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NOTE: This is a suggested outline format using a Problem-Cause-Solution approach. There

are several options for the speci c content and format of your outline. Please see your Sakai
Resources for other useable forms.
Titl
I. Introduction
A. Attention Getter (one sentence
A. you use makeup, skin and body products daily, but do you ever think about
what goes into making it safe for you?
A. transition to video
A. use video of Ralph the Rabbit as animal tester (Susser,
2021

B. Relevancy to Audience (one sentence

the current audience i will be presenting to is both the class, and anyone else who
views my argument. this is relevant because these products are a part of your every day
routine, and they are not always ethically made

C. Thesis Statement (one sentence

Animal testing is cruel, and should be stopped. The way we test products is
unethical and there has to be a better way to create these items without harming innocent
creatures
“There is, quite simply, no reason to test cosmetics products, or the ingredients used in
them, on animals.” (ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, 2021

D. Preview of Main Points (one sentence

i want to highlight the negative effects of animal testing and how we change to nd better
and guilt free alternatives.

E. Transition (one sentence

Currently, the main problem is how the animals are treated, and how it's affects them.

II. Main Point – (Problem) - Summary Statement (one sentence

A. Description of the current situation - what is the ‘problem’ (one sentence
A. animal testing is cruel, and clearly causes harm and suffering to the animals
being tested on. They’re essentially enduring both physiological and
psychological torture.

1. Supporting Evidence and (Author, Date) Citation

 In addition to the torment of the actual experiments, animals in laboratories are deprived of
everything that is natural and important to them—they are con ned to barren cages, socially
isolated, and psychologically traumatized. The thinking, feeling animals who are used in
experiments are treated like nothing more than disposable laboratory equipment.(collins, 2017
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2. Supporting Evidence and (Author, Date) Citation

Historically, animals have been denied rights based on the belief that their inability to
communicate suggests that they lack reason and consciousness. (13) Animals were believed to be
inanimate objects and therefore unable to suffer. (14) In the United States, that belief lead to the
"widespread acceptance" of animal testing "in the 1930s after ... unsafe [cosmetic] products
resulted in ... great harm [to humans]." (15) Federal regulations were adopted to require
"companies to prove their products' safety ... before offering them for sale to the public." (Jane
K. Innis, 2019

B. Extent or harms – who is affected, what are the negative effects (one sentence
1. Supporting Evidence and (Author, Date) Citation
physically, the animals are affected. they are abused, poked, prodded, examined
and tested with.
Each year, more than 100 million animals—including mice, rats, frogs, dogs, cats, rabbits,
hamsters, guinea pigs, monkeys, sh, and birds—are killed in U.S. laboratories for biology
lessons, medical training, curiosity-driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and
cosmetics testing. Before their deaths, some are forced to inhale toxic fumes, others are
immobilized in restraint devices for hours, some have holes drilled into their skulls, and others
have their skin burned off or their spinal cords crushed
(collins, 2017
2. Supporting Evidence and (Author, Date) Citation
not only are animals negatively impacted, but the effects of working on the
helpless animals causes psychological strain on those performing and watching
the tests.

The emotional tension experienced by people experimenting on animals can

have several sources. First of all, it results from the empathy of the experimenter, who
experiences a dissonance between the reading of pain signs in the animal and the need
to continue the experiment. Paradoxically, animal experimentation requires constant
observation of changes in animals' behaviour and appearance. Obviously, this requires
sensitivity to nuances appearing in behaviour and in the psychosomatic dimension. On
the other hand, this sensitivity is accompanied by the necessity to continue experiments
and therefore cause suffering to animals. This is a very serious stressor.
A second source of experiencing the stress is the growing pressure from the
public opinion and the social environment, which increasingly clearly and loudly
questions the need for animal experimentation, monitors these experiments and doubts
their ethics and validity. Activism in this area seems to be increasing and it certainly
affects the consciousness of people who experiment on animals.
A third stressor is the peer pressure of the scientific community, which
anticipates animal experimentation. In addition to real, realistic and straightforwardly
formulated expectations, the experimenters may also be under pressure from their own
perceptions of what other people expect. As indicated by numerous phenomena
described in psychology and especially in social psychology, the specificity of human
behaviour is adjusted not so much to the real expectations of the environment, but to
the ideas that people have about these expectations. A total of 6% of the respondents
participating in our study pointed out that they feel pressure from the scientific



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community to experiment on animals, and assessed this pressure as burdensome

(Hanna Mamzer, Agnieszka Zok, Piotr Bialas and Miroslaw Andrusiewicz, 2021)

C. Transition (one sentence

These “treatments” shouldn’t happen, and the only reason they do is because we would
rather create pain in another being to produce the things we need than deal with and experiment
on our own bodies.

