine), Prof. Koichi Niihara (Nagaoka University of
Technology, Japan), Dr. Vladimir M. Vishnyakov and Prof. John S. Colligon
(University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK), Prof. Levan Chkhartishvili
(Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia), Prof. Shiro Shimado (Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, Japan), John Cloughley (E4 Structures, Manchester, UK),
Prof. László A. Gömze and Dr. Ludmila N. Gömze (University of Miscolc, Hun-
gary).
I sincerely apologize, if I have missed to mention the assistance of anybody
else from the variety of scientists and researchers all around the world, I have con-
tacted with concerning the issues connected with the topics of this book.
I express my appreciation for the encouragement and pleasant cooperation with
Stephen Soehnlen, former editor of Springer Science + Business Media, who
made initial efforts to initiate my interest to “writing thick books” more than 10
years ago, and with Mieke van der Fluit (now retired), Hisako Niko, Rebecca Sau-
ter, Ambrose Berkumans and all other members of Springer Nature B.V. team.
I also acknowledge Bob Bramah (Salford Sports Injury Clinic, University of
Salford, Manchester, UK) and all his team for their kind assistance and support in
my physiotherapeutic treatment. I could not have done my work well without the
care I have got in the clinic.
Lastly, I wish to thank my best friends Ondrej Obediar and Mark Frith and all
my relatives for their steadfast support during the last years, which were necessary
to accomplish the preparation of Volume IV for its publication.

Professor Igor L. Shabalin

Manchester, UK
March 2022
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Tungsten Carbides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 Electro-Magnetic and Optical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4 Physico-Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.5 Nuclear Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.6 Chemical Properties and Materials Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
A.1 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
A.2 Thermal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
A.3 Electro-Magnetic and Optical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
A.4 Physico-Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
A.5 Nuclear Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
A.6 Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
A.7 Porosity-Property Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Index (Physical Properties) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Index (Chemical Systems) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

ix
About the Author

In his professional career Igor Logan Shabalin has got more than 50 years of expe-
rience in Ultra-High Temperature Materials Design, Science and Engineering. He
was born in the Urals, Russia, graduated in Technology of Less-Common Metals
and received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the Ural Polytechnic Institute (UPI),
Yekaterinburg (former – Sverdlovsk), Russia. He has held academic positions at the
UPI (now – Ural Federal University) and was the founder of the Special Research
Laboratory for Aerospace Industry (ONIL-123). As head of the laboratory and
member of several scientific and technological councils, he established collabora-
tion between universities and industry by running a variety of R&D projects and
was involved in the management of some world leading programmes in rocketry
and spacecraft development in the USSR Ministry of Aerospace Industry (MOM).
In 2003 Professor Igor L. Shabalin immigrated to the United Kingdom. He joined
the University of Salford, Manchester, as a researcher in Materials in 2005. As I. L.
Shabalin has developed his personal original approach to a special subclass of en-
gineering materials – hetero-modulus composites and hybrids in ceramics, his re-
search activity focuses mainly on high and ultra-high temperature ceramic compo-
sites with graphene-like (carbon and boron nitride) constituents. I. L. Shabalin has
discovered in Russia in the 1980-90s and formulated later in the UK – mesoscopic
temperature-pressure-dependent phenomenon in the solid-state gas-exchange
chemical reactions (surface processes) termed as “ridge effect”. From 1971 up to
date he has published about 300 scientific and technical papers and holds more than
40 patents. In 2014 Prof. I. L. Shabalin was awarded the title of Honoured Professor
of the Department of High Temperature Materials (National Technical University
of Ukraine), which was founded by Grigorii V. Samsonov, one of the world-famous
scientists of the 20th century in the field of physics and chemistry of non-oxide re-
fractory compounds.

xi
 Abstract

This series of books represents a thorough treatment and consideration of ultra-

high temperature materials – chemical elements and compounds with melting
(sublimation or decomposition) points around or over 2500 °C. In the fourth vol-
ume are included physical (structural, thermal, electro-magnetic, optical, mechani-
cal, nuclear) and chemical (about 1300 binary, ternary and multi-component sys-
tems, including those used for contemporary materials design, data on diffusion,
wettability and interaction with various metals, compounds, chemicals, gases and
aqueous solutions) properties of tungsten monocarbide δ-WC1±x and γ-WC1–x
phases, tungsten semicarbide α-W2+xC, β-W2+xC, ε-W2+xC and γ-W2±xC phases as
well as materials on their bases. The tungsten carbide materials are widely applied
in the general technological and engineering practice in the wide range from cryo-
genic to ultra-high temperatures as parts of highly strong and hard materials (al-
loys) and special steels. This book will be of interest to various researchers, engi-
neers, postgraduate, graduate and undergraduate students alike. For the named
materials, readers/users are provided with the complete qualitative and quantita-
tive assessment, which is based on the latest updates in the field of fundamental
physics and chemistry, nanotechnology, materials science, design and engineering.

xiii

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