ماتريال الاتصالات من الجيل الأول وحتى الثالث نظرى وعملى مع اكواد الماتلاب

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‬نظام ‪ UMTS‬‬ ‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ‪ 1920/1980 MHz :‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭ ‪ 2110/2170 MHz‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪.2x5MHz :‬‬
‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‪.3.84 Mchip/s :‬‬
‫ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪.10ms :‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺋﻲ )ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﰲ(‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‪.QPSK :‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UMTS‬ﳛﻘﻖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻣﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ )ﺻﻮﺕ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪.(GSM‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﺳﺐ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Eng. Wassim Mahrouka‬‬
‫‪92 ‬‬ ‫‪wassim.mahrouka@gmail.com‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ UM‬‬
‫‪ ‬نظام ‪MTS‬‬ ‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 2.3‬ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﺰﻳﺔ )‪Corre Networrk (CN‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﻣـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ ‪ CS‬ﱐ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺪﻳﻦﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪.GSM‬‬
‫‪ PS‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ GPRS‬ـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-33‬‬
‫ﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،VHE‬ﻭﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲡﻬﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ ﻧﻈـ‬

‫ﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﰎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸـﺒﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ‪ PSSE‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﺃﻥ ﺗُﺤ ﱠﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﱪ‬
‫‪. CAM‬‬ ‫‪ VH‬ﻫﻲ ‪MEL‬‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻔﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪HE‬‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-33‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪9 ‬‬
‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪wassim.mahrouka@gmail.com‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬نظام ‪ UMTS‬‬ ‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫‪UTRAN 3.3‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CDMA‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.ATM‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳـﺔ ﻓﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﳐﻔﻴـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟــ ‪ CN‬ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ UTRAN‬ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ .UE‬ﻭﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪ GSM‬ﻧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪UMTS‬‬ ‫‪GSM‬‬
‫‪CN‬‬ ‫‪NSS‬‬
‫‪UTRAN‬‬ ‫‪BSS‬‬
‫‪RNC‬‬ ‫‪BSC‬‬
‫‪Node-B‬‬ ‫‪BTS‬‬
‫‪UE‬‬ ‫‪MS‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪ RNC 1.3.3‬ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،UTRAN‬ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،Node-B‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﱪ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ‪ Iu‬ﺇﱃ ‪ MSC‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ )ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ‪ (Iucs‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ‪ SGSN‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ )ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ‪ .(Iups‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫‪ RNCs‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﱪ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺠﺰﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪.Iub‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﲟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ )‪ (OMC‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Node-B‬‬
‫• ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ )‪.(Shared & Common Channels‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺓ ‪.Node-Bs‬‬
‫• ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪.Soft Handover‬‬
‫• ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ‪.DL‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪.UL‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ UM‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ )ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ(‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﻤ‬
‫• ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﱘﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ )‪.(Reportinng‬‬
‫‪:R‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟـ ‪RNC‬‬
‫ﻉ‬
‫ﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻪﺑﻪ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNC‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﲔ‬

‫ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳎﻤﻮﻮﻋﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪ CRNC‬ﺍﳌﺘﺤ‬
‫‪C .I‬‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫‪ CRNC‬ﺍﻟـﺘﺤ‬ ‫‪ ،Nodes-B‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﺍﻟـ ‪ ،RNC‬ﻭﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠـ ‪C‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ CR‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪RNC‬‬
‫‪ RNC‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟــ ‪UE‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟـ ‪C‬‬
‫‪ SRNC‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺪﺪﱘ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺭ‬
‫‪C .II‬‬
‫ــ ‪،UTRAN‬‬ ‫ﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ SRN‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ UE‬ﻣﻮﺻ‬
‫ﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪NC‬‬ ‫‪ ،UT‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻳﻜ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﻟـ ‪TRAN‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ SRNC‬ﺑﺈﻬﻧﻬﻧـﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ UT‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ـ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﻭﺍﻟـ ‪TRAN‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﲔ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪.UE‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﻭﺍﻟـ ‪TRAN‬‬

‫‪،UT‬‬ ‫‪ :DRNC‬ﻭﻫﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻪﺑﻪ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNC‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺻ‬ ‫‪C .III‬‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﺍﺍﻟــ ‪UTRAN‬‬
‫‪ SRNC‬ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﲔ‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻋﻢﻢ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪.DR‬‬‫ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪RNC‬‬ ‫ﲝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼـﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﳉـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﳉ‬
‫‪ RNC‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻗﺴ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﻒ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻛﻛﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-33‬‬
‫‪ ATM‬ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ :A‬ﻣﺒﺪﻝ‬
‫‪ATM-SW -‬‬
‫‪ :HIF -‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲡﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﺷـﲑ‬

‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫‪ :BWC ،SPU‬ﻭﻭﻫﻲ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪،MMU‬‬ ‫‪UX ،DHT -‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬
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‫‪ ‬نظام ‪ UMTS‬‬ ‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫‪ :SU -‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺼـﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :CONT -‬ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNC‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺣﱴ ‪ Node-B 256‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 768‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪:Node-B 2.3.3‬‬
‫ﲣﺪّﻡ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﻟـ ‪.BS‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟـ ‪: Node-B‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻟﻠـ ‪.OMC‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ Node-B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪّﺍﺕ ‪.Hardware‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺑﺚ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﳎﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪.RNC‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Node-Bs‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪" UL‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﳕﻂ ‪."FDD‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UL‬ﻭ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪.DL‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Softer Handover‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ)‪ (Transport channels‬ﻭ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻭ ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪" FEC‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ " ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻚ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪" CCTrChs‬ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻣﺰﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ "‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ )ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ( ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CCTrChs‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ )ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ( ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ‪.RF‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪ RNS‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ RNC‬ﻭ‪ Node-B‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNC‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪ UTRAN‬ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BSC‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
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‫صل‬
‫‪ GSM‬ﻻ‬
‫‪G‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ Soft HO‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟــ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻡ‬‫‪ ،GSM‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺴ‬
‫‪G‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠـ ‪ BSS‬ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺍﻟـ ‪ ،BSCs‬ﻭﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Hard HO‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Softer HO‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ Node-B‬ﺃﻋﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BTSS‬ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﰿ‬
‫ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪: Nodde-B‬‬‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻮﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-33‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Node--B‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Basebandd Board (B‬ﻭﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻫﻫﻮ ‪.7‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 13‬ﻟﻮﺣﺔ )‪BB‬‬
‫‪.TE‬‬
‫ﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﺍﺋﻲ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪EU‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻘﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ((‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ـ ‪) ANR‬ﺷﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻌﻨﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺻـ‬

‫ـﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BBs‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻚ‬
‫ـ ‪ ،TEUs‬ﻭﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BBss‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﻄﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ ANRs‬ﻭﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـ‬
‫‪.TEU‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ TRAB‬ﻫﻮ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ـ‬

‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ BBs‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪Us \ ANRs‬‬
‫‪ ،Node-B‬ﻭﻫﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪B‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BB‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺠﺰ ﻣﻌﺎﳉ‬
‫ﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴـﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻋـﻦ‬‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﺒـﻞ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺎﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎ‬‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤ‬
‫ﻟـ ‪ 6‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪) ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ ﻋﻤﻠﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ـ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BB‬ﻟﱵ‬ ‫‪ Nodee-B‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﰲ ﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ Soofter HO‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﲔ ‪ 6‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺔ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ BB‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻗﻨﻮﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﱴ‬ ‫‪B‬‬
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‫صل‬
‫‪ Node-B‬ﺑﺸﻜﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﲔ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪B‬‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-33‬‬
‫ـﺪﺩ‬
‫‪ 1.5MHz‬ﻭﻟﺰﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﻋـ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ BB‬ﲣﺪﻡ ﺣﱴ ‪ 644‬ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺗﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﺮﺽ ﳎﺎﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪B‬‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ـﺪﺓ‬
‫‪ GSM‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻭﺣـ‬
‫‪G‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ BB‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـ‪ Sector‬ﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻣﻞ ‪ CU‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺪﻡ ‪ 8‬ﻣﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻂ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 4.3‬ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻜﻜـﻦ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪ UMTS‬ﺑﺸﻜ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‪ُ :‬ﻳﺤ‬
‫ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛـﻞ ﻭﺍﺟﻬـ‬
‫ﺣﺔ )ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺬ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺼﻠﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺼ‬
‫‪ (Iu-Ps ،Iu-Cs ،Iub‬ﻋ َّﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴ‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ) ‪،Uu ،Cu‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻁ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻧﻘﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻂ ‪ :Iu‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻜﻞ ‪ Iu‬ﺃﻥ ﻔﺬ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲﻲ ﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫‪ AT‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪.IP‬‬

‫‪ UM‬ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪TM‬‬
‫ ﺯُﻭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ R999‬ﻣﻦ ‪MTS‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CN‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻭﺍﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‪Ps‬‬

‫‪Iu-P‬‬ ‫ ﳝﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪ Iurr‬ﺃﻥ ﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNCss‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﻌﺎﻟﹶﺞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﻟـ‪ ،Iu-Cs‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻝ‬
‫‪.CN‬‬‫‪ Iurr‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪N‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪9 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ UM‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-33‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻠـﻰ‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﻨﺪ )‪ (Peer Too Peer‬ﲔ‬
‫ﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻧﻔﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ))‪.(SAP‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(9-33‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪(7‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻔﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟـ ‪ NAS‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ )ﻣﻦ ‪ 3‬ﱃ‬
‫ﲑ‬
‫‪ MM‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﺪﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺎﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ ‪ CC‬ﻭﺇﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ‪M‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪(3‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺒﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺧﺪﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ )‪ 1‬ﱃ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﺍﻟـ ‪ AS‬ﻓﺘﺸﲑﲑ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ‪ Iuu‬ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(10--3‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪9 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ UM‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ UE‬ﺗﻨﻘـﻞ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺷـﻔﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫‪ (PS‬ﻭﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪E‬‬ ‫‪ NA‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪S&CS) CN‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺭﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪AS‬‬
‫‪ UTRAN‬ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣ ﹰﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪.Iu‬‬
‫‪U‬‬ ‫)‪ (Trannsparent waay‬ﻋﱪ ـ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺪﺍﺭﺓ ‪ CS‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ــ‬‫‪ ،(SESSIO‬ﺇﺩﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ )‪ON‬‬
‫ﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ ‪ PS‬ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺔ‬‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻ‬
‫‪ GPR‬ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﺯﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪RS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(11--3‬‬
‫ـﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑـ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪Signaaling‬‬
‫‪ UTRAN‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ‪.Uu‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪N‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔـﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳـﻮﻱ ‪AB‬‬

‫‪RA‬‬ ‫ﺨﺪﻡ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﺮﻭﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﻔﺬ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻃﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﲟﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻣﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻼﺕ‬‫‪ RAB‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﲝﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪B‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻜﻢ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺘﺤ‬
‫ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﲟﺼﺎﺩﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﻔﺔ ﻭ‬‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‪ :‬ﺐ‬
‫ـﻮﺭ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ( ‪ .haandover & streamlinning‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺁﻟﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻃـ‬
‫‪.NA‬‬‫ﻋﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ‪AS‬‬
‫ﺗـﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ‬
‫ﲑ‬ ‫‪ (ATM‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻴﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ )‪M‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻ‬
‫ﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻨﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪NC‬‬
‫‪RN‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﺿّﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺴ‬
‫ﺍ ﹸﳌﺴَﺘَﻘﺒَﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﳍﺎ ﺚ‬
‫‪.UE‬‬
‫‪ RN‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪U‬‬ ‫‪ Node-Bs‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪NC‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﻟـ‬
‫‪ (U‬ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟـ ‪UE‬‬ ‫)ﻭﻛ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ UM‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(12--3‬‬
‫ــ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻘﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﱠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟــ ‪ Signaaling‬ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧـ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Iu‬ﻣﺴ‬ ‫‪ ،ISO/O‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮ‬
‫‪OSI‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ‪.(Iub‬‬
‫ﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻂ‬ ‫ـ ‪ RNC‬ﺧﻼ‬ ‫‪ Node-B‬ﻭﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ‪B) Iu‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱵ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﱵ‬
‫‪.UTRA‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪AN‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻤﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻛ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Signalinng‬ﻭﻫﻫـﻲ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﺴ‬

‫ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ )ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺟﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ( ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﹰﺓ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻏﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺮ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻛـﺬﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ،ALCAP‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻤﻤﻞ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺄﺷﲑ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﲑ ﳏـﺪﺪﺩ ﰲ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻢ‬
‫ﲢﺘﻮﻮﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ )‪ (ATM‬ﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪.UTRAN‬‬
‫‪ :ALC‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﱪﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺄﺷﲑ )‪ (Signnaling‬ﳊﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪CAP‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻭﻭﺗﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﱵ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺎ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ﺧﺎﺻّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲑ‬
‫‪ AL‬ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـ‪LCAP‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ UM‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(13--3‬‬
‫‪ 5.3‬ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪AB‬‬

‫‪RA‬‬
‫ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻜـﻞ‬

‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟــ ‪RAB‬‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻟـ ‪ UMTS‬ﺗُﻨﻈﹼﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺣ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺧ‬
‫‪RA‬‬‫ﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟــ ‪AB‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪UMT‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪TS‬‬ ‫‪RA‬ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ‪ QoSS‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻪﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺣ‬
‫‪AB‬‬
‫ـﺮﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻌـﺪﻻﺕ ﺧـﺮ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﰲ ﻟﻴﺪﻋﻢ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﻌّﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ QooS‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺼ‬
‫ـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ QOS‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PS‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴـ‬‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟـ‪ RAB‬ﳎﳎﺎﻝ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ـﲔ‬
‫‪ RA‬ﺃﻥ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺑـ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪AB‬‬‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ .CS‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻳﺴ‬
‫ﺸﺤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻞ ـ‬‫ﺟﺔ ﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻞﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﲝﺎﺟ‬
‫ﺑـﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﻤﺎ‪ QooS‬ﻣﺘﻜـﺎﻓﺊ ﻭﺗﻌـﺎﰿ ﻨ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،PS‬ﺣ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CS‬ﻭ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟــ ‪C‬‬
‫‪RLC‬‬ ‫‪ ،UTR‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺗﺰﺰﻭﺩﻧـﺎ ﻃﺒﻘـ‬‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪RAN‬‬
‫ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻜﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠ‬
‫‪.RN‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳋﺪﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪NC‬‬
‫‪ 6.3‬ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،GSM‬ﻭﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟـ ‪P‬‬

‫‪ PS‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ CS‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﺩﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪CN‬‬
‫‪ :C‬ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ـ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪.GPRS‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ـ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ ‪ RAB‬ﻭﻟﻜﻜـﻦ‬
‫‪ :UTRA‬ﻻ ﲤﲤﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CSS‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ PS‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻰ‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﺩﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪AN‬‬
‫ـﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟــ ‪ CS‬ﻭﺍﻟــ ‪،PSS‬‬ ‫ـ ‪) RAB‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺘﺎﺕ‪ (.......‬ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺴـ‬
‫ﻣﻣﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪RA‬‬‫ﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪AB‬‬ ‫‪ UTRAN‬ﺍﳊ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠـ ‪N‬‬
‫ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RABs‬ﺑﻨﺎﺀً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫)ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ (QoS‬ﻟﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠـ ‪QoS‬‬
‫ﲣﺼﺺ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠـ ‪UTRAN‬‬ ‫‪ CN‬ﻻ ﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺇﺩﺭﺭﺍﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪N‬‬
‫‪ RA‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪ QOSS‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟـ ‪AB‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ UM‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ــ‬
‫ـﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺄﺷـﲑ ‪ SL‬ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻭﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻟـ‬
‫‪ :UTRAN‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫‪U‬‬ ‫ـ‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪.UTRAN‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪ CN‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺳـﻞ ﺍﻟــ ‪UE‬‬

‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ﺑﲔ ـ‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﲑ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪ .CN‬ﺇﺫﺫﺍ ﺃﻧﺸﺄ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫‪ ،UT‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺳﻠ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪TRAN‬‬ ‫ﻃﻃﻠﺐ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﺩﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﱃ‬
‫‪CM‬‬‫‪ MO‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﻃﻠﻠﺐ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ‪M‬‬‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪M‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺼﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺠﺰ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻋﱪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺗﺼ‬
‫ـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CN‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻫـ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻦ‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ :SSetup‬ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺪﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﺔ ﻭﻳُﺤﺪﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺪﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺍﻟــ ‪UTRAN‬‬

‫‪ CN‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪C‬‬
‫‪ :RAB Allocation‬ﺗﺮ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﺗﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ) ﺗﻮﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﱪ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻂ‬
‫‪ UE‬ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ UT‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪U‬‬ ‫ﻟﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـ ‪TRAN‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺧﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻮﻳﺔ (‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟ‬
‫ﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﹸﺘ َ‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝﻝ ‪ - :‬ﻪ‬
‫ﲟﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﻌﻠِﻢ ﲡﻬﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺗﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(14--3‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫الباب الثاني‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
ATM ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Eng. Wassim Mahrouka

wassim.mahrouka@gmail.com
‫المتزامن ‪ATM‬‬
‫‪ ‬نمووذج النقل الال‬ ‫الفصل الرابع‬
‫‪ ‬صل‬
‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺘﺰﺰﺍﻣﻦ ‪ATM‬‬