III. Main Point – (Cause)- Summary Statement (one sentence

A. Explain the cause(s) of the problem (one sentence)
A. Because we have to test products before they can be sold, we need to have
subjects to test on. Of course we would never want to subject ourselves to
possible negative effects of unsafe or ineffective, so we unfortunately have
taken it upon ourselves to test on innocent, helpless animals.

1. Supporting Evidence and (Author, Date) Citation easier than humans to get
result
But in fact we all bene it from animal research. The vaccines against diphtheria, whooping
cough, tetanus, and polio that we received as children were developed and are still tested in
animals. New antibiotics used to treat everything from minor infections to severe illnesses
are continually being discovered and then tested in animals to make sure that they do not
cause unexpected side effects. We are much more con ident about the safety of food, water,
pharmaceuticals, and household products that we use than we would be without animal
research.5 (Read "Science, medicine, and ANIMALS" at NAP.edu, 1998- page 3)

2. Supporting Evidence and (Author, Date) Citation results of studies are

easier
to replicate
Animals also offer experimental models that would be impossible to replicate using
human subjects.Animals can be fed identical and closely monitored diets. As with inbred
mice, members of some animal species are genetically identical, enabling researchers
to compare different procedures on identical animals. Some animals have biological
similarities to humans that make them particularly good models for specific diseases,
such as rabbits for atherosclerosis or monkeys for polio. (The polio vaccine was
developed, and its safety is still tested, in monkeys.) Animals are also indispensable to
the rapidly growing field of biotechnology, where they are used to develop, test, and
make new products such as monoclonal antibodies.(Read "Science, medicine, and
ANIMALS" at NAP.edu, 1998-page 4)

B. Explain why these causes have not been addressed or changed (one
sentence)
1. Supporting Evidence and (Author, Date) Citation no other option
Animals are also used to learn more about living things and about the illnesses that
afflict human beings and other animals. By studying animals, it is possible to obtain
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information that cannot be learned in any other way. When a new drug or surgical technique is
developed, society deems it unethical to use that drug or technique rst in human beings because
of the possibility that it would cause harm rather than good. Instead, the drug or technique is
tested in animals to make sure that it is safe and effective. (Read "Science, medicine, and
ANIMALS" at NAP.edu, 1998- page 4

2. Supporting Evidence and (Author, Date) Citation makes claims easier to

support
Companies test on animals to provide data that they can use to defend themselves
when they are sued by injured consumers—even though some courts have ruled
that the FDA has failed to show that the results of animal tests can be extrapolated
to humans. The unreliability of animal tests allows companies to put virtually any
product on the market.
if cosmetics or household products blind or poison animals during tests, they are
often marketed anyway. Companies use the fact that the products have been tested
—rather than the actual test results—to support the claim that they are
conscientious. In most cases, companies settle out of court, preferring to pay off
the injured consumer rather than bring the unreliability of their testing practices to
light. (PETA, 2013

C. Transition (one sentence

Consequently, we should move to nding more viable testing options that both exclude
animal testing, and harming humans for the same tests

IV. Main Point –( Solution)- Summary Statement (one sentence

A. Describe in detail the solution you propose – (one sentence
1. Supporting Statements or Evidenc
Research with human volunteers, sophisticated computational methods, and in vitro
studies based on human cells and tissues are critical to the advancement of medicine.
Cutting-edge non-animal research methods are available and have been shown time
and again to be more accurate than crude animal experiments. However, this modern
research requires a different outlook, one that is creative and compassionate and
embraces the underlying philosophy of ethical science(collins, 2017)
2. Supporting Statements or Evidenc
Despite the acceptance by the European Union (EU) of replacement non-animal
methods for animal tests such as skin and eye irritation, skin sensitisation, various batch
safety tests, and antibody production, these tests are still being conducted in Europe to
meet legal requirements
Not only are the non-animal methods usually cheaper, faster, and more accurate than
the animal tests they replace, but EU laws on animal experiments demand that
countries do not authorise the conduct of an animal test if another method or testing
strategy for obtaining the result sought, not entailing the use of a live animal, is
recognised under EU rules. In many cases, the problem lies with lack of enforcement by
the authorities and the absence of a joined-up approach to acceptance of non-animal
tests around the world (ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, 2021).
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B. Explain how your solution addresses the causes –while the concept of animal test may
not be completely and immediately eradicated, the overall goal is to eliminate it over time.
1. Supporting Statements or Evidenc
While the chemicals strategy acknowledges the commitment in EU law to make full replacement
of animal tests the ultimate goal, it makes no concrete plans to change this beyond the need to
"foster multidisciplinary research and digital innovations for advanced tools, methods and
models, and data analysis capacities to move away from animal testing". (ALTEX: Alternatives
to Animal Experimentation, 2021
2. Supporting Statements or Evidenc
Exhibiting a degree of impatience with the progress achieved to date, Balls highlighted the
paradox of the great experience now available in industry, which they must persuade the
regulators to accept; in the validation of alternatives, he said, all conceivable and practical steps
must be taken to make the incorporation of non-animal test procedures into regulatory practice as
smooth and rapid a process as possible. But in Balls' view a more radical approach could be
bene cial - for example in relation to an alternative to the Draize test: here, he said, industry
should not seek to replace the existing test, but instead "should go back to square one to nd out
what we need to know, and how to get that knowledge"; Professor Balls believed that the US
Federal Drug Administration shared that view. (European Cosmetic Markets, 1996