‫ﺝ‬
‫‪ATM 1.4‬‬
‫ﺗـﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻴـﻊ‬‫‪ ،AT‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗـ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪TM‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪53B‬‬‫ﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻓﻓﻘـﻂ ‪Bytes‬‬ ‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﺯﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺻ‬
‫ﻡ‬ ‫‪TD‬‬‫ﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪DM‬‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻘﺴ‬
‫ﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻫﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﺚ‬
‫ﳏﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫)‪ .(VCI‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟـ ‪ 48‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫(‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺮﺍﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻀﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻤﺮﺮ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ )‪ (VPI‬ﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻀ‬
‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳑﳑﻜﻨﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻡ ﳚﻌﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PS‬ﺑﺴ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﻧﻘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻣـ‬

‫ـﻞﺀ ﺭﺯﻡ ‪ATM‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪ 53‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﺎﺿﻠﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻄﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺳﻮﻮﻑ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻜﻼﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻚ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ـﺮﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺮ‬
‫ﱄ‬ ‫ﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-4‬‬
‫‪: RNC‬‬
‫ﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﱄ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Node-B‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪C‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺿ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-4‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬صل‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺗﺘﻠﻘﺎﻩ‬

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻞ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ E1‬ﻟﻜﻞ ‪Nodee-B‬‬
‫ﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺻ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻄﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Virtual Path‬ﻭ ‪C) Virtual‬‬

‫‪(VC‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪ AT‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ )‪(VP‬‬
‫ﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـ ‪TM‬‬
‫ﲢﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫‪ Circcuit‬ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ IP‬ﰲ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟـ ‪.VPP&VC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،VP‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻜﺎﳌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﺿﻤﻦ ـ‬
‫ـ ‪ ATM‬ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟـ ‪ VC‬ﻱ‬ ‫ﲤﺮ ﺍﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ VPI/V‬ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪VCI‬‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟــ ‪ATM‬‬

‫‪ A‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ IP‬ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻮﺩﺩﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺜﺮ ﻭﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔـ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟـ ‪ATM‬‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﳍﺪﻑ ﺁﺧﺧـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺼ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟـﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺩﻓﻌﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﻄﺄﺕ ﻑ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺼـﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻦ ﲨ‬
‫ـ ‪ IP‬ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻴﻊ ﺀ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻑ‬
‫‪AAL 2.4‬‬
‫‪ Adaptiive ATM Layer (AA‬ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ ATM‬ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻴﻔﺔ )‪AL‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ ATM‬ﳒﺪ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪M‬‬
‫ﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫‪ ،ATM‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌـﲏ ﲡﺰﺋـ‬
‫ﺟﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪M‬‬‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪AA‬‬‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ 5‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺍﻟــ ‪ALs‬‬
‫ﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫‪ 48Byytes‬ﻭﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﲏ ﻻ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ‪ AAL0‬ﻳﻌﲏ‬‫ﻼﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫‪ A‬ﳍﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪AALs‬‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳊ‬
‫ﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺗﺼﺎﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬صل‬
‫‪AAL5 1.2‬‬
‫‪2.4‬‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-4‬‬
‫‪ AA‬ﻟﻴﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻌﻄﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻏﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻮ ﱠﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﻌﺪﺪﻻﺕ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﻐﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﻢ ﺍﻟـ ‪AL5‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،ATM‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫‪2.3‬‬
‫‪AAL2 2.2‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻣـﻊ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻞ‬ ‫ﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻥ‬ ‫‪ AA‬ﻟﻴﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻌﻄﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳊ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﻢ ﺍﻟـ ‪AL2‬‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻀـﻞ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻫـﻮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،ATM‬ﻣﺜﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻡ‬ ‫ـ‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ )ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻏﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠ‬
‫ﺼﻤﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺼﻮﺕ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻐﻞ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪.ALCAP‬‬ ‫ﻂ ﺍﳌ ﱠﻮ َﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ـ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻡ( ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-4‬‬
‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪ AAL‬ﻫﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺷﺒﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺷﻔﹼﺎﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻱ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋـﺪﺓ ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺜﺮ ـﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺤﺺ ﺗﺪﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﻡ )ﺣﻴﺚ ﻦ‬
‫‪.(ATM‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
ATM ‫المتزامن‬
‫نمووذج النقل الال‬ ‫الفصل الرابع‬
‫ صل‬
(6-4) ‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

10
08 wassim.mahrouka@gmail.com

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬
WCDMA ‫מ‬


‫الباب الثالث‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
WCDMA ‫מ‬

‫‪ WC‬‬
‫‪ ‬ننظام ‪CDMA‬‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬
‫‪WCDMA‬‬
‫‪ 1.1‬ﻣﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﺣﺘﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻋﺘـﺮﺮﺍﺽ‬

‫‪ CDM‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻦ‬
‫ﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬
‫ﰎ ﺗﻄ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1996‬ﺃﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺎﻡ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ‪.IS-95‬‬‫ﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ( ﰲ‬
‫ﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨ‬
‫ﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳋ‬
‫‪ CDM‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺪ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟـ ‪MA‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺰﻡ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸ‬
‫ﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼ‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻴﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻞ‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﲦﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﺮﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ AMPS‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ 9‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ) ﺔ‬
‫‪. (GSM‬‬
‫(‬ ‫ﺲ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺲ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫‪ 2.1‬ﺳﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-1‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺮﺮﺏ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺑﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ )‪ ،(Chhipping‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌ‬
‫ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺘﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﲑ‬
‫ﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺜﻮ‬
‫ﻰ‬
‫ﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺭﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﺍﻣﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨ‬

‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻀﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺡ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺮﻳﻀ‬‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻓﻚ ﻧﺜﺮ ﻒ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 1..2.1‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪.4‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻛﻞ ﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﻨﺜﺮ ﻰ‬
‫ﰲﺣ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-1‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﺷﺷﺎﺭﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ‪ .‬ﻑ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺕ‬ ‫‪ CD‬ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺨ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪DMA‬‬
‫‪.CDMA‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻟﺒﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠـ‬
‫ﺩ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺎﺭﺓ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺜﻧﺜﺮ ﻛﺎﰲ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﻤـﺎ‬‫ﻭﻳﺼ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒـﺖ ﺃﻗﻗـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺄ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺃﻛﻛﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺾ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺪﺭ ﻟﻼ‬
‫ﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ 2..2.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﳏﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﳛﺔ ﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ‪.X-OR‬‬ ‫ﺐ‬
‫‪ 3..2.1‬ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉ‬
‫ﳉﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-1‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﲢـﺖ ﻣﺴـ‬

‫ـﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﻔﻚ ﻧﺜﺮ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺷﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳓﺼ‬
‫ـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﻭﺯ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﺍﻟﻀـﺠﻴﺞ ﺑﻔـ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺕ‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀﺠ‬
‫ﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻧﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ) ﻚ‬
‫ﳉﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻮﻥ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺻﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉ‬
‫ﺴﺖ‬‫ﺠﻴﺞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻚ ﺍﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺠ‬
‫ﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺜﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴ‬
‫ﻒ‬
‫‪MHz=WCD‬‬
‫‪5M‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪DMA‬‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ 3.884Mchip/ss‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪ :W .‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻠﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﻧﻼﺣﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﳌﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜـﺮ ﻣﺘﻤـﺎﺎﺛﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻭﻣﻌ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺭﺑﺢ ﻣﻌ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺮ‬‫ﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﲑﺍﻥ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻣﻣﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜ‬‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿ‬
‫ﻱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﺃﻛﱪ(‪.‬‬‫ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ )ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 3.1‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﰲ ﻛﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺮﺩﺩ(‬
‫ﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ )‪ ،(Inter cell‬ﻭ ﳌﳌﻨﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﰲ‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‬
‫ﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ)‪ ،(Intra cell‬ﻷﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺮﺍ ﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﻣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﳌﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺰ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻟﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ )ﻣﺮﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻞ(‬

‫ﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ )‪ (Intra‬ﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ GSSM‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺸﻜ‬
‫ـﻜﻠﺔ‬‫ـﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺸـ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ CDMA‬ﻓﻴﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘـ‬
‫ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫‪ TR‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﻧﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻲ‬
‫‪RXs‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫‪ 4.1‬ﺍﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ )‪WCDMA‬‬

‫‪(W‬‬
‫‪Wiide Band Code‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Divission Multiiple Accesss‬‬
‫ـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧـﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .DS-CDMA‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺿـ‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻋﻠﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺑﺘﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺑـ ‪ 384Kbbps‬ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻴﻴﺔ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﺑـ ‪.2Mbpps‬‬
‫‪ CDM‬ﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﺠﻤﻟـﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻴﻴـﻞ‬

‫ﲢﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﲢ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻮﻱ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬
‫‪:WCDMA‬‬
‫‪ 1.4‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻌﺪﺩ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬
‫‪4.1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-1‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟـﺒﻌﺒﻌﺾ‬

‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﺎﻣﻞ‪ 5MHZ‬ﻭﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻓﻴﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨـ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﻋﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺴ‬
‫ﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬‫ﺩ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-1‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﻮﺑـﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺎ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻏﺎﻭﺻﻴﹰﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻮﺵ‬
‫‪ C‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻭﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺣﻴﻴﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻧﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪CDMA‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺃﻱ ﳓﳓـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺲ‬
‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺇﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺔ‬
‫ﻰ‬
‫ﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺳﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﲢﻜﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﲝﺎﺟ‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺘﻄﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻫﺎﻣﲔ ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤـﺎ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤ‬
‫‪ C‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﲔ‬‫ﻈﺎﻡ ‪CDMA‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻧﻈ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻈﺎﻡ )ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ‪:WCDMA‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﶈﶈﺴﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﱪ‬
‫ﲢﺴﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻌﺔ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺽ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫)‪.((5MHz‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺿﺮﻭﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﲎ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻴـﺔ ﺕ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﻭﺑﺔ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫)‪.(HCS‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻒ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴ‬‫ﺴﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻴﻔﺔ ﻭ ﻛﺸ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻡ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫‪.5MH‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ‪Hz‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ‪.FDD‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪.3.84M‬‬
‫ﳛﺔ ‪Mchip/s‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺷﺮﳛ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻧﺜﺮ ﻣﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-1‬‬
‫‪ 2.4.1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺳﻴﺌﺌﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬

‫‪WCDM‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻭﺍﻫﻢ ﺕ‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺜﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ـ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳋﻔﻮﺕ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﳋ‬

‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻋﻋﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻞ‬
‫ﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺣﺣﱴ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺧﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻛﺜﺎﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻃﻴﻔﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻣـﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻛـﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳـﺎﺩﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ )ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫‪.WCDM‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ Soft‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪S Handoover‬‬
‫‪:WCDMA‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﰲ ﳏﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ ℵ‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻹﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﻜﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻄ ﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻣﺘﺴ‬
‫ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳕﻂ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Sofft Handovver‬ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﳌﺼ‬ ‫‪ ℵ‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺳﻌﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪.WCDMA‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﻔﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﰲ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (8-1‬ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 5.1‬ﻣﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪DMA‬‬

‫‪WCD‬‬
‫‪ 1.5.1‬ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﺘﻢ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺾ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻢ‬
‫ﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠ‬
‫ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫ﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ )‪ (00,1‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﻨﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ )‪ (-11,+1‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﺮﳛﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺜﺮ ﺑﺘﺎﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺮﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ (3.84M‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺜﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﳎﺎﻝ )‪ (5MHz‬ﺗﻘﺮﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺖ )‪Mchip/s‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉـﺔ )ﻭﻫﻫـﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ‪ .‬ﻚ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮﺮ ‪ SF‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺿ‬
‫ـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﳏﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋـ‬
‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﳉﻮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳉ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻚ ﻧﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺴﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﻔﺴ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥﻥ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (99-1‬ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺜﻮﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(9-11‬‬
‫ـﻒ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳉﻮ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﲟﻌﺪﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠـ‬

‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻣﻦ‬
‫ـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺖ )ﳏﺎﺩﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻴﺪﻳﻮ‪ (.......،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (10-1‬ﳐﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺖ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(10--1‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻷﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺕ‪ ،‬ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻊ‬
‫ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻃﺎﻗﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﱄ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻋﺎﱄ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﱃ‬
‫ـﺲ‬ ‫ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻔﺾ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜـ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻙ‬ ‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫‪.WCDMA‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (11-1‬ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(11--1‬‬
‫ـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﲢﺘـ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻥ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬
‫ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﳌﺔ ﻭﺿﻤﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺯ‬
‫ﺼﻴﺺ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲣﺼ‬
‫ﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﻣـﺔ‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫‪ WC‬ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻈﺎﻡ ‪CDMA‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﱯ ﻧﻈ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺍﺓ ‪ Circuit Switched‬ﺕ‬‫ﺕ‬ ‫‪Paccket Switcched‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ‬‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻣﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺗﺴﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺼﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺴﻪ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫‪ WCD‬ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺪﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪DMA‬‬
‫ﻴﺪﻳﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻮ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺞ‬
‫‪.WCDM‬‬
‫ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (12--1‬ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﺿﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(12--1‬‬
‫‪ 2.5.1‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻣﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﺘﲔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ WCDM‬ﻁ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬
‫ ‪.Chaannelizatioon Code‬‬
‫‪.(Pseudo‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫ ‪oise Code) Scramblinng Code‬‬
‫‪No‬‬
‫ﻣـﻊ ﺭﻣـﻮﺯ ‪Chaannelizatioon‬‬

‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻀـﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺳـﻠﺔ ﻊ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﳒﳒﺎﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻭ‪.Scrambling‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(13--1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ( ﻫﻮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﳏﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩ‬
‫‪) Channellization Coode‬ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﺜﺮ ﻒ‬
‫‪ Scrambling‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﳏﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫ﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻟﺍﻟـ ‪g Code‬‬
‫ﺣﺴ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺗﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﻟﺰﻳـ‬‫‪ Channeelization C‬ﻛﻞ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﳛ ﱢﻮﻝ ‪Code‬‬
‫ـﺪﻝ‬‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﲟﻌـ‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻝ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﻟﻺﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ )ﻧُﺜﺮﺕ ﺍﻹﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺓ‬
‫ﺿﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻟﺒﺖ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺿ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﲟﺎ ﺐ‬
‫‪ (3.84‬ﻭﻳُﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻞ‬‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ‪Mchhip/s‬‬
‫‪.Channeliza‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﹰﺓ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ation Codee‬‬
‫ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ‪ Scraambling Coode‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺮﺽ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (chip by chip‬ﻭﻬﺑﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﻄﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(14--1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺘﺮﻣﻴـﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﺜـﺮ‬

‫ﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺰﺝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﻣﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻪ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋـﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﱂ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﳉﻤﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺰﺝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳌﺎ‬‫ﺹ‬
‫ﺼـﻞ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ‪ Channnelization Code‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﻓﺼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺭﺗﲔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ‪.Scrambbling Code‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪Chan‬‬
‫‪nnelization‬‬ ‫‪2.5.1‬‬
‫‪n Code 1.2‬‬
‫‪Orthogonal Variable‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫ﻣـﺪ )‪OVSF‬‬
‫‪(O‬‬ ‫ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ‪ Channnelization‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﳌـﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣـ‬
‫‪.(UE/B‬‬
‫ﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )‪BS‬‬
‫‪ Sprreading Faactor‬ﺍ ﹸﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻡ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(15--1‬‬
‫ـﻤﻰ‬
‫ـﺪ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺴـ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣـ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﲔ‬
‫ﺹ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫‪.Walsh Code‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪ O‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﱠﻑ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ‪OVSF‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻷﻷﺻﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺒﲎ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞﻞ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻷﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻞ ﻳﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻓﺮﻋﻋﺎﻥ )‪ (1,1‬ﻭ )‪.(1,-1‬‬
‫ﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭ ﻳﻼ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(16--1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ SF‬ﻭﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Chhannelizatio‬ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪S‬‬
‫ﻑ ‪on Code‬‬
‫ﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻳﻌﺮﱢﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ ‪ :OVSF‬ﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ )ﻣﻊ ‪ 512‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻳﺼ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪:‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 4‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 256‬ﺷﺮﺮﳛﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻞ‬
‫ﺾ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ـﺪﺩ‬
‫‪ Channeliza‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺷﺠﺮﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋـ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ation Code‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﺰﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﲢﺘﺘﻪ ﰲ‬‫ﻣﲔ ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﺩﱏ ﻫﻮ ‪ 4‬ﺗﺮﺍﻣﻣﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﺚ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻳﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺠﺮﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺠ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪.256‬‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ‪256‬‬
‫ﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ 4‬ﻭﺍﳊ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻟﺘﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻣﻴـﺰ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺲ‬‫‪ RN‬ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﰲ ﻞ‬‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪NC‬‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ BTS‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻄﺮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻴﺰ ﺷﺠﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠ‬
‫ﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ Scramblinng Code‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺮﻣﻣﻴﺰﻳﻦ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫ﻝ‬
‫ـﺪﻝ‬
‫ـﺮﻉ ‪ ،9600Kbps‬ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌـ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓـ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻳﺴ‬
‫ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 4‬ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﳛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪.3.84Mchiip/s‬‬
‫‪ Channellization Code‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨـﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﺋﻴـﺔ‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻻﺳﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻉ ﺃﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺃﺧﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻉ‬
‫ﺠﺮﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻦ‬‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺠ‬
‫‪.RNC‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﻄﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻛﻞ ‪ BS‬ﻭ ‪ UE‬ﲟﲟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ‬
‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(17--1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺑـ‪ SF‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪.4‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(18--1‬‬
‫ﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺷﺮﳛﳛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )‪ ،(3.84Mchiip/s‬ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻣﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺜﺮ ﺗﺪﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﺧﻼ‬
‫‪.(3.84M‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺮﳛﺔ )‪Mchip/s‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺰﺰﻣﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛ‬
‫‪ 2.22.5.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫ﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻣﺰﺓ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻌﺎﻣﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻄﻄﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ "‪ "0‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﺮﻬﺑﻤﺎ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﻚ ﻧﺜﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻬﺑﺬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻣﲔ ﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺳﻠﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪ Channelizat‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﳛﺎﻓﻆ ‪tion Code‬‬
‫ﻆ‬
‫ـﺖ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒـ‬
‫ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺖ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﺋﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﲢﻤﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺖ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻀـﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌ ﱠﺪﱠﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺍ‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﻮﺿﱢﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (21-1‬ﺧﺼ‬ ‫ﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳊﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻱ ﳊ‬
‫‪.Channeelization Coode‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(19--1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺲ ‪ Chhannelization Code‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻞ )ﺗـﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺫﺫﺍﰐ(‬ ‫ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﻋﻈﻈﻤﻲ )‪ (100%‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ )ﺗـﺮﺮﺍﺑﻂ‬‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺴ‬‫ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (B‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ Channelizzation Coode‬ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﺻﻐﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺻﻔﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺳﻮﻮﻑ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻂ‬
‫ﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺎﻟﻒ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺲ ‪ Chhannelization Code‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻞ )ﺗـﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺫﺫﺍﰐ(‬ ‫ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﺣﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻫﻨﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣ‬
‫ﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻟﻠﺮﻣﻮﺯ‪.‬‬‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫ﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻔﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺔ‬
‫ﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺕ‬
‫¾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼ‬
‫ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲣﺺ ﻧﻔﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻜﻦ‬
‫¾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﻞ‬
‫ﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺗﺮﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺷﺠﺮﻱ ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪ )ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﺗﺮﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺷﺠﺮﻱ ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺸ‬
‫‪2.5.1‬‬
‫‪Sccramblingg Code 3.2‬‬
‫ﻀﺮﺏ ﺑـ ‪ Channelization Codde‬ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﺋﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫ـﻤﻰ‬
‫‪ ،UE‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻹﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﻳﺴـ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳏﺪﺩ ‪E/BS‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻫﺬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﳐﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺑـ ‪ Scramblinng Code‬ﻭﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻳﻀـﹰﺎ ﺍﺳـﻢ ‪PN‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ـ‬
‫ﺯ‬ ‫‪ ،Scrambling‬ﻭ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪ Gold‬ﻛﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫‪G‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ‪Codee‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﻌ‬
‫)‪ (Pseuddo Noise Coode‬ﻭ ﻀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(20--1‬‬
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‫‪12‬‬
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‫‪ ‬نظام ‪ WCDMA‬‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
‫ﺗﺒﲎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺯﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻣﺰ ‪ PN‬ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﻒ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳋـﺮﺝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓـﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴـﺰ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﻫـﻮ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﻣـﺰ‬
‫‪ Channelization Code‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ )ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﻓـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Scrambling Code‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﻄﻌﺔ ﺑﺈﻃﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ،10 ms‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭ ‪ 512‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ )ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺪ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴـﺰ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﳋﻄﺔ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼـﻞ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﳓﻦ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪ Scrambling‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺗﻘـﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺘـﻪ ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﻧـﻮﻋﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪:Scrambling Code‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴـﺔ(‪:‬ﺑﻄـﻮﻝ ‪ 38400chips‬ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﻲ ) ‪Rake‬‬

‫‪.(Receiver‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‪ :‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ‪ 256 chips‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻗـﺪ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺗﺮﻣﻴـﺰ ‪ Scrambling‬ﻭﺣﻴـﺪ ﻟﻜـﻞ ﺧﻠﻴـﺔ ﺃﻣـﺎ‬
‫‪ Channelization Code‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪ Scrambling‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ‪ Channelization‬ﺑﻌـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ ‬نظام ‪ WCDMA‬‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ ﳊﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺃ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳏﺎﺩﺛﺘﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩﳘـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﱠﻟﺪ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ‪ Shift Register‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﱠﻟﺪ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻭ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺴـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺕ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪،Gold like codes،Gold codes‬‬
‫‪ .VL-Kasami codes ،L-Kasami codes ،S-Kasami codes‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﻣﻦ ﳕﻂ ‪.Gold‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ 2‬ﺭﻣﺰ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠـ ‪ BS‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﳚﻬﺰ ﲟﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻻ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﺼـﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﺭﺑﺢ ﰲ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻳﻮﱢﻟﺪ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺳﺘﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،25bits‬ﺑـﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻴﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (Long=0،Short=1‬ﻭ‪ 24bits‬ﺳـﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ‪ ،Scrambling Code‬ﻭ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (21-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ )ﻋﻴﻨـﺎﺕ( ﺭﻣـﺰ ‪Scrambling‬‬
‫‪ .Code‬ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻩ ﲟﺴﺠﻞ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻟﻪ ‪ n‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﳝﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻮ ‪ ،M 2‬ﺇﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﺘﻢ ﺍﳉﻤـﻊ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ‪Modulus‬‬
‫‪.(XOR) addition‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(21-1‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ـﺪﻩ‬
‫ـ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﺍﻟﻟـﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑـ‬‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (222-1‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿ‬
‫ـﺎﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺸـ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺎﺭﺓ ﲟﺤﻠﻞ ﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ‪ ،Code Key‬ﻭﻋﻨ‬ ‫ﲟﺴﺠﻞ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺧﻄﻲﻲ ﻭﺑﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻞ‬
‫ـﻂ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﻓﻘـ‬
‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺹ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻓﺺ ﺭﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻓﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺮﺷﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺧﲑﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻚ‬
‫‪ Scrrambling Code‬ﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺧﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧﺼ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺢ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(22-1‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ Scram‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ Channeelization Code‬ﻭ‪mbling Codde‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (233-1‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻛﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺢ‬
‫ﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞﻞ )‪ (24-1‬ﻓﻴﻮﺿ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
WCDMA ‫نظام‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
Up Link
Sc cold be unique in the same cell
CHc could be shared
CHc 7
Sc 200
(23-1) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
Down Link
Sc for the same user are almost different
CHc for the same user could be similar
Cell 2 Cell 1
Sc 21 Sc 1 Cell 1
Sc 2
(24-1) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬


‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 6.1‬ﺍﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(25-1‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻄﻄـﺔ‬

‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻟﻠـ ‪ UE‬ﺃﺿ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،Noode-B‬ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﲑ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻻﳔﻔﻔﺎﺽ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧ‬
‫ﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺰﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﳎﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﲢﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻭ ﻦ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟــ ‪ UE‬ﺇﱃ ﺧـ‬‫‪ :AM‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺨ‬ ‫‪MR Speecch Codec .1‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻔﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻮﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴـ‬
‫ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫‪:Multipath‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻊ‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪Diversity .2‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻄﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :Soft H‬ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺑﺎﺛﻨﲔ ﻭ‬
‫‪HandOver .3‬‬
‫ﺼـﻞ‬ ‫ﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﶈﻄﺔ ﲜﻤﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﲔ ﲑ‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺘﲔ ﻭﳝﻜﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺼ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 7.1‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺨ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺃﻓ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺴ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﻴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﻄﺔ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺯﺩﺣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻷﻛﱪ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺐ‬‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫ﰲ ﺟﻬﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺽ‬
‫ﻭﳛﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﻜﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻝ‬ ‫‪ :Air‬ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﳋﻼ‬
‫ﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪A Interfaace‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺇﺿ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ـﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺿﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻳﺒﺪﺪﺃ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻻﻻﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑـ ‪ Soft Cappacity‬ﻷﻬﻧﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﳛـﺪﺩ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻣﻴـﺰ‬

‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﳐﺘﻠﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺞ‬
‫ﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻣﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﻱ )ﻟﻠﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ( ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸ‬‫ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪ Scrambbling‬ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(26--1‬‬
‫‪ .I‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .II‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ .III‬ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
‫ﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻄﻴﺔ )‪.(Breathiing cell‬‬

‫‪ .IV‬ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺨﻔﺾ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ )ﻳـﺰﺰﺩﺍﺩ(‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ )ﺗﻨﺨ‬
‫‪ Breathing‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﻄﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻦ‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻟـ ‪ccell‬‬‫ﻣﻼﺣ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺴﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻨﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺮﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺎﺧﻨﺔ )ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻞ‬ ‫‪.I‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.II‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.III‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.IV‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪.Soft Haandover‬‬ ‫‪.V‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫מ‬ ‫א‬
Power Control

‫‪ ‬التتحكم باالستط‬
‫طاعة ‪ ‬‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 1.2‬ﻣﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬

‫‪WCDMA‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻋـﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﱃ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫‪ WC‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪CDMA‬‬‫ﺽ‬
‫ﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﺴـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴـ‬‫ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﻜﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻣﺪ ﻭﺍﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺎﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪ .(1-2‬ﻭﺫﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻛﻞ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺭ‬
‫ﺼﻞ ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﻣﲏ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﻠﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫ﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ )‪.(200μs‬‬‫ﺑﲔ )‪ (1-2μss‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻳﻔﻴﺔ )ﺍﳉﺒﻠﻴﺔ( ﺗﺼ‬
‫ﺯﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﳛﺔ ﻫﻫـﻮ‬

‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻴﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻫـﻮ )‪ (3.84Mchip/s‬ﻓﻴﻜ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫‪ .1⁄3.84 10‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎ‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬
‫‪26μs‬‬
‫ـﲔ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺮﻕ ﺍﻟـﺰﻣﲏ ﺑـ‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ‪ ،0.26μs‬ﻓﻌﻨﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬

‫ﻼ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺟﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺘﺴ‬
‫ﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺾ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻳﻠـﻲ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻭﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻐﻲ ﺃﺣﺪﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲞﲞﻔﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺿ‬
‫ﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﱴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻭ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-2‬‬
‫‪ 1..1.2‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫ـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺪﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺧﻠﻴﻮﻱ ﻳﺮﺮﺳﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ‪ BS‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻮﺵ ﻋﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬـ‬
‫ـﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﻑ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺿﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴـ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪MS‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻮﻮﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪S1‬‬
‫ﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻄﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻼ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻼ‬ ‫‪ MS‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ‬
‫‪M 2‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ MS2‬ﻓﺈ ﻪﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ MS1‬ﻭﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻧﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻞ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ـﻰ(‬
‫ﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻯ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ )ﺗﺸـﻮﺵ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘ‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﻚ‬ ‫ـﻴﺲ‬‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ (GSM‬ﻭﻟـ‬
‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ) ﺖ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻮﻱ‪ .(-21dbm ,126Mw)) :‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـ‬
‫ـﻠﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﳎﺎﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪Power‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪ 2.2‬ﺍﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ‪ntrol‬‬
‫‪Con‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-2‬‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺤﻦ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻨﺤ‬ ‫ﳓﻦ ﲝﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺳﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﻛﺎﰲ ﺑﺎﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﱄ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﺜﻮﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺳﺳﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﰲ ﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﳑﻜﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘـﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻣﻼﺣﻘﻘـﺔ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺳﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺪﻳﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻞ‬
‫ﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BS‬ﺳﻴﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺎﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ ‪ 60-80dB‬ﻣﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪ UL‬ﻛﻛﺒﲑ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ"ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﻴﺪ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳋﻠﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ــ‬‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ )‪ Signal Interference Ratio (SIR‬ﻭﻣﻘﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﺍﻟـ ‪ BS‬ﰲ ﺣﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ UL‬ﺱ‬
‫ـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ــ ‪ UE‬ﺯﻳـ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BS‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪ SIR‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻦ‬
‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬‫ﺑﺎﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺜﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻻﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ‪ 1dB‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ‪ .1500/Secc‬ﳝﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﺍﻥﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﳘﺎ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺎﺭﺟﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻘﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣ‬
‫ﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ـﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻧﺴ‬‫ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ‪ SIR‬ﺍﳌﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻓﻌﻌﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻠﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻀ‬
‫ـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫‪ SIR‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـ‬
‫‪ Bllock Errorr Rate (BL‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﺪﺕ ‪ BLER‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ‪R‬‬ ‫)‪LER‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ BLER‬ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬

‫‪ SIR‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺤ‬
‫‪ BLE‬ﻭﺗﻐﱢﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪S‬‬‫ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﻧﻘﺎﺹ ‪ER‬‬
‫ﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻠﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺔ‬
‫ﺪ‬
‫‪ ،RACH‬ﻭﺧﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺔ ‪H/FACH‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ BS‬ﻭ‪ UE‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻷﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ‪ BSS‬ﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﺷـ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬ‬
‫ﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻵﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﺐ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﳝﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﻣـﻦ ﻗـﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺷـ‬‫ﻳُﻘﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺍﻻﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻘﺮﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺚ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،BS‬ﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻫﻫﺎ ﻳﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻄﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ U‬ﺇﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BS‬ﻋﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪UE‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-2‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺮ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (3-2‬ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻚ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺗُﻌﻌﺮﻑ ﺑ‬‫‪ .UE‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﲟﺤ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪ .BS‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BS‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪B‬‬
‫ﺼـﺔ‬‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﻨـﺎﺓ ﳐﺼﺼ‬
‫‪ .RACH‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺩ‬‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪ UE‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ‪ AICH‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪U‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫ـﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻰ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ـﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺼـ‬
‫ﻌﺪﻝ ‪ .15500/Sec‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪ (4-2‬ﻫﺬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻕ‬ ‫ـ ‪ UE‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻟﻠـ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﲑ ‪R‬‬
‫‪SIR‬‬ ‫ﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-2‬‬
‫‪ 1..2.2‬ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻭﱄ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻄﻲﺀ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﺎﻋﺔ(‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻄﺔ‬
‫‪ .A‬ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺣﺔ )ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻀ‬
‫ـﺪﺀ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺘﺰﻭﺩﻧﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻄﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-22‬‬
‫‪ .B‬ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (Node-B‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﺍﳌﻮﺑﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟـ ‪)SIR‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻠﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪N‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﶈﻄﻄﺔ )‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ( ﻭﻳﺘﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟـ ‪ SIR‬ﻛﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﺍﻟـ‪ ) SIR‬ﻘﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNC‬ﲟﺘﺤﻮ‬
‫)‪0.66ms .1500Hz‬ﻣﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﳒﺎﺯ( ﻭﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﻳﻌﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-22‬‬
‫‪ SIR‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﻘﺎﺭﻬﻧﺎ‬

‫¾ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﶈﻄﺔﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪S‬‬
‫ـﺪﺭ ﺍﶈﻄـﺔ ﺃﻣﻣـﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪ SIR‬ﺍﳌﻄﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ ﺗﺼـ‬
‫‪ SIR‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﱪ‬
‫‪ S‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪S‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪SIR‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﻬﺗﺎ ‪ .Power up‬ﻭﻳﻜﻜﻮﻥ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﲞﲞﻔﺾ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ‪ Power doown‬ﻭﺇﻻ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺠﺰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ‪15000Hz‬‬‫ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 1dB‬ﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﺓﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﱄ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺗﻐﲑ ﻫﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺿﻴﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﺤـﺺ ﺍﻟﻟﻔـﺎﺋﺾ )‪RC‬‬

‫‪(CR‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﻘﺔ‬
‫¾ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNC‬ﺟ‬
‫ـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﳍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﻈﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳉـ‬
‫‪ SIR‬ﺍﳌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ‪R‬‬
‫ﺴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺘﻐﻐﲑ ﺑـﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻙ ﺿﻴﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
‫ﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫ ﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺣﱴ‬
‫‪.10-100HZ‬‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳊﻠﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪Z‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻛ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-22‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
Rake Receiver

‫‪ ‬االمستقبل الشو‬
‫وكي ‪ ‬‬ ‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻬﺑـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻬﺑـ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﺭﺍﻳﻠﻲﻲ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1-33‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷـ‬‫ﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﻋﺔ ‪ ،1Km/h‬ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻯ‬‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺧﻔﻮﺗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﺧﻄﻄﺎﺀ ﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻚ‬
‫‪ WCDM‬ﻫﻲ ﻛﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬
‫¾ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻟﻘﻮﻱ )‪ (Turbo Coode , Convvolutional Code‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Interleaviing‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰﻰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﻻ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺖ ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺎﺭ‬
‫¾ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻮﻛﻲ ‪ Rake Reeceiver‬ﻟﺪﺪﻣﺞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺮ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬‫ﻔﻮﺕ ﺭﺍﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
‫ﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻔﻮ‬
‫¾ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳊﻠﻘ‬
‫ﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﲑ‬‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻗﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜ ﱢﻮﱢﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻣﻌﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ )ﻛﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻛﻲ(‪ .‬ﳚﺐ ﺩﻣﻣﺞ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺼ‬
‫ـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﹰﺎ ﻭﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ﻳـ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ ـ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲑ‬
‫‪ Check Cyclic‬ﻭ )‪Forrword Erroor Correctioon (FEC‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Reddundancy (C‬‬ ‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ )‪CRC‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺑﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺤ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﲔ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﺮﻳﻖ )ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ( ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-3‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬المستقبل الشوكي ‪ ‬‬ ‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫‪ 2.3‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪WCDMA‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ TDMA‬ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﰲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌـﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ CDMA‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀـﺠﻴﺞ‬
‫)‪ (SNR‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ‪ Channelization Code‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (DownLink‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺧﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫)‪ (UpLink‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ )‪ (OVSF‬ﻣﻦ ﳐﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ )‪ (Rake Receiver‬ﰎ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ )‪ (Pilot Bits‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﳑـﺎ ﻳﺴـﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ‪ 3‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 6‬ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ )‪.(Fingers‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺻـﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻛ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﳊﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺩﳎﻬﻢ ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻹﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻼ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ )‪ (SNR‬ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﲢﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴـﻞ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﳕﻂ ‪. CDMA‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﺧﺮﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲑ‬‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺑﻊ )‪ (Fiingers‬ﰲ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺻ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﻔﲑ ﻭﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﱯ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ))‪.(MRC‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴ‬
‫ـﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻳﺮﺳﺳـﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻔـ‬ ‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍ‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺑﺖ ﻣﺮﺳﻞ ﻳﻨﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﻔﻚ ﻳﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﻛﱪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﻔﻔﺴﻪ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ‪ ،P-N Coode‬ﻭﻭﲡﻤﻊ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻛﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺒﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿ‬
‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴ‬‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺄﺧﲑﲑﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺋﺞ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-3‬‬
‫‪ 1.2.3‬ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫ـﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌـ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺪ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻰ‬
‫ـﺎﻥ‬
‫ـﻮﻛﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـ‬
‫ﳋﻔﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬ ‫ﺨﺮﺏ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳋ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻂ‬
‫ـﺬﻑ‬‫ﺘﺨﺮﺏ ﻭﻣـﻦ ﰒ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺣـ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺣﺣﻴﺪ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﲣﺮﻳﺒﻳﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﻓﺈﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺨ‬‫ﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻈﻤﻲ )‪MRC‬‬
‫‪(M‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﺍﻷﻋﻈ‬
‫ﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﱄ ﻟﻠـﺪﺪﻣﺞ‬

‫ﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (MRC‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﲝﺜﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ Brrennan‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺞ‬
‫‪ (SN‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺮﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ )‪NR‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺎﻟﻟﻒ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺴ‬
‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (SNR‬ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪R‬‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬

‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (3-33‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﺴﱯ‬
‫ﺼﺔ ‪(Allocated‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼ‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻚ‬
‫ﻧﺴﱯ ﺃﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﳌﺪﻣﺞ ‪.Combined Symboll‬‬
‫)‪ Finggers‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻣﻣﺞ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﱯ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬

‫‪ 2.2.3‬ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-3‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻚ ﻧﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺟﺢ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻗﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻭﺗـﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻷﺻـﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Rake Fingers‬ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻌﻘﺐ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌـﺪﻝ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (Base Station‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘـﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ )‪ (Channel Profile‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ )‪ ،(Chip Rate‬ﻛﻠﻤـﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﻊ ﻣﻌـﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻋـﺮﺽ ﳎـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﳏﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ‪(Base‬‬
‫)‪ Station‬ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺲ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﱢﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﳐﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ‪(Equal‬‬
‫)‪.Gain Combing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀـﺠﻴﺞ ﰲ ﺍﳋـﺮﺝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻣﺞ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ )‪.(MRC‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪Channel Estimation‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺯﻣﲏ ﻷﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﻣـﺪ ﻟﺘﻘـﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻓﻀـﻞ ﺍﻷﺻـﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫)‪.(Echoes‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻘﺪ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌـﺘﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﺰﻳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺑﻠﺮ )‪ (Doppler‬ﺣﱴ ‪ 1000Hz‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﻥ ﻳﻮﻟﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ )‪ (SIR‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻠﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ‪Power‬‬
‫‪ Control Loop‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺿﺠﻴﺠﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ 3.2.3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻱ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،CDMA‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ‪ WCDMA‬ﻭ‪ CDMA2000‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻴﹰﺎ ﺿﻌﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻭﻳﻔﻚ ﻧﺜﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻣـﺰ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﳌـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﳏﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ ،Base Station‬ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﳎﻪ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻜﻚ ﻧﺜﺮ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﰲ ﳕﻂ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺘﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﺩﺩ )‪(FDD‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﳏﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪.61.44MHz‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 1/16‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺎﰿ ‪ 16‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﲢﻜﻢ ﻭ‪ 16‬ﺃﺻﺒﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻟـ ‪ Scrambling Code 16‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻟـ ‪ 16‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺜﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ )‪(OVSF‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ )‪ (de-Scrambling‬ﻭﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑـ ‪ 16‬ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ )ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ( ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﻜﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ )‪ (de-Scrambled‬ﻭﻣﻔﻜﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ )‪.(de-Spread‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﻜﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻜﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻭﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ )ﺗﺄﺧﲑ‪ -‬ﻣﺒﻜﺮ( ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 16‬ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﲢﻜﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺘﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ‪ 16‬ﺃﺻﺒﻊ ﺷﻮﻛﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳏﺮﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ )‪ (RAM‬ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻋﺔ )‪ (16 bits per LUT‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻦ ‪ 16‬ﺇﺻﺒﻊ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﻟـ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻭﺻﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ )‪.Inter Symbol Interference (ISI‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻷﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻲﺀ( ﻭﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﳕـﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻨـﺎﺓ ﰎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬـﺎ ﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ )‪ ،(Indoor‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﱐ ‪(Indoor-‬‬
‫)‪ ،Outdoor‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ )‪ ،(Outdoor‬ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺘـﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣـﻦ ‪ 0‬ﺇﱃ ‪،500Kmph‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪ 5MHz‬ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ )ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ( ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨـﺎﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑـﺪﻭﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻋﺰﻝ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻯ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﺻﺪﻯ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻔﻜﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﺘـﺮﰊ‬
‫)‪) (Viterbi‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻜﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ )‪ ،(Turbo‬ﻣﻔﻜﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ )‪ (Turbo‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻜﻜﻲ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴـﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‪ :‬ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺘـﺮﰊ ﻟﻠﺨـﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﻋﻢ )‪،Soft Output Viterbi algorithms (SOVA‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (MAP‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻨﱢﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Intra Cell‬ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ )‪.(Inter Cell‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻭﺳﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (Mobile Station‬ﻭﺍﶈﻄـﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ )‪.(Base Station‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻌﻘﺐ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪،‬ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻟﻨﺴﱯ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻓﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻒ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻛﺸﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺍﺧﺧﻞ )‪.(SIR‬‬
‫ﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻰ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ )ﰲ ﳏﳏﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ( ﻟﺘﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺧﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ )ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‬
‫ﳋﺮﺝ ﳘـﺎ ﻋـ‬

‫ـﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳏﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩ‬
‫ﳏﺪﺩ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﳍﺬﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﺘﺤ‬
‫‪ 3.3‬ﺍﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻛﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ـﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻـ‬‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (5-3‬ﳐﻄﻂ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻗﻗﻲ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﳌﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻣـﻦ ﺭﻣﻣـﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺒﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻣﺞ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﺣﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻃﻃﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻇﱠﻒ‬ ‫‪ Scrambbling‬ﻭﺣﺣﻴﺪ ﻭﻳﻐﺬﻱ ﺧﺮﺮﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺧ‬
‫ـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻘـ‬‫ﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺯ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﺝ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﻛﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻊ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻟﻺﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ‪ Scrambliing Codee‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻃﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ـﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﳏﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳛـ‬
‫ﻒ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻊ ﳌﻼ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﻣﺰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺻﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻐﺬﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻟﺪﻣﺞ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻊ‬
‫‪ .(Soft & Softer) HO‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺃﺻ‬
‫ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪O‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﻋﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻣﻦ ‪ BS‬ﳎﳎﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻟﻺ‬
‫ﺻﺒﻊ "ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﻭﻳﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻣﱴ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-3‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﻟﻘﻴـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳚﺐ ﻥ‬

‫ﳉﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻘﺔﺔ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ـﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﳏﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓـﺔ ﺿـ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺒ ﺚ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪O‬‬

‫‪HO‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺻ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓﺓ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (66-3‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻤﻞ‬
‫ــ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺃﺻـﻔﺎﺭ ﺑـ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﻓﻖ ﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺏ‬ ‫‪ Soft‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺒﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ BS‬ﺃﺧ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Scrambliing Code‬ﻗﺒﺒـﻞ‬
‫)‪ .Channelizaation Codee (0‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻭﻭﻧﺜﺮﻩ ﻋﻦ ﻖ‬
‫‪.I/Q‬‬
‫ﲤﺮﻳﺮﻫﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﱢﻝ ‪Q‬‬
‫ــ‬
‫‪ .Scraambling Code‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠـ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻝ‬
‫ﺊ‬
‫‪ WCDM‬ﻫﻮ )‪ .(3.844Mchip/s‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ 388400‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻛﻞﻞ ‪ 10ms‬ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Scrambbling Codee‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻛﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﻃـﻮﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ BS‬ﺗﺗﻀﺮﺏ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ D‬ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪DL‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﻋﻲ ‪I‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Scrambbling Codde‬ﻰ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻌﻘﺪﻱ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻢ‬
‫ﻑ‬
‫ﻭ ‪.Q‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-3‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻮﻛﻲ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻥ‬
‫‪ WC‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7-3‬ﳐﻄﻂ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪CDMA‬‬
‫ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﲤﺮﻳﺮ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺒﺎﺕ ‪ .I/Q‬ﻭﺑﻌﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﺮﺮﻳﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺮ‬
‫ـﺬﻩ‬‫ﺳـﻮﻑ ﺗﻌـﻮﱢﺽ ﻫـ‬‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﱠﻟﻔﺔ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﻷﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺻﺮ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﻋﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺗﺄﺧﺧﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﲑﲑ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ‪ I‬ﻭ ‪ Q‬ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺑﻄﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ Scrrambling Code‬ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﺧﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻣﺞ ﻉ‬
‫ﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ‪ Channelizzation Codde‬ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻌَﺘﻤِﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﻣﲏ‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻛﻠﻪﻪ ﺃﺻﻔﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻦ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﱴ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ‪ Scrambbling Codde‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻹﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻔﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺣﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﱠﻤﻰ )ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟِﻖ ‪ (Sliding Correlatorr‬ﻪ‬
‫ـﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺒﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺴـ‬
‫ﺿﺠﻴﺞ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ‪ Channellization Coode‬ﻟﻘﻨﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻻﺳـﺘﺮﺟﺟﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺞ‬
‫ـﺮﻯ‬‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﻗﻔـﺎﻝ ﻣﻜﻜﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺃﺧـ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﺒﻊ ﻳﻌﻴﺪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫ﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪.CRC‬‬
‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﺩﻣﺞ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﰒ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻜﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-3‬‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (8-3‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻦ‬
‫ـﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﻨﺪ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻐﺬﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﳝﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺾ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﲤﺖ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻨﱠ ﺀﺎﺀ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻟﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻣﺞ )ﲨﻊﻊ( ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﺎ‬
‫ﳝﱠﺮﺭ ﻫﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻜﻚ ‪.Vitterbi‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ )‪ (±0.5chip‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻜﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻞ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ 1-2μμs‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻪ‬
‫ﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﺧﲑﲑﺍﺕ ﺣﱴ ‪.300μs‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ 20μs‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ )ﺍﳉﺒﻠﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺒﻼﺕ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺪﻣﺞ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞﺞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻈﻤﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺃﻣﺎ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺑـﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻩ‬
‫ﻖ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻯ ﺑﻴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻬﺗﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-3‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬


‫א א‬ ‫א‬
Hand Over ‫מ‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ Han‬‬
‫التسلييم ‪ndOver‬‬ ‫الفصل الرابع‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻴﻢ ‪D OVER‬‬
‫‪HAND‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻘﻠـﻪ‬

‫‪ HandOver‬ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﺔ‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫(‬
‫)‪(HO‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﳏﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻫﻫﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻳﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﳏﻄ‬
‫‪Soft H‬‬
‫‪HandOver 1.4‬‬
‫ـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬـﺎ ﻭﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘـ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﳊﻈﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳊ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻣﻮﺻ‬
‫ـﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ـﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴـ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻄﺔ ﻗﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣـ‬‫ﺑﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻛﻞ ﺇﺻﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻛﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫‪ Soft‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺘﺮﺮﺍﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫ﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟـ ‪ft HO‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﻕ‬
‫ـﺪﺓ‬‫‪ Soft‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﻴـ‬‫ﻟﻠـ ‪S HO‬‬ ‫ﺯﻣﲏ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ـ‬ ‫ﻧﺜﺮ ﳐﺘﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﲏ‬
‫ـﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺗﻜـ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ Soft HO‬ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﳌﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﺧﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻝ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪H‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﱪ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-4‬‬
‫‪Softer H‬‬
‫‪HandOver 2.4‬‬
‫‪ .Node-B‬ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻷﻓﺮﻉ ‪ Softer HO‬ﻦ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺘﲔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟـ ‪B‬‬
‫ﲔ ﺧﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﲔ‬‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﻴﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻞ‬
‫ﲡﻤﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Node--B‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻉ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Han‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-4‬‬
‫‪Hard H‬‬
‫‪Handover 3.4‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪ RF‬ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟــ ‪E‬‬
‫‪،UE‬‬ ‫ﻑ‬
‫ـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﺘﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳛـ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﲔ‬
‫‪ UM‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪.GSSM‬‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪MTS‬‬ ‫‪ CDMA‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﲔ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻣﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ ،G‬ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HandOverrs‬ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪GSM‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴـﻢ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟـ ‪ .UE‬ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻓﺈﻬﻧـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻗﻴﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Active .I‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Moonitored .II‬ﺍ ﹸﳌﺮﺍﹶﻗﺒَﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ D‬ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Detected .III‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﻤـﺔ‬

‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ‬
‫ﲢﺘﻮﻮﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻛﻞ ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻟﻠـ ‪ Sofft HO‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻥ‬
‫"ﻋﺘﺒﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ" ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.UE‬‬
‫ـﺎﺽ‬‫ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻓﻴﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳔﻔـ‬

‫ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻤﺎ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣ‬
‫‪ Drop‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌـﺪ ﻭﻋﻨﻨـﺪ‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺪﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ‪timerr‬‬
‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺪ‬
‫ﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﲝﺬﻑ ﻫﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺪﺓ ﲢﺖ‬
‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Ping-- Pong‬‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺚ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪UTR‬‬ ‫ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪RAN‬‬‫ﺇﻥ ﻗﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺘﺒﱵ ﺍﻹﺿ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻳُﻌﹶﻠﹶﻢ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺑﺎﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻩ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Han‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ـﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ‪ HO‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻀـ‬‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻤﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ 4.4‬ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ـﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄـﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜـ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ SSDT‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﻤﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺨ‬‫‪ UE‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـ ‪U‬‬‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ .Soft HO‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﳜ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﺑﺎﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻫﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-4‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﻗﺘﺔ ‪ ID‬ﻭﻳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺭﻙ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺍﺍﻟـ ‪ ID‬ﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺜﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺚ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻛﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻳﺔ ‪.RRC‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ‬
‫ﻋﱪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺚ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟـ‪ SSDT‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ ID‬ﱪ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫‪ RN‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪Soft Handover‬‬

‫‪ 5.4‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟـ ‪NC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-44‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬التسليم ‪ HandOver‬‬ ‫الفصل الرابع‬
‫‪ .1‬ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻜﺎﳌﺔ‬
‫‪Softer HO .2‬‬
‫‪Soft HO .3‬‬
‫‪Serving RNC .4‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Serving RNC‬ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Drift RNC‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Serving RNC‬ﺑﻨﺴﺦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ IU‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟــ ‪ Drift RNC‬ﻭﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ Serving RNC‬ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DRNC‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Serving RNC‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺘّﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ‪ DRNC‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ‪. UE‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪ :SRNS‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ‪. Iu‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DRNC‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ SRNC‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ UE‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠـ ‪ SRNC‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ (S&D) RNC‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ UTRAN‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺰﻭﺩﻧـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ SRNC‬ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ CN‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DRNC‬ﺑﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪) SRNC‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Node-B‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟـﻞ ﺍﻟــ ‪Softer‬‬
‫‪ ،(HO‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ )‪.(Rake Receiver‬‬
‫‪ 6.4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ‪ HO‬ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪WCDMA‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺣﱴ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ،WCDMA‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،(Soft & Softer) HO‬ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ )‪ (Inter-Rat‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ (Soft & Softer) HO‬ﻟﻠـ ‪ UE‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،Soft HO‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳـﺔ ‪ RBS‬ﺑـﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺩﻓـﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭ ﺩﳎﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻹﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﲪﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Softer HO‬ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻣﻊ ﳏﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺻـﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟـ ‪ Softer HO‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺑﺎﻟــ‪ HO‬ﺇﱃ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩ ﺁﺧـﺮ ﺿـﻤﻦ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Hard HO‬‬
‫ﳛﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪ INTER-RAT HandOver‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ‪ ،CS‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪ WCDMA‬ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫‪ GSM‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Hard HO‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪ Inter-Rat Cell Change‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺟـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PS‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻣـﻦ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪ .GPRS‬ﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ )ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪) UE‬ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ(‪ .‬ﻻﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔـﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠـ ‪ UE‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ )ﺑﲔ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﻢ ‪ WCDMA‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ (Soft or Softer) HO‬ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ "ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UEs‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (5-4‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Soft HO‬ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ .WCDMA‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻣﺒﺘﻌﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ‪ RBS1‬ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ‪ RBS2‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ ،RBS2‬ﻓﺎﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻻ ﲤﻠـﻚ ﺃﻱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻔـﻴﺾ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ‪ UE‬ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ RBS2‬ﻗـﺪ ﻳﺴـﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ‪ .RBS2‬ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﳜﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ‪ Hard HO‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟــ ‪ RBS2‬ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ RBS2‬ﻹﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ‪ UE‬ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Han‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-44‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼ ﳏﻄﻄﱵ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻤﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟـ ‪ (Soft&Softerr) HO‬ﻟﻠـ ‪ UE‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺢ‬
‫ﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-44‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ‪ Ec/No‬ﻊ‬‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7-4‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍ ﺞ‬
‫ـﻂ‬‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻴﺔ ‪ 1‬ﻓﻘـ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺕ )‪ (t-add‬ﻭ)‪ (t-drop‬ﺑﺸﻜﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺭﺅﻳﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪ (2,3‬ﰒ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ) ‪2‬‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫‪ HO‬ﰒ‬‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ‪O Soft‬‬ ‫ﻼﻳﺎ )‪ (1,2‬ﻦ‬ ‫‪ Soft H‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﻼ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪HO‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧ‬
‫ﺃﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻴﻴﺔ ‪ 3‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 2dB‬ﺩﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺪﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﳌﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﺧـﻞ‬ ‫ﺼﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣ‬ ‫‪ Hard H‬ﳛﺼ‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪HO‬‬
‫ﻆ‬
‫ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﻹﻳﺎﺏ(‪ .‬ﰲ ﲔ‬‫ﺿﻌﺖ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟـ‪ HO‬ﺩ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺿ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ )ﺑﺴ‬
‫ﺩ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 2ddB‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺣﺪﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،Soft HO‬ﳛﳛﺼﻞ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪O‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Han‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-44‬‬
‫ـﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (8-4‬ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﳏﻄﱵ ﺍﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻤﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺧـﻼﻝ ‪ ،Soft HO‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـ‬‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.UL‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-44‬‬
‫ـﻂ‪،‬‬‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﻄـﺔ ﻓﻘـ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ UE‬ﻣﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑـ ‪ RBSS1‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻗـﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺼـﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﳍﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﺮﻙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﻳﺼ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻣـﻦ ﻫـ‬‫ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ RBS2‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ‬
‫‪ RB‬ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻘﻄﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲡﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ )‪ (t-addd‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿ‬
‫‪BS2‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ UE‬ﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻜﻢ‬‫‪ ،Soft HO‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ‪U‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪O‬‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ـﻴﺾ‬‫ﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻷﻷﻭﺍﻣـﺮ ﲣﻔـ‬ ‫‪ UE‬ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،RBS1‬ﻭﻳﺴ‬ ‫ﲑﹰﺍ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ‪U‬‬ ‫ﳊﻄﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺧﲑ‬‫ﻛﻼ ﺍﳊ‬
‫ـﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻛـﻼ ﺍﶈﻄـ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻃﻃﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻦ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫‪ UE‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ .RB‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺰﻳﺪ ‪U‬‬ ‫ﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪BS2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﶈﻄﺘﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻚ‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟــ‬

‫ﺳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UEs‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ Soft HO‬ﺗﺪﺍﺧ ﹰ‬
‫‪ HO‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Soft HO‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.UE‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DL‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺑﺢ ﻛﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﲟﺤﻄـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟـ ‪) Macro‬ﻣﻌﲎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺳﻴﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺼ ﹰ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺻﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﺑﻄﺘﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Soft HO‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪.WCDMA‬‬

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ Soft HO‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻔـﺮﻁ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ HO‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠـ ‪ UE‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ‪ Soft HO‬ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ‪ HO‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﳏﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳜﻔﺾ ‪ Soft HO‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (9-4‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ‪MM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ‬

‫‪Hard HO‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻗﺼﲑ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫‪Cell_DCH‬‬
‫‪Soft HO‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫‪Hard HO‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻗﺼﲑ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫‪Cell_FACH‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫‪Cell_PCH‬‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫‪URA_PCH‬‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟـ ‪URA‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(9-4‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WCDMA ‫מ‬

‫‪ WC‬‬
‫الطبقات ووالقنوات في ننظام ‪CDMA‬‬ ‫الفصل الخامس‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 1.5‬ﻣﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺍﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺎﻟﺚ ‪3GPP‬‬
‫ـﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ 1998‬ﻟﺘﺴـ‬‫ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻡ‬
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )‪ (3GPPP‬ﰲ ﻊ‬ ‫ﰎ ﺗﺄﺳﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻞ‬
‫ـﺚ‪.‬‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ‪ .IMT-20000‬ﻫﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻋﻠﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﲑ‬
‫‪.ET‬‬
‫ﲑ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ‪TSI‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻳﻮﻳﺔ ‪.ARIB‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺑﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪.ANSSI T1‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ‪.TTA‬‬ ‫ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ‪.TTC‬‬ ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪.CWTS‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻻﺗﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﻗﺎﻣـﺖ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻋـﺔ‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1-5‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ‪ 3GPP‬ﺇﱃ ﳎﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺻ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳉﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (TSG-RA‬ﺑﺈﻧﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺗﺘﻌﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳉ‬
‫)‪AN‬‬
‫‪) GSM‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺷﺒﻜﻜﺎﺕ‬

‫‪G‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻟـ ‪ CN‬ﻭﺍﻟﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﲑ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ‪.(EDGE‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-5‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ )‪ (FFDD & TDD‬ﰲ‬

‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﰎ ﺗﻐﻄﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳕﺎﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺘﻘﺴ‬
‫ـﻜﻞ ﺟﻴـﺪ ﲟﲟﺠـﺎﻝ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺕ ‪ TDD‬ﻟﺸﺒﻜﻜﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺑﺸـ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢﺢ ﳕﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ FD‬ﻫﻮ ﳕﻂ ﻣﻔﻴﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﳕﻂ ﺍﻟـ ‪DD‬‬
‫‪ ،(5M‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟـ ‪ (100MHz) FDD‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷ ﻞ‬ ‫)‪MHz‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﳊـﺎﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻛﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﻟـ ‪ IMT-20000‬ﱃ‬ ‫ﱵ ﰎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲣﺼﻴ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬‫‪ .IM‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨ‬ ‫ﻒ ‪MT-2000‬‬ ‫‪ PCS‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﻴﻒ‬‫‪P‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺍﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜـﺲ ‪IS995‬‬ ‫ﻇﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ UL‬ﻭ‪ .(1910-1930) DL‬ﻰ‬ ‫‪ W‬ﰲ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ‪ PCS‬ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔ‬ ‫‪WCDMA-T‬‬ ‫‪TDD‬‬
‫ـﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﻭ‪ ،CDMA20000‬ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BS‬ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA-FDD‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﺰﺰﺍﻣﻦ ‪ .GPS‬ﻭﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻨـ‬
‫‪ .GPS‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪G‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺩ‬ ‫‪ B‬ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪BSs‬‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ـﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻧﻈـﺎﻣﻲ ‪ CDMA20000‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪ OHG‬ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎﺎﻡ ﺍﳌـﺰﻭﺩﻳﻦ ‪G‬‬ ‫ﻯ‬
‫ـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺍﻷﺳﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﳌـﺰﻭﺩﻳﻦ ﺇﺿـ‬ ‫ﻘﲔ ﻋﺘﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﲡﲡﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ‪ .ANSII-41‬ﺍ‬ ‫‪WCD‬ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﲔ‬ ‫‪DMA‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻼ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻘـﺔ‬
‫‪ CDMA‬ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ‪ GSM‬ﻭ‪ GPRS‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﻼ‬ ‫‪ WC‬ﻭ‪A2000‬‬ ‫ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ‪CDMA‬‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ‪15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960,‬‬ ‫ـﺪﻻﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻣﻌـ ﺕ‬‫‪W‬‬ ‫ـﺎﻡ‬
‫ـﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈ ـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺎﺋﻴـ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺭﻣﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳒﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫‪ 19220KSymboole/s‬ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 2048kbpps‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-5‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻃﻴﻴﻒ ‪T-2000‬‬

‫‪IMT‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (2-5‬ﲣﺼﻴﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻣﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﳓﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭ ﲔ‬
‫ﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈـ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺕ ‪ PCS‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﺴﺒ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺣﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪ WCDM‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺖ‬ ‫ﻈﻤﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪MA‬‬ ‫‪ TDD‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻈ‬‫‪ PCS‬ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﳕﻂ ‪D‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪ WC‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻛﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﻃﻃﻴﻒ ‪CDMA‬‬
‫ـﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟـﻞ ﺍﳋـﺪﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺳـﻠ‬
‫‪ 90MH‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫• ‪ 2500-2690MHz‬ﺍﻟﺬﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ‪Hz‬‬
‫‪ SPR‬ﻭ‪.Worlddcom‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪RINT‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻮﻣـﺔ ﻭﺍﳋـﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻦ‬ ‫‪ 1710-1755MHz‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ‪ 45MHzz‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1755-1850MHz‬ﻭﺍﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ‪Hz‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫‪ 2110-2150MHz‬ﻭﺍﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ‪Hz‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﳋﺪﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬‫‪ 2160- 2165 MHz‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ‪ 5MHz‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ M‬ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﻷﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﻣﻣﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺳﺘﺴـﺘﻌﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟـ ‪MSS‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-5‬‬
‫‪ Iu‬ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬

‫ﻜﻞ)‪I .(3-5‬‬
‫‪ WCDMA-R‬ﻫﻲ ‪ Iu‬ﻭ‪ Iuur‬ﻭ‪ Iub‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜ‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪RAN‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ ‪.Iu‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻥ‬
‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫• ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ‪ Iu‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺻ‬

‫ﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ ‪ PS‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪. GPRS‬‬
‫ﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ ‪ CS‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪. MSC‬‬
‫• ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ‪ Iu‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺻ‬
‫‪،RB‬‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ‪BS‬‬

‫ﻼﻕ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺫ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺇﻃﻼ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ‪ Iu‬ﻋﺪﺓ ﺔ‬
‫ـﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ـﺒﻜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧـﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ‪ HO‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔﺔ‪ ،‬ﲣﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫‪ .CN‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـ‬
‫‪ RAN‬ﺇﱃ ‪C‬‬ ‫‪ ،WCDM‬ﻭﻣﻌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ‪N‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬
‫‪ Iub .RNC‬ﻫﻫـﻲ‬ ‫‪C Soft HO‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺩﻋﻢ ‪O‬‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻫﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻦ‬
‫‪ Iur‬ﻓﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺘﺤ‬
‫‪.RNC‬‬ ‫ﲔ ‪ RBS‬ﻭ‪C‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬الطبقات والقنوات في نظام ‪ WCDMA‬‬ ‫الفصل الخامس‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪RAN‬‬
‫‪ :RNS‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺑﲔ ‪ UE‬ﻭ‪.CN‬‬
‫‪ :RNC‬ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNS‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :RBS‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Un Interface‬ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ UE‬ﻭ‪.RBS‬‬
‫‪ :Iu‬ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ‪ CN‬ﻭ‪.RNS‬‬
‫‪ :Iur‬ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ‪ RNS‬ﻭ‪ RNS‬ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Iub‬ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ‪ RNC‬ﻭ‪.RBS‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ‪:WCDMA‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪:‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ o‬ﺑﺚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺗﺸﻔﲑ ﻭﻓﻚ ﺗﺸﻔﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻛﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ‪.HandOver‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟـ ‪.RNS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ )ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﲣﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ o‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ o‬ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫‪ 2.5‬ﳕﳕﻮﺫﺝ ‪ OSI‬ﻟﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪WCDMA‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻜﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ))‪ .(4-5‬ﻳﺴـﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻣﺴﺘﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﺭﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﻮ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺟـﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﺷـﲑ‬
‫‪.Signaaling‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-5‬‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳕﻮﻮﺫﺝ ‪ OSI‬ﻟﻨﻈﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻ‬ ‫‪.I‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.II‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.III‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﰿ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫‪ Radio Resource Control (R‬ﰿ‬ ‫ﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ )‪RRC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜ‬
‫ﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺼ‬
‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﺎﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ UE‬ﻭﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ .RNC‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ CN‬ﻟـﺪﻋﻢ ﺟـ‬
‫‪ Radio‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺑﲔ ‪ UE‬ﻭ ‪C‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﻱ )‪Acccess Beareer (RAB‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‬
‫‪.UMT‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ‪ QoS‬ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺎﺕ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ‪TS‬‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻟـ ‪ RABs‬ﳐﳐﻄﻄﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻛﻞ ﺣﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﳐﻄﻄﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﻴـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤ‬
‫‪ (UE-RNC‬ﻣﻣـﻊ‬ ‫‪ ،Radio‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ‪ RLC‬ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻟـ )‪C‬‬ ‫‪o Link Conntrol (RLC‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ )‪C‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻥ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷـﲑ‬
‫‪ .L3‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪ L3‬ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻟـ ‪.HO‬‬
‫‪Medium‬‬ ‫ﲣﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ )‪(MAC‬‬
‫)ﳐﺼـﺺ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ .Access Control‬ﻭﲡﻤﻊ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻞ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ(‪ .‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﲣﻄﻂ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲤﻴﱠﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ﻭ‪ Channelization Code‬ﻭ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ Forward Error Correction (FEC‬ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻭﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ‪ Rate Matching‬ﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻣﺰﺓ ﻟﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻭﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻣﺰﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﲝﺚ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ )ﻟﻠﺸﺮﳛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ(‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺩﻋﻢ ‪.Soft HO‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻣﻌـﺪﻝ ﳏـﻮ ﺍﻹﻃـﺎﺭ )‪Frame Eraser Radio (FER‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭ)‪ Signal Interference Ratio (SIR‬ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (5-5‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ DL‬ﻭ‪ .UL‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻞ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ DL‬ﻭ‪ UL‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ )‪Dedicated Physical Data (DPDCH‬‬
‫‪ Channel‬ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪ ،L3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟــ ‪ .HO‬ﻗﻨـﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ )‪ Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH‬ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻓﻘـﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ‪ ،L1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-5‬‬
‫‪WCDMA‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪ 3.5‬ﺍﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔﺔ )‪ (DL‬ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡﻡ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(66-5‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻭﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺳﻞ ))‪ (Cell‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺫﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﲤﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﺘﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻤﻦ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻘﻞ ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻒ ﲣﻄﻂ‬‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﻛﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﻨﻮﻮﺍﺕ ﺇﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ (CRC, FEC,‬ﻗﺒﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﲣﻄﻂ ﺿ‬‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )‪Interleaving‬‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﲤﻠﻚ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﳐﻄﻄﺔ ﺿ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﳏﻮﱢﻝ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺗﻔﺮﻉ ‪ S/P‬ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﻓﺮﻋﺎ ‪ I/Q‬ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑـ ‪ Channelization Code‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ‪ ،3.84Mchip/s‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻀﺮﺏ ﺑـ‬
‫‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ (6-5‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪Scrambling‬‬
‫‪ Code‬ﻣُﺴﺘَﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺗﻜﱪ ﻭﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1.3.5‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ‪Logical Channels‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫• ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺚ )‪ Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄـﺔ ﻟﺒـﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ )‪ Paging Control Channel (PCCH‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄـﺔ ﺗﺮﺳـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ‪.Idle‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ )‪ Common Control Channel (CCCH‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﻴـﺔ ﺗﺮﺳـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻔـﺎﺫ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ )‪ Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ UE‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺆﺳﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪.RCC‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ )‪ Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﳐﺼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DTCH‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DL‬ﻭ‪.UL‬‬
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‫‪ 2.3.5‬ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪Transport Channel‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻣﲔ ﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻭﲟﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﳐﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ ﳐﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ )‪ .Dedicated Channel (DCH‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻛـﻼ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻠﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪ DCH‬ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺚ )‪ Broadcast Channel (BCH‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒـﺚ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ BCH‬ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ )‪ Forward Access Channel (FACH‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄـﺔ ﲢﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UEs‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UEs‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪.BS‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ )‪ Paging Channel (PCH‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3.3.5‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪Physical Channel‬‬
‫ﰎ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ )ﺑﺜﻬﺎ( ﺇﱃ ﻛـﻞ ﺍﻟــ ‪ UEs‬ﺑــ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ" ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﺸـﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ )‪Primary Common Control (P-CCPC‬‬

‫‪ Physical Channel‬ﺗﺒﺚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ )‪ Synchronization Channel (SCH‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪) Scrambling Code‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ .(64‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺎﹰ )ﺿﻤﻦ ‪ 10%‬ﻓﻘـﻂ( ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪P-‬‬
‫‪ CCPCH‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ )‪ 90%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ(‪.‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳـﺔ )‪Secondary Common Control (S-CCPCH‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ‪ PCH‬ﻭﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ‪ .FACH‬ﻭﻫـﻲ‬ ‫‪ Physical Channel‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﻛ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻏﺮ ‪ ،Idle‬ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪ .UE‬ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
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‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH‬ﺗﺮﺳـﻞ‬

‫‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DL‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ )‪ HO‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DL‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ UEs‬ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼـﺔ )‪Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ‪.L3‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ )‪Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ L1‬ﺇﱃ ‪ UE‬ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﳏﺪﺩ ﻟﻠـ ‪ .UE‬ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺑـ "ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ"‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﲢﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﳐﻄﻄﺔ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ )‪ Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪RBS‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ )ﺣﺼﻞ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪) UE‬ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠـ‬
‫‪.(UE‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ )‪ Paging Indicator Channel (PICH‬ﺗُﻌﻠِﻢ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺇﻃـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ‪CPICH‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7-5‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ CPICH‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟـﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ HO‬ﻟﻠـ ‪ .UE‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ‪.CPICH‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-5‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬

‫ﻡ‬ ‫‪Scrrambling Code‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪ 18 WCDM‬ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬
‫ـﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ‪ 34800‬ﺷﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ 262143‬ﺃﺃﻱ )‪1‬‬
‫ـﺬﻩ‬
‫‪ 10ms‬ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪348000‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻭﻭﻳﺸـﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﻫـ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔﺔ ‪ 3.844Mchip/s‬ﺳﻴﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ 2560‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﻣﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ‪ 155‬ﺣﻴﺰ ﺯﻣﲏ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳛﺘﻮﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻮﻮ )‪.(10 10 /15 6666.667μs‬‬
‫ـﻮﻝ‬‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻴـﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻃـ‬