C. Transition (one sentence

While most places and companies are beginning to ban and take steps towards an “animal
cruelty” free industry, it will be a long and tedious process before and true and decent change
occurs.
V. Conclusion

A. Review of main points (one sentence)

the animal testing industry must stop, thousands of animals are subjected to torturous
experiments and many die in the process. in order to stop these tests, we must take action
to prevent the tremendous loss of life and suffering we in ict upon them.
B. Restatement of thesis (one sentence
The way we test our cosmetic products must be changed, as it is unfair, savage and
barbaric. The animals do not deserve it, and they are helpless to ght back.
C. Ask your audience to take speci c action (one sentence
Now you may ask, “What can i do to try and advocate for these innocent creatures?” For
starters, try and look at how your products are made. These small boycotts of abusive
companies can make all of the difference, so just think about that the next time you go to
buy a new foundation or a new skin cream
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Works Cited
ANIMAL TESTING : COSMETICS: ALTERNATIVE TESTING METHODS STILL
LACKING. (2011). European Social Policy, 300841. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/
A269721898/AONE?u=udel_main&sid=AONE&xid=526db98e
-in text citation: (European Social Policy, 2011)

Animal testing: the alternatives for C&T. (1996, December). European

Cosmetic Markets, (12), 479+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A18996158/
ITOF?u=udel_main&sid=ITOF&xid=cd24559d
-in text citation:(European Cosmetic Markets, 1996

Collins, F. S. (2017). Facts and Statistics About Animal Testingfr. Retrieved from https://
www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-
factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/
-in text citations: (collins, 2017

"Cruelty Free INTERNATIONAL: Ending animal experiments

worldwide." ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, vol. 38, no. 1, 2021, p.
171+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A652352530/AONE?
u=udel_main&sid=AONE&xid=e1aac3f7. Accessed 2 May 2021.
- in text citation: (ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, 2021)

"EUSAAT: European Society for Alternatives to Animal Testing." ALTEX: Alternatives to

Animal Experimentation, vol. 38, no. 1, 2021, p. 172+. Gale Academic
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u=udel_main&sid=AONE&xid=ecc9caab. Accessed 2 May 2021.
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"GTM: Guatemala bans animal testing for cosmetics." ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal
Experimentation, vol. 34, no. 3, 2017, p. 453. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/
apps/doc/A502120898/AONE?u=udel_main&sid=AONE&xid=2eff49a9. Accessed 2
May 2021.
-in text citation:(ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, 2017)

Innis, Jane K. "'NOT TESTED ON ANIMALS': THE FUTURE OF COSMETIC ANIMAL

TESTING IN THE U.S. AND BEYOND." Suffolk Journal of Trial & Appellate Advocacy,
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vol. 25, no. 1, 2019, p. 92+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/

A624881647/AONE?u=udel_main&sid=AONE&xid=96898eeb. Accessed 2 May 2021
-in text citation: (Jane K. Innis, 2019)

Mamzer, Hanna, et al. "Negative psychological aspects of working with experimental

animals in scientific research." PeerJ, vol. 9, 2021, p. e11035. Gale Academic
OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A659037567/AONE?
u=udel_main&sid=AONE&xid=68ecaa19. Accessed 2 May 2021.
-in text citation: (Hanna Mamzer, Agnieszka Zok, Piotr Bialas and Miroslaw
Andrusiewicz, 2021)

Susser, S. (Director). (2021, April 06). Save Ralph - a short film WITH Taika Waititi
[Video file]. Retrieved May 02, 2021, from https://youtu.be/G393z8s8nFY
-in text citation: (Susser, 2021)
k
"The fewer the better: we can never stop all animal testing, but there are other things we
can do." New Scientist, vol. 183, no. 2459, 7 Aug. 2004, p. 3. Gale General
OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A120533525/ITOF?
u=udel_main&sid=ITOF&xid=9d9ace5f. Accessed 1 May 2021.

T. (1998). Read "Science, medicine, and ANIMALS" at NAP.edu. Retrieved May 07, 2021, from
https://www.nap.edu/read/10089/chapter/3
-in text citation: (Read "Science, medicine, and ANIMALS" at NAP.edu, 1998)

Why do companies continue to test products on animals? (2013, October 14). Retrieved May 06,
2021, from https://www.peta.org/about-peta/faq/why-do-companies-continue-to-test-
products-on-animals/
#:~:text=Companies%20test%20on%20animals%20to,can%20be%20extrapolated%20to
%20humans
-in text citation: (PETA, 2013