‫ﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7-5‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﲣﻄﻂ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸ‬
‫ﺗﻌـﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ‪ 10‬ﺭﻣـﻮﺯ‬‫‪ Channelization Code‬ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ) ‪ (C ,‬ﻫﻲ ‪ 256‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮ‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﳝﻜﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﳏﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺯﺯﻣﲏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪ (100×2‬ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺖ‬
‫‪ P-CCP‬ﻭﻗﻨﺎﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ‪CH‬‬

‫‪SC‬‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪PCH‬‬
‫ـﻜﻞ‬‫‪ .SC‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬ ‫ﺚ ‪ BCH‬ﻭﻗﻨﺎﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ‪CH‬‬ ‫ﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸ‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪SCH‬‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻟﻴﺔ ‪ P-CCPCH‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫)‪ (8-5‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ﲡﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ PP-CCPCH‬ﻗﺪ ﰎ‬
‫‪ .(SF==256) 30K‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﺋﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺛﺎﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﻮ ‪Kbps‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﻛﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻢﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺘﻌﻤﻞ ) ‪ (C ,‬ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺐ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪.UE‬‬‫ﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪Es‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻜﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ‬‫ﻚ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-5‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭﻝ ‪ 2556‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻹﺭﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻗﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 25560‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴ‬
‫ـﺮﳛﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪ 2304‬ﺷـ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ )‪ (2560-2556‬ﻱ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪9‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺯﻣﲏ ﳛﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (2304/2556‬ﻱ‬
‫‪ .BC‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻫﻮ ‪ ،256‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻞ‬ ‫ﳊﻤﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺚ ‪CH‬‬
‫ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ )‪ 18 (9××2‬ﺑﺖ ﻣﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻟﺒﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ‪PCH‬‬

‫‪S-CCP‬‬
‫ـﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (9-5‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪CPCH‬‬

‫‪ S-CC‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﺎﻝ ﻗﻨﺎﰐ ﻧﻘﻞ ﳐﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ ﻗﻨﺎﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻣـ‬
‫‪ FA‬ﻭﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﻌﺎﺭ ‪.PCH‬‬
‫‪ACH‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(9-5‬‬
‫ﺼـﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﺼ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﰲ ﳕﻂ ‪ Idle‬ﻭﻟﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻀ‬ ‫ﹶﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻞ‬‫ﺗُﺮﺍﻗﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪ .L3‬ﲟﲟـﺎ‬
‫ﺾ‬ ‫‪ .(Cell-FAC‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ‪ PS‬ﲟﲟﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫)‪CH‬‬
‫ﳕﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﳚﳚﺐ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺩﻣـ‬
‫ـﺞ ﺑﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻘـﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻂ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ـﻼﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄـﻊ ‪ DTX‬ﻹﻋـ‬
‫ﻊ‬ ‫‪ Transsport Form‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪mat Combinnation Indiication (TF‬‬ ‫)‪FCI‬‬
‫ﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﳕﺎﻁ‬
‫ـﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺳـ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺸ‬
‫‪ 16‬ﺑﺖ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﻛﺴﻠﺴﻠﻠﺔ )ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ( ﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺃﺃﻭ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 4‬ﺇﱃ ‪.256‬‬
‫ﲤﻠﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺜﺮ ﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ‪PICH‬‬

‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺆ‬
‫‪.PICH‬‬
‫ﺷﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ‪H‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (10-5‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺆﺷ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(10-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ UE‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ PCH‬ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﳕﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ‪ Sleep‬ﻟﻠـ ‪U‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ‪H‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳ‬
‫‪ .S-C‬ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﻡ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ‪CCPCH‬‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PIICH‬ﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟـ ‪UE‬‬ ‫ﳕﻂ ‪ .Idle‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨ‬‫ﰲ ﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪ 1‬ﻓﻘﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻬﻧﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄـﻰ ﰲ‬
‫ﻰ‬ ‫‪ 256‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺜﺮ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PICH‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 300‬ﺖ‬ ‫ﻒ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ‪ 12‬ﺑـﺖ ﻏﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ‪ .PIs‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻙ‬ ‫‪ .P-CCPCH‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻭﻝﻝ ‪ 288‬ﺑﺖ ﳊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪H‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ 16‬ﺑﺖ ﻭﻛﺬﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ‪ PIs‬ﰲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺣـﺪ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺘﻄﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2‬ﱃ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UEs‬ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﻞ ﳎﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺷﺷـﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﲑﻣﻦ ‪ 18‬ﺇﱃ ‪ .1444‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘ ﻢ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﻗـﻢ ﺍﻟــ )‪Inteernational Mobile (IIMSI‬‬ ‫‪ UE‬ﺍﻟـ ‪ PI‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺴﺐ ﺍﻟـ ‪U‬‬ ‫ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ‪ PI‬ﳏﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﳛﺴ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫‪ .Subsccriber Idenntity‬ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺪ )ﻛﻢ ﻣﻣﺮﺓ؟( ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PI‬ﻋﻠﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﻘﻄﻊ ‪ ،DRX‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻟـ ‪ PI‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺓ‬ ‫‪ .P-CCPPCH‬ﺗﻌﺮﱠﻑ‬
‫‪PCH‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟــ ‪H‬‬ ‫ﱠﻞ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺭﺳ‬
‫ـ ‪ UEs‬ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻤﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PI‬ﺗُﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫‪ ،1‬ﻳﻮﻮﺟﺪ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺷﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ UE‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻱ ‪ UE‬ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟـ ‪U‬‬ ‫‪ IM‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪MSI‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ .S-CCPPCH‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ .Idle‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺍﻟـ ‪ PI‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 0‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪.Sleep‬‬
‫ﺨﺼﺼﺔ ‪DPDCH‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﲢﻜﻢﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ DPDC‬ﺓ‬ ‫ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ‪CH‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (111-5‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ WCDMA‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬
‫‪ D‬ﺯﻣﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺣﻴﺰ ﺯﻣﲏ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺼﺼﺔ ‪DPCCH‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺼ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(11-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫‪ .L3‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪ DPPCCH‬ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪L‬‬
‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪ DPPDCH‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻜ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻘﻘﺔ ‪ ،L1‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻒ‬
‫‪ o‬ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺑﺎﳊﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ TPPC‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨ‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫‪ o‬ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺷﺷﺮ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﻘﻞ ‪ ،TFCI‬ﻭﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺒﻞ ﺑﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﲝﻤﻞ ﻣﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﺍﻟـ ‪ SF‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 4‬ﺣﱴ ‪ 512‬ﻟﻠﺴ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(12-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (112-5‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲪ‬

‫ﲪﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﻄﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻗﺒـﻞ ‪ DPPDCH‬ﻭ‪.DPPCCH‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﻔﺮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﻣﺰ ﻫﻮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻧﺼ‬
‫ﻆ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﲟﻌﺪﻝ‬‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﲟﻌ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺮﻉ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲪ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻫﻮ ‪ 15Kbps‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺜﺮ‬
‫‪ Channnelization Code‬ﻞ‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻘﲔ ﺑـ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﲔ‬‫‪ (15/2) 7.5K‬ﺑﺪﻓﻘﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻘﻠﲔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺏ‬ ‫‪Kbps‬‬
‫‪ .SF==512‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ 512‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺪﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲪﻞ )‪ (388400/512‬ﺃﻱ ‪ 75‬ﺭﻣﻣـﺰ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻘـﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻃﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ 60 .‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ )‪ 150 (75×2‬ﺑﺖ ﺑﺈﻃﺎ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ـﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ DPD‬ﻭ‪ 90‬ﻣﻨﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﲢﻜﻢ ‪ L11‬ﰲ ‪ .DPCCH‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﻮﺟﺪ ‪ 15‬ﺣﻴﺰ ﺯﻣﲏ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻃـ‬ ‫‪DCH‬‬
‫ﺍﻟــ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ـ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺴ‬
‫‪ 4 DPD‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ‪ 10‬ﺑﺖ‪ .‬ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻗﻨﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟـ ‪DCH‬‬
‫‪.DPCC‬‬‫ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪CH‬‬
‫‪ DPD‬ﻭ‪CCH‬‬
‫‪DPC‬‬ ‫ـﻮﺍﺕ ‪DCH‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﻗﻨـ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (113-5‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﹰﺎ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺓ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(13-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ ﳘ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـ‬

‫‪ TFC‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻙ‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ )ﺑﲎ( ﺍﳊﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ‪CI‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.DCH‬‬
‫ﻀﻐﻮﻁ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳـﺔ ﻣﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﻐ‬
‫ـ ‪ A‬ﺃﻭ ‪ B‬ﺗﺴ‬
‫ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻴﺰﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑـ‬
‫ـﻦ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ‪nonn-‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ 8‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 14‬ﺣﻴﻴﺰ ﺗﺮُﺳﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﻣـ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪ GSM‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺎﻡ ﺑـ ‪ Hard HOs‬ﳊﻮﺍﻣﻣﻞ‬‫‪ W‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪M‬‬ ‫‪WCDMA‬‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻟﺘﻮﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (14-5‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻂ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(14-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (15-5‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻗﻗﺤﺎﻡ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳊﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(15-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻠﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳊﻘـ‬‫ﺕ ‪ SIR‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﻃﺎﺭ )‪ (FSW‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ TPC‬ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺯﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺽ‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (16-5‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﻥ ﺃﳕﺎﺎﻁ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(16-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﳋﻄﺄ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻜﻞ‬‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺪ‬
‫ـﺄ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻣﻌـﺪﻻﺕ‬‫ﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻹﳒﳒﺎﺯ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﻳﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳋﻄـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ TPC‬ﺣﱴ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻟـ ‪ SF‬ﻋﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ـﺬﻩ‬
‫‪ ،TFCI‬ﲟـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫـ‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺼﻞ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (17-5‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺕ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻔﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻛﻛﻞ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ 32‬ﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 10‬ﱃ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(17-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ TFCI‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ 32‬ﺑﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻚ‬

‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﳍﺎﻡ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﳊﻴـﺰ ‪ ،3A‬ﻳـ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﺪﺩ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺘﺘﺎﺕ ‪ TFCI‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﰲ ﳕﻂ ﺍﳊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧ‬
‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 4‬ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﺍﳊﻴﺰ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺇﺭﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ 8‬ﺣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻃﻃﺎﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲏ‬
‫ﻝ‬
‫ـﺘﻢ‬
‫‪ (8×4‬ﺃﻱ ‪ 32‬ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ‪ 30‬ﺑﺑﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ )‪ (15×2‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺘـﺎﻥ ﻳـ‬ ‫) ‪8‬‬
‫ـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻌﺎﻣﻼﻥ ﻛﺄﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻳـ‬
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ )‪ .(Puunctured‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻣﻣﺰﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻱ‬
‫ﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﻴﺤﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺏ ‪AICH‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺆ‬
‫‪ AICH‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺘﺴﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻌـﺎﺕ ﳏـﺪﺩﺩﺓ ﰎ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ‪H‬‬
‫‪ .PRACH‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪ AICH‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ .SF=2566‬ﻭﻫﻫـﻲ‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻋﻠﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 5120‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻛﻞ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺫ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ‪ 15‬ﺣﻴﺰ ﻧﻔﻔﺎﺫ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ )ﺗﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻴﺰﺰﻳﻦ( ﻃﻮﻝ ﻞ‬
‫ـﺮﳛﺔ‬‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 1024‬ﺷـ‬
‫ﺤﺼﻴﻞ ‪ AI‬ﺍﳌﺆﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ‪ 32‬ﺭﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﳕﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻮ‬ ‫‪ .(0,-1,+1‬ﻭ ‪,‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻹﺭﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺟﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﻟـ ‪ AI‬ﺍﻟﻘﻟﻘﻴﻢ )‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﲤﻬﻴﻴـﺪ‬

‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪AI‬‬
‫‪ AIC‬ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ .3GPP‬ﺇﻥ ﺟﺰﺀ ـ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (18-5‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪CH‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‪.‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(18-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪ 5.3.5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ‪ng‬‬

‫‪Multiplexin‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﰐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ L3‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ L1‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (19-5‬ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RAB‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﰐ‬
‫‪.DPCH‬‬‫ﺍﻟـ ‪H‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(19-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﺧﺧﲑ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺼﲑﲑ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﺎﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (Speech‬ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫(‬ ‫ﺕ‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ 12.2Kbps‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ‪ .244bits‬ﻳﻘﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﺪﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺕ‬
‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪.200ms‬‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪40m‬‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺄﺷﲑ ‪ L3‬ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ms‬‬‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣُﺮﻣﱢﺰ‬
‫ﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻦ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ 3‬ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔﺔ ﻣﺸﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﳘ‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﺮ ﲟﲟﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺮ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 8bits‬ﰲ ﺃﺧﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪ .L33‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺇﺿ‬ ‫‪ CRC‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭ‪ 16bits‬ﺖ‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 12bits‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿ‬
‫ﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﻣﱢﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﻄﻮﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ 1,2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪ L3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺮﻣﻴـﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﻄـﻮﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ‪Ratte‬‬
‫)‪ (1/3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﻄﻮﺍﺋﻲ )‪ .(1/2‬ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺬﻑ ‪ Puncturinng‬ﻟﻠﻠﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﺪﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪.DPPCH‬‬ ‫‪ Matchhing‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻳﻖ‬
‫‪40m‬‬ ‫ﺼـﻮﺕ ﻭ ‪ms‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﺎﻟﺔ ‪ 20ms‬ﻟﻠﺼ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪.L2‬‬
‫ﲑ‬
‫‪ 20m‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﻨﺪﺪﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺬ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ ﺻﻮﻮﺕ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ms‬‬ ‫ﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ .10ms‬ﺇﻥ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﺣﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪ L3‬ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻊ ﺇﻃ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ‪ .L3‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻤﻴﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻊ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ‪ 15‬ﺣﻴّﺰ ﻭﺃﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺑﺘـ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ‪ 10ms‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻢ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ــ‬‫ﺴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺮﻉ ‪ 30Kbpss‬ﻭﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﺴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪ .L1‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ﲑ‬
‫‪ SF‬ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﻮ ‪.1288‬‬
‫‪ ،84Kbps‬ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ L3‬ﻣﻣـﻊ‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪ RAB‬ﻟﻠـ ‪ PS‬ﲟﻌﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (20-5‬ﲣﻄﻴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ L1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪.DPCH‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(20-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻣـﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ PS‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ 100ms‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪ Turbo‬ﻣﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺕ‬
‫ﻆ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻖ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻹﳒـﺎﺯ ‪Mbps‬‬

‫‪2M‬‬ ‫‪ DPDCH‬ﰲ ‪ DL‬ﻣﻦ ﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ‪H‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (221-5‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟـ ‪CH‬‬
‫‪DPCC‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(21-5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪WCDMA‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ )‪ (UL‬ﻟﻨﻈﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ 4.5‬ﺍﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ـﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ UE‬ﻫـﻮ ﺍﳌﺮﺳـ‬
‫ﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪U‬‬
‫‪) WC‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﻈﺎﻡ ‪CDMA‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (222-5‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻈ‬
‫‪ .DPCCH‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫‪ DPD‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪H‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻤﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪DCH‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻮ‬
‫ﺟﻞ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺳﻄﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(22-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺷﺷﺮﺡ ﳐﺘﺼﺮ ﻦ‬
‫‪.PR‬‬‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪RACH‬‬

‫ﳊﻤﻞ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺭﺷﻘﺎﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼـﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ‪.TPPC‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﲢﺘﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻞ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻘﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪.DPD‬‬ ‫ﺨﺼﺼﺔ ‪DCH‬‬ ‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨ‬

‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺄﺷﲑ ‪.L3‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ UL‬ﳊﻤﻞ‬‫‪ DPDCH‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪U‬‬‫‪D‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻟـ‬
‫‪.DPC‬‬ ‫ﺨﺼﺼﺔ ‪CCH‬‬ ‫ﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺪﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ L1‬ﻭﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻦ‬‫‪ DPCCH‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UL‬ﳊﻤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪L‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪H‬‬
‫ﺴﻴﺔ ‪ FBI‬ﻭﻣﺆﺆﺷﺮ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪.TFCI‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫‪TP‬‬‫ﻭﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ‪PC‬‬
‫ﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
‫‪ 1.4.5‬ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ DPCC‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ DP‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪CH‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (223-5‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪PDCH‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(23-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪DPC‬‬ ‫‪ DPDCH‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ‪ I‬ﻭﺗَﺴ‬

‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪِﻡ ‪CCH‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫َﺴﺘﺨﺪِﻡ‬
‫‪ DPCCH‬ﺯﻣﻨﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺗ ﺪ‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫ـ‬
‫‪ DPDCH‬ﻭﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪H‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ‪ .Q‬ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ‪ SF‬ﻟﻠـ ‪ DPPDCH‬ﺑﲔ ‪ 4‬ﻭ ‪ 2566‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ‪ SF‬ـ‬
‫ﻟﻠـ ‪ DPCCH‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪.256‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DPPCCH‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﻒ‬
‫• ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞﻞ ﻭﻳَﺴﺘﺨﺪِﻡ ‪ 7,6,5,4,33‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 8‬ﺑﺘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫• ‪ TFCI‬ﻭﻫﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻮﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﳝﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ 2,1,0‬ﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﳊﻠﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳊ‬
‫• ‪ TPC‬ﻭﻫﻲﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳـ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ 2,1‬ﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .DPCCH‬ﻳﻮﻮﺟﺪ‬‫‪ DPD‬ﻭ ﺍﻟـ ‪H‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪DCH‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (224-5‬ﺃﳕﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫‪ 15K‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﺍﻡ ‪SF‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ‪Kbps‬‬
‫‪ DPDCH‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ 0‬ﻱ‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫ـ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻊ ﺃﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠـ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪.4‬‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫‪ 960K‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ‪SF‬‬‫‪ 256‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ 6‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ‪Kbps‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪FCI‬‬
‫‪FBII, TPC, TF‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻠـ ‪ .DPPCCH‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺕ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪ 12‬ﳕﻂ ﺣﻴﺰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳓﳓﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳌﻀـﻐﻮﻁ ﻹﻋﻄـﺎﺀ ﻭﻗـ‬
‫ﻑ ‪ A, B‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻂ‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻆ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪.InnterFrequeency‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(24-5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ـﻰ ﳕـﻂ ﺍﳊ‬

‫ﳊﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (225-5‬ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ .FBII‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻦﻦ ‪ 1,0‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 2‬ﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺖ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ـﺐ‬‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Sooft HO‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘـ‬‫ﺨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻳﺘﻢﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﻋﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ‪ S‬ﻭ‪ .D‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ﻭﳝﻜﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ) ﺔ‬
‫‪ S‬ﻹﻋﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻩ‬
‫ﻟــ ‪ .DL‬ﻫـ‬
‫ـﺬﺍ‬ ‫‪ HO‬ﳋﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺘـﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪O‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﻜﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎ‬
‫ﺴﲔ ﻟﻠـ ‪ Soft HO‬ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺇﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﳌﻮﻗﻊ )‪.(SSSTD‬‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(25-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻄـ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻞﻞ ‪ D‬ﰲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟـ ‪.UE‬‬
‫‪ RBS‬ﻛﺮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻠﻰ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺭﺳﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﱯ‬
‫‪ 2.4.5‬ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪H‬‬

‫‪RACH‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘُﻘﺒﹺﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪.AIICH‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (226-5‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺫ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(26-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ RACH‬ﻋﻠﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪ .20m‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ـ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻟـ ‪ RACH‬ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ 10ms‬ﺃﻭ ‪ms‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ‪.Q‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ‪ I‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ‪ L11‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻉ‬
‫ـﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨـﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﺸـ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ )‪ (SF==256‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﲦﺎﻥ ﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺟﺰﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻳﺴ‬
‫‪.(SF=664) RACH‬‬‫‪ .TFC‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪H‬‬
‫ﺳﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺘﺎﻥ ‪CI‬‬‫ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺳ‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪ 3.4.5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ‪ng‬‬

‫‪Multiplexin‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ـﺘﻢ‬
‫‪ ،DPDCH‬ﻳـ‬
‫‪ RA‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﲟﻌﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 12.22Kbps‬ﻭﺗﺄﺷﲑ ‪ L33‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪H‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (227-5‬ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ‪AB‬‬
‫‪.DPCCH‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ‪ L1‬ﻋﻠ‬
‫ﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(27-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ DL‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Rate Mattching‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UL‬ﻳـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﲔ ﻫﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UL‬ـ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻘﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .DPDCH‬ﻳﺮﺮﺳﻞ‬
‫ﺷﲑ ‪ L3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪H‬‬
‫ـ ‪ RAB‬ﻟﻠـ ‪ PS‬ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 64Kbpps‬ﻭﺗﺄﺷ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (228-5‬ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪.DPCC‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺷﲑ ‪ L1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪CH‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(28-5‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (29-5‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬‬
‫↑ ‪UL‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫↓ ‪DL‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫↓‬ ‫‪BCCH‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫↓‬ ‫‪PCCH‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CN‬ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﳌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫↑↓‬ ‫‪CCCH‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ )ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ‪ (RCC‬ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ )ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪(RCC‬‬
‫↓↓‬ ‫‪DCCH‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،HO ،‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ‪,‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﺲ‪,‬ﺗﺼﻔﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫↑↓‬ ‫‪DTCH‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(29-5‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
3G ‫א‬


‫الباب الرابع‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
Traffic ‫א‬

‫‪ Tra‬‬
‫‪ ‬حركة المككالمات ‪affic‬‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ Radio‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻗﺴ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﻱ )‪Access Bearerr (RAB‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻞﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ UMTSS Terrestriaal Radio Access‬ﻢ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪(UT‬‬‫ﺿﻴﺔ )‪TRAN‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿ‬
‫‪. UM‬‬‫‪MTS‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪RAB‬‬ ‫‪ 2.1‬ﺣﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‬
‫‪.Core Netw‬‬
‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ))‪work (CN‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪ RAB‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫‪ UM‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‬
‫ﻟﻒ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ‪MTS‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄ ﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-1‬‬
‫‪ 1.2.1‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺟﻮﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ )‪Quaality Of Service (Qoos‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ‪.Conversation Classs‬‬
‫• ﺻ‬
‫‪.Stream‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ‪ming Classs‬‬
‫• ﺻ‬
‫ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻘﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺕ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬‫• ﺻ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺻ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻌ ﱠﺪﻳﻦ ﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺻﻨ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳـﺔ ﻣﺜﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺻﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﺔ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺢ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Tra‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ـﻚ‬‫ﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ )‪ Gradee Of Servvice (GoS‬ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑـ ‪ 2%‬ﻭﺫﻟـ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺩﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﳊﺠﺐ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ‪ ،Blockiing‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﺎﻝ ‪ 2%‬ﺐ‬
‫‪ (Bestt Effort (B‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﻘﻘﻖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ )‪BE‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ )ﺃﻓﻀ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖﻖ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻮ‬
‫ﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‬
‫‪ 3.1‬ﺩﺩﻋﻢ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪RABs‬‬
‫ﻼﺛـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺪﻣﺞ ﺑـﲔ ﺛﻼ‬
‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﺎﻡ ‪ WCDM‬ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ‪ RAN‬ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-1‬‬
‫‪Datta‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﺎﻡ ‪ WCDM‬ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ‪ RAN‬ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ HSDPA‬ﻭﲡﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﳌﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ )‪E‬‬
‫‪(UE‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﺕ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫‪ Channnels‬ﻭﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫‪ HSDPA‬ﳝﻜﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻡ‬ ‫‪Usser Equipm‬‬‫‪ment‬‬
‫‪.[64-384K‬‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ ]‪Kbps‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ A-DCH‬ﺑﺴ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Tra‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-1‬‬
‫ﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺪﺍﺭﺓ )‪Circuit Switched (CS‬‬

‫‪ 4.1‬ﲣﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﳜﻄﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﻛـﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CS‬ﺣﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻰ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺷﺷﺮﺡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺎﺕ ‪Earlang‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫ﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﻨﻴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﻮﺕ ﻣﻊ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.I‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻡ‬‫‪ Grade Of‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﺪﻣﺔ )‪O Servicee (GoS‬‬ ‫‪.II‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ‪ Traffic‬ﲢﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺣﺮﻛﻛـﺔ‬
‫ﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻣﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺟـﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺣﺮﻛﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ Earllang‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻲ‬
‫ـﺖ‬‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻭﻗـ‬ ‫‪ Mean Hold‬ﻭﻋﺪ‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﻟﻠﻘﻘﻨﺎﺓ )‪time (MHT‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺯﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲢﺪﺩ‬
‫ﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ )‪y Hour Calll Attempts (BHCA‬‬
‫‪Busy‬‬ ‫ﺓ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Tra‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪ MHT‬ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ـ ‪CS‬‬
‫‪ 1.4.1‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻛﺔ ﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﳛﺴﺐ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﲣﻄﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ CS‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺧﺪﻣﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪C‬‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻞ ‪Weighting Facctor‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ WF‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺧﺪﻣﻣﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺲ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻥ‬
‫ﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻞ ﳛﺴﺐ‬
‫‪/‬‬
‫‪ 2.4.1‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻣﺔ ‪ GOS‬ﻭﺍﳊ‬

‫ﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻣﻀﺮﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺣﺪ ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﻲ ﺓ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬حركة المكالمات ‪ Traffic‬‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ GOS‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Earlang Table 5.1‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪ GoS‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔﹰ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳌﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌـﺎﺕ ‪Earlang‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﳐﺼﺼﺔ )ﳏﺠﻮﺯﺓ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ )ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﲢﺠﺐ ﻋﻦ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲏ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ Erlang B‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ ‪ N‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭ‪ B‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ‪.GoS‬‬
‫‪ERLANG B‬‬
‫)‪B (em %‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪5.0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.005‬‬ ‫‪0.010‬‬ ‫‪0.015‬‬ ‫‪0.020‬‬ ‫‪0.026‬‬ ‫‪0.031‬‬ ‫‪0.036‬‬ ‫‪0.042‬‬ ‫‪0.047‬‬ ‫‪0.053‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.105‬‬ ‫‪0.153‬‬ ‫‪0.190‬‬ ‫‪0.223‬‬ ‫‪0.254‬‬ ‫‪0.282‬‬ ‫‪0.308‬‬ ‫‪0.333‬‬ ‫‪0.358‬‬ ‫‪0.381‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0.349‬‬ ‫‪0.455‬‬ ‫‪0.535‬‬ ‫‪0.602‬‬ ‫‪0.661‬‬ ‫‪0.715‬‬ ‫‪0.765‬‬ ‫‪0.812‬‬ ‫‪0.857‬‬ ‫‪0.899‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0.701‬‬ ‫‪0.869‬‬ ‫‪0.992‬‬ ‫‪1.092‬‬ ‫‪1.180‬‬ ‫‪1.259‬‬ ‫‪1.332‬‬ ‫‪1.399‬‬ ‫‪1.464‬‬ ‫‪1.525‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1.132‬‬ ‫‪1.361‬‬ ‫‪1.524‬‬ ‫‪1.657‬‬ ‫‪1.772‬‬ ‫‪1.875‬‬ ‫‪1.970‬‬ ‫‪2.057‬‬ ‫‪2.140‬‬ ‫‪2.218‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1.622‬‬ ‫‪1.909‬‬ ‫‪2.112‬‬ ‫‪2.276‬‬ ‫‪2.417‬‬ ‫‪2.543‬‬ ‫‪2.658‬‬ ‫‪2.765‬‬ ‫‪2.865‬‬ ‫‪2.960‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪2.157‬‬ ‫‪2.501‬‬ ‫‪2.742‬‬ ‫‪2.935‬‬ ‫‪3.102‬‬ ‫‪3.250‬‬ ‫‪3.385‬‬ ‫‪3.509‬‬ ‫‪3.627‬‬ ‫‪3.738‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪2.730‬‬ ‫‪3.128‬‬ ‫‪3.405‬‬ ‫‪3.627‬‬ ‫‪3.817‬‬ ‫‪3.987‬‬ ‫‪4.140‬‬ ‫‪4.283‬‬ ‫‪4.417‬‬ ‫‪4.543‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪3.333‬‬ ‫‪3.783‬‬ ‫‪4.095‬‬ ‫‪4.345‬‬ ‫‪4.558‬‬ ‫‪4.748‬‬ ‫‪4.920‬‬ ‫‪5.080‬‬ ‫‪5.229‬‬ ‫‪5.370‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪3.961‬‬ ‫‪4.461‬‬ ‫‪4.807‬‬ ‫‪5.084‬‬ ‫‪5.320‬‬ ‫‪5.529‬‬ ‫‪5.720‬‬ ‫‪5.895‬‬ ‫‪6.060‬‬ ‫‪6.216‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪4.610‬‬ ‫‪5.160‬‬ ‫‪5.539‬‬ ‫‪5.842‬‬ ‫‪6.099‬‬ ‫‪6.328‬‬ ‫‪6.535‬‬ ‫‪6.727‬‬ ‫‪6.907‬‬ ‫‪7.076‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪5.279‬‬ ‫‪5.876‬‬ ‫‪6.287‬‬ ‫‪6.615‬‬ ‫‪6.894‬‬ ‫‪7.141‬‬ ‫‪7.365‬‬ ‫‪7.573‬‬ ‫‪7.767‬‬ ‫‪7.950‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪5.964‬‬ ‫‪6.607‬‬ ‫‪7.049‬‬ ‫‪7.402‬‬ ‫‪7.701‬‬ ‫‪7.967‬‬ ‫‪8.208‬‬ ‫‪8.430‬‬ ‫‪8.638‬‬ ‫‪8.835‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪6.663‬‬ ‫‪7.352‬‬ ‫‪7.824‬‬ ‫‪8.200‬‬ ‫‪8.520‬‬ ‫‪8.803‬‬ ‫‪9.060‬‬ ‫‪9.298‬‬ ‫‪9.520‬‬ ‫‪9.730‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪7.376‬‬ ‫‪8.108‬‬ ‫‪8.610‬‬ ‫‪9.010‬‬ ‫‪9.349‬‬ ‫‪9.650‬‬ ‫‪9.923‬‬ ‫‪10.174‬‬ ‫‪10.410‬‬ ‫‪10.633‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪8.100‬‬ ‫‪8.875‬‬ ‫‪9.406‬‬ ‫‪9.828‬‬ ‫‪10.188‬‬ ‫‪10.505‬‬ ‫‪10.793‬‬ ‫‪11.059‬‬ ‫‪11.308‬‬ ‫‪11.544‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪8.834‬‬ ‫‪9.652‬‬ ‫‪10.211‬‬ ‫‪10.656‬‬ ‫‪11.034‬‬ ‫‪11.368‬‬ ‫‪11.672‬‬ ‫‪11.952‬‬ ‫‪12.214‬‬ ‫‪12.461‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪9.578‬‬ ‫‪10.437‬‬ ‫‪11.024‬‬ ‫‪11.491‬‬ ‫‪11.888‬‬ ‫‪12.238‬‬ ‫‪12.557‬‬ ‫‪12.850‬‬ ‫‪13.125‬‬ ‫‪13.385‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪10.331‬‬ ‫‪11.230‬‬ ‫‪11.845‬‬ ‫‪12.333‬‬ ‫‪12.748‬‬ ‫‪13.115‬‬ ‫‪13.448‬‬ ‫‪13.755‬‬ ‫‪14.043‬‬ ‫‪14.315‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪11.092‬‬ ‫‪12.031‬‬ ‫‪12.672‬‬ ‫‪13.182‬‬ ‫‪13.615‬‬ ‫‪13.997‬‬ ‫‪14.345‬‬ ‫‪14.665‬‬ ‫‪14.966‬‬ ‫‪15.249‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪11.860‬‬ ‫‪12.838‬‬ ‫‪13.506‬‬ ‫‪14.036‬‬ ‫‪14.487‬‬ ‫‪14.885‬‬ ‫‪15.247‬‬ ‫‪15.581‬‬ ‫‪15.893‬‬ ‫‪16.189‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪12.635‬‬ ‫‪13.651‬‬ ‫‪14.345‬‬ ‫‪14.896‬‬ ‫‪15.364‬‬ ‫‪15.778‬‬ ‫‪16.154‬‬ ‫‪16.500‬‬ ‫‪16.825‬‬ ‫‪17.132‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪13.416‬‬ ‫‪14.470‬‬ ‫‪15.190‬‬ ‫‪15.761‬‬ ‫‪16.246‬‬ ‫‪16.675‬‬ ‫‪17.065‬‬ ‫‪17.425‬‬ ‫‪17.761‬‬ ‫‪18.080‬‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪14.204‬‬ ‫‪15.295‬‬ ‫‪16.040‬‬ ‫‪16.631‬‬ ‫‪17.133‬‬ ‫‪17.577‬‬ ‫‪17.980‬‬ ‫‪18.353‬‬ ‫‪18.701‬‬ ‫‪19.031‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪14.997‬‬ ‫‪16.125‬‬ ‫‪16.894‬‬ ‫‪17.505‬‬ ‫‪18.024‬‬ ‫‪18.483‬‬ ‫‪18.899‬‬ ‫‪19.284‬‬ ‫‪19.645‬‬ ‫‪19.985‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪15.795‬‬ ‫‪16.959‬‬ ‫‪17.753‬‬ ‫‪18.383‬‬ ‫‪18.918‬‬ ‫‪19.392‬‬ ‫‪19.822‬‬ ‫‪20.219‬‬ ‫‪20.591‬‬ ‫‪20.943‬‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪16.598‬‬ ‫‪17.797‬‬ ‫‪18.616‬‬ ‫‪19.265‬‬ ‫‪19.817‬‬ ‫‪20.305‬‬ ‫‪20.748‬‬ ‫‪21.158‬‬ ‫‪21.541‬‬ ‫‪21.904‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪17.406‬‬ ‫‪18.640‬‬ ‫‪19.482‬‬ ‫‪20.150‬‬ ‫‪20.719‬‬ ‫‪21.221‬‬ ‫‪21.677‬‬ ‫‪22.099‬‬ ‫‪22.494‬‬ ‫‪22.867‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪18.218‬‬ ‫‪19.487‬‬ ‫‪20.352‬‬ ‫‪21.039‬‬ ‫‪21.623‬‬ ‫‪22.140‬‬ ‫‪22.609‬‬ ‫‪23.043‬‬ ‫‪23.449‬‬ ‫‪23.833‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪19.034‬‬ ‫‪20.337‬‬ ‫‪21.226‬‬ ‫‪21.932‬‬ ‫‪22.531‬‬ ‫‪23.062‬‬ ‫‪23.544‬‬ ‫‪23.990‬‬ ‫‪24.407‬‬ ‫‪24.802‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪19.854‬‬ ‫‪21.191‬‬ ‫‪22.103‬‬ ‫‪22.827‬‬ ‫‪23.442‬‬ ‫‪23.987‬‬ ‫‪24.482‬‬ ‫‪24.939‬‬ ‫‪25.367‬‬ ‫‪25.773‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪20.678‬‬ ‫‪22.048‬‬ ‫‪22.983‬‬ ‫‪23.725‬‬ ‫‪24.356‬‬ ‫‪24.914‬‬ ‫‪25.422‬‬ ‫‪25.890‬‬ ‫‪26.330‬‬ ‫‪26.746‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪21.505‬‬ ‫‪22.909‬‬ ‫‪23.866‬‬ ‫‪24.626‬‬ ‫‪25.272‬‬ ‫‪25.844‬‬ ‫‪26.364‬‬ ‫‪26.844‬‬ ‫‪27.294‬‬ ‫‪27.721‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪22.336‬‬ ‫‪23.772‬‬ ‫‪24.751‬‬ ‫‪25.529‬‬ ‫‪26.191‬‬ ‫‪26.776‬‬ ‫‪27.308‬‬ ‫‪27.800‬‬ ‫‪28.261‬‬ ‫‪28.698‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪23.169‬‬ ‫‪24.638‬‬ ‫‪25.640‬‬ ‫‪26.435‬‬ ‫‪27.112‬‬ ‫‪27.711‬‬ ‫‪28.255‬‬ ‫‪28.758‬‬ ‫‪29.230‬‬ ‫‪29.677‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪24.006‬‬ ‫‪25.507‬‬ ‫‪26.530‬‬ ‫‪27.343‬‬ ‫‪28.035‬‬ ‫‪28.647‬‬ ‫‪29.203‬‬ ‫‪29.718‬‬ ‫‪30.200‬‬ ‫‪30.657‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪24.846‬‬ ‫‪26.378‬‬ ‫‪27.424‬‬ ‫‪28.254‬‬ ‫‪28.960‬‬ ‫‪29.585‬‬ ‫‪30.154‬‬ ‫‪30.680‬‬ ‫‪31.173‬‬ ‫‪31.640‬‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪25.689‬‬ ‫‪27.252‬‬ ‫‪28.319‬‬ ‫‪29.166‬‬ ‫‪29.887‬‬ ‫‪30.526‬‬ ‫‪31.106‬‬ ‫‪31.643‬‬ ‫‪32.147‬‬ ‫‪32.624‬‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪26.534‬‬ ‫‪28.129‬‬ ‫‪29.217‬‬ ‫‪30.081‬‬ ‫‪30.816‬‬ ‫‪31.468‬‬ ‫‪32.060‬‬ ‫‪32.608‬‬ ‫‪33.122‬‬ ‫‪33.609‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪27.382‬‬ ‫‪29.007‬‬ ‫‪30.116‬‬ ‫‪30.997‬‬ ‫‪31.747‬‬ ‫‪32.412‬‬ ‫‪33.016‬‬ ‫‪33.575‬‬ ‫‪34.099‬‬ ‫‪34.596‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪28.232‬‬ ‫‪29.888‬‬ ‫‪31.018‬‬ ‫‪31.916‬‬ ‫‪32.680‬‬ ‫‪33.357‬‬ ‫‪33.973‬‬ ‫‪34.543‬‬ ‫‪35.078‬‬ ‫‪35.584‬‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪29.085‬‬ ‫‪30.771‬‬ ‫‪31.922‬‬ ‫‪32.836‬‬ ‫‪33.615‬‬ ‫‪34.305‬‬ ‫‪34.932‬‬ ‫‪35.513‬‬ ‫‪36.057‬‬ ‫‪36.574‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪29.940‬‬ ‫‪31.656‬‬ ‫‪32.827‬‬ ‫‪33.758‬‬ ‫‪34.551‬‬ ‫‪35.253‬‬ ‫‪35.892‬‬ ‫‪36.484‬‬ ‫‪37.039‬‬ ‫‪37.565‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪30.797‬‬ ‫‪32.543‬‬ ‫‪33.735‬‬ ‫‪34.682‬‬ ‫‪35.488‬‬ ‫‪36.203‬‬ ‫‪36.854‬‬ ‫‪37.456‬‬ ‫‪38.021‬‬ ‫‪38.557‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪31.656‬‬ ‫‪33.432‬‬ ‫‪34.644‬‬ ‫‪35.607‬‬ ‫‪36.428‬‬ ‫‪37.155‬‬ ‫‪37.817‬‬ ‫‪38.430‬‬ ‫‪39.005‬‬ ‫‪39.550‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪32.517‬‬ ‫‪34.322‬‬ ‫‪35.554‬‬ ‫‪36.534‬‬ ‫‪37.368‬‬ ‫‪38.108‬‬ ‫‪38.781‬‬ ‫‪39.405‬‬ ‫‪39.990‬‬ ‫‪40.545‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
Traffic ‫حركة المكالمات‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
47 33.381 35.215 36.466 37.462 38.310 39.062 39.747 40.381 40.976 41.540
48 34.246 36.109 37.380 38.392 39.254 40.018 40.714 41.358 41.963 42.537
49 35.113 37.004 38.296 39.323 40.198 40.975 41.681 42.336 42.951 43.534
50 35.982 37.901 39.212 40.255 41.144 41.933 42.651 43.316 43.940 44.533
51 36.852 38.800 40.130 41.189 42.091 42.892 43.621 44.296 44.931 45.533
52 37.724 39.700 41.050 42.124 43.040 43.852 44.592 45.278 45.922 46.533
53 38.598 40.602 41.971 43.060 43.989 44.813 45.564 46.260 46.914 47.534
54 39.474 41.505 42.893 43.997 44.940 45.776 46.537 47.243 47.907 48.536
55 40.351 42.409 43.816 44.936 45.891 46.739 47.511 48.228 48.901 49.539
56 41.229 43.315 44.740 45.875 46.844 47.703 48.486 49.213 49.895 50.543
57 42.109 44.222 45.666 46.816 47.797 48.669 49.462 50.199 50.891 51.548
58 42.990 45.130 46.593 47.758 48.752 49.635 50.439 51.185 51.887 52.553
59 43.873 46.039 47.521 48.700 49.707 50.602 51.417 52.173 52.884 53.559
60 44.757 46.950 48.449 49.644 50.664 51.570 52.395 53.161 53.882 54.566
61 45.642 47.861 49.379 50.589 51.621 52.539 53.375 54.150 54.880 55.573
62 46.528 48.774 50.310 51.534 52.579 53.508 54.355 55.140 55.879 56.581
63 47.416 49.688 51.242 52.481 53.538 54.478 55.335 56.131 56.879 57.590
64 48.305 50.603 52.175 53.428 54.498 55.450 56.317 57.122 57.879 58.599
65 49.195 51.518 53.109 54.376 55.459 56.421 57.299 58.114 58.880 59.609
66 50.086 52.435 54.043 55.325 56.420 57.394 58.282 59.106 59.882 60.619
67 50.978 53.353 54.979 56.275 57.383 58.367 59.266 60.100 60.884 61.630
68 51.872 54.272 55.915 57.226 58.346 59.341 60.250 61.093 61.887 62.642
69 52.766 55.191 56.852 58.177 59.309 60.316 61.235 62.088 62.891 63.654
70 53.662 56.112 57.790 59.129 60.274 61.291 62.220 63.083 63.895 64.667
71 54.558 57.033 58.729 60.082 61.239 62.267 63.206 64.078 64.899 65.680
72 55.455 57.956 59.669 61.036 62.204 63.244 64.193 65.074 65.904 66.694
73 56.354 58.879 60.609 61.990 63.171 64.221 65.180 66.071 66.910 67.708
74 57.253 59.803 61.550 62.945 64.138 65.199 66.168 67.068 67.916 68.723
75 58.153 60.728 62.492 63.900 65.105 66.177 67.156 68.066 68.923 69.738
76 59.054 61.653 63.434 64.857 66.073 67.156 68.145 69.064 69.930 70.753
77 59.956 62.579 64.378 65.814 67.042 68.136 69.134 70.063 70.937 71.769
78 60.859 63.506 65.322 66.771 68.012 69.116 70.124 71.062 71.945 72.786
79 61.763 64.434 66.266 67.729 68.982 70.096 71.115 72.062 72.954 73.803
80 62.668 65.363 67.211 68.688 69.952 71.077 72.106 73.062 73.963 74.820
81 63.573 66.292 68.157 69.647 70.923 72.059 73.097 74.062 74.972 75.838
82 64.479 67.222 69.104 70.607 71.895 73.041 74.089 75.063 75.982 76.856
83 65.386 68.152 70.051 71.568 72.867 74.024 75.081 76.065 76.992 77.874
84 66.294 69.084 70.998 72.529 73.839 75.007 76.074 77.067 78.002 78.893
85 67.202 70.016 71.947 73.490 74.813 75.990 77.067 78.069 79.013 79.912
86 68.111 70.948 72.896 74.452 75.786 76.974 78.061 79.071 80.024 80.932
87 69.021 71.881 73.845 75.415 76.760 77.959 79.055 80.075 81.036 81.952
88 69.932 72.815 74.795 76.378 77.735 78.944 80.049 81.078 82.048 82.972
89 70.843 73.749 75.745 77.342 78.710 79.929 81.044 82.082 83.061 83.993
90 71.755 74.684 76.696 78.306 79.685 80.915 82.039 83.086 84.073 85.014
91 72.668 75.620 77.648 79.271 80.661 81.901 83.035 84.091 85.086 86.035
92 73.581 76.556 78.600 80.236 81.638 82.888 84.031 85.096 86.100 87.057
93 74.495 77.493 79.553 81.201 82.614 83.875 85.027 86.101 87.114 88.079
94 75.410 78.430 80.506 82.167 83.592 84.862 86.024 87.106 88.128 89.101
95 76.325 79.368 81.459 83.133 84.569 85.850 87.021 88.112 89.142 90.123
96 77.241 80.306 82.413 84.100 85.547 86.838 88.019 89.119 90.157 91.146
97 78.157 81.245 83.368 85.068 86.526 87.826 89.017 90.125 91.172 92.169
98 79.074 82.184 84.323 86.035 87.504 88.815 90.015 91.132 92.187 93.193
99 79.992 83.124 85.278 87.003 88.484 89.804 91.013 92.140 93.203 94.216
100 80.910 84.064 86.234 87.972 89.463 90.794 92.012 93.147 94.219 95.240
101 81.829 85.005 87.190 88.941 90.443 91.784 93.011 94.155 95.235 96.265
102 82.748 85.946 88.147 89.910 91.423 92.774 94.011 95.163 96.251 97.289
103 83.668 86.888 89.104 90.880 92.404 93.765 95.011 96.172 97.268 98.314
104 84.588 87.830 90.062 91.850 93.385 94.756 96.011 97.180 98.285 99.339
105 85.509 88.773 91.020 92.821 94.366 95.747 97.011 98.190 99.303 100.364
106 86.431 89.716 91.978 93.791 95.348 96.738 98.012 99.199 100.320 101.390
107 87.353 90.660 92.937 94.763 96.330 97.730 99.013 100.208 101.338 102.415
108 88.275 91.604 93.896 95.734 97.313 98.722 100.014 101.218 102.356 103.441
109 89.198 92.548 94.856 96.706 98.295 99.715 101.015 102.228 103.374 104.468
110 90.121 93.493 95.816 97.678 99.278 100.708 102.017 103.239 104.393 105.494
111 91.045 94.438 96.776 98.651 100.262 101.701 103.019 104.249 105.412 106.521
112 91.970 95.384 97.737 99.624 101.245 102.694 104.022 105.260 106.431 107.548
113 92.895 96.330 98.698 100.597 102.229 103.688 105.024 106.271 107.450 108.575
114 93.820 97.277 99.659 101.571 103.213 104.682 106.027 107.283 108.470 109.602
115 94.746 98.223 100.621 102.545 104.198 105.676 107.030 108.294 109.489 110.630
116 95.672 99.171 101.583 103.519 105.183 106.670 108.034 109.306 110.509 111.658
117 96.599 100.118 102.545 104.493 106.168 107.665 109.038 110.318 111.529 112.685
118 97.526 101.066 103.508 105.468 107.153 108.660 110.041 111.331 112.550 113.714
119 98.454 102.015 104.471 106.443 108.139 109.655 111.046 112.343 113.570 114.742
120 99.382 102.964 105.435 107.419 109.125 110.651 112.050 113.356 114.591 115.771
121 100.310 103.913 106.398 108.395 110.111 111.646 113.055 114.369 115.612 116.799
122 101.239 104.862 107.363 109.371 111.098 112.642 114.059 115.382 116.633 117.828
123 102.168 105.812 108.327 110.347 112.084 113.639 115.064 116.396 117.655 118.857
124 103.098 106.762 109.292 111.323 113.071 114.635 116.070 117.409 118.676 119.887
125 104.028 107.713 110.257 112.300 114.059 115.632 117.075 118.423 119.698 120.916
126 104.958 108.664 111.222 113.278 115.046 116.629 118.081 119.437 120.720 121.946
127 105.889 109.615 112.188 114.255 116.034 117.626 119.087 120.451 121.742 122.976
128 106.820 110.566 113.153 115.233 117.022 118.623 120.093 121.466 122.765 124.006
129 107.752 111.518 114.120 116.211 118.010 119.621 121.099 122.480 123.787 125.036
130 108.684 112.470 115.086 117.189 118.999 120.619 122.106 123.495 124.810 126.066
131 109.616 113.423 116.053 118.167 119.987 121.617 123.113 124.510 125.833 127.097
132 110.549 114.376 117.020 119.146 120.976 122.615 124.120 125.525 126.856 128.128
133 111.482 115.329 117.987 120.125 121.966 123.614 125.127 126.541 127.879 129.159
134 112.416 116.282 118.955 121.104 122.955 124.612 126.134 127.556 128.903 130.190
135 113.349 117.236 119.923 122.084 123.945 125.611 127.142 128.572 129.926 131.221
136 114.283 118.190 120.891 123.063 124.935 126.610 128.150 129.588 130.950 132.252
137 115.218 119.144 121.859 124.043 125.925 127.610 129.157 130.604 131.974 133.284
138 116.153 120.099 122.828 125.023 126.915 128.609 130.166 131.620 132.998
139 117.088 121.054 123.797 126.004 127.905 129.609 131.174 132.637 134.022 135.347
140 118.023 122.009 124.766 126.984 128.896 130.609 132.182 133.653 135.047 136.379
N is the number of servers. The numerical column headings indicate blocking probability B in %.


‫‪ Tra‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪Pa‬‬ ‫ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟـ )‪S‬‬

‫‪acket Swittched (PS‬‬ ‫‪ 6.1‬ﲣ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻋﺪﻡ ﻧﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻧﻪﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪Packet‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪ 1.6.1‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﻣﺔ )‪Caall (PC‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺿﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨـ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻝ‬
‫ـﺚ‬ ‫ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻃﻃﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﺍ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻴـ‬‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺯﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒـ‬
‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻄﻄﺎﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺐ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻤﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﳕﻂ ﺣﺮﺮﻛـﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌـ‬
‫ﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺩ‬
‫‪ 2.6.1‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔﺔ ‪Packett Session‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﺳـ‬
‫ﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻻﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺰ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﺪﻡ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻄﻴ‬
‫ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺗ ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﳏﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺧﺧﻼﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺻﻤﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﺎﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻺﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﻨﺎﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﱃ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Tra‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻼﻙ(‬
‫‪ 3.6.1‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓﺓ )ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻼ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﳏﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﻭﻭﳐﺼﺼﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﻘﻘﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﳏﳏﺮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱃ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‬‫ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫‪ 4.6.1‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎﺎ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ )‪ (Appliication Laayer‬ﻝ‬‫ﻑ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻻﺕ ‪CP/IP‬‬
‫‪ TC‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺼﻞﻞ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻃﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛ‬
‫ـﻦ ﺍﳌﻬـﻢ ﻋﻨﻨـﺪ‬‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣـ‬
‫ﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﺎﻝ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﺑﺎﳊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﻮﺫﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-1‬‬
‫‪ 5.6.1‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﳌﻌﺪﺪﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪PS‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫ـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PS‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺫﻟـ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﺍﻑ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﺣﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺳﺎﻋﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﻳ ﻄﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Tra‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 6.6.1‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ Kbyte‬ﰲ ﺳﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﳚﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺇﺇﱃ ‪.bps‬‬

‫ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﺃﻥ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻄﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ـ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﻮﺏ ﺑـ ‪ bps‬ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ 7.6.1‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫ـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﻫـ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻭﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Req Rate‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪ : Bit Rate‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪R‬‬
‫‪ 8.6.1‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﻭﺓ‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ﳊﺪﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻧﻈﻈـﺮﹰﺍ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳊ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺏ‬
‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺩﻳﺔ ﺺ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻹﺣﺼ‬
‫ﺸـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻹﻧﺸ‬
‫ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺩﻳﺔ ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺺ ﺣﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﳏﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻈﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ‪ 70%‬ﻳﻨـﺘﺞ ﻋـﻦ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺗﺎﻝ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Tra‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﲢﲢﻤـﻞ ‪ 0.7‬ﻣﻣـﻦ‬

‫ﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻨ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﲣﲣﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﳊ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ـ ‪. 1/0.7=1.4‬‬ ‫ﳚﳚﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺑـ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﻮﺑﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﲢﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫‪ : Peak Faactor‬ﻋﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺓ‬
‫‪ : ‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫‪ 9.6.1‬ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻨﺎﺎﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﻟﺔ ‪ BE‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺎﺕ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻞ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﺑﻘﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﱵ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬
‫)‪: (Best Efffort Channnel Requireement Per Sub‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ _ ‬‬ ‫__‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺎﺕ ﺑـ ‪ KB‬ﰲ ‪. BH‬‬

‫ﻂ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﺯﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﳊﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳊ‬
‫‪ 100.6.1‬ﺿﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ )‪ (BE‬ﱃ‬
‫ﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺣﺮﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲪﻞ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﲪﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬حركة المكالمات ‪ Traffic‬‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
‫ﻳ ﱠﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﲪﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪number of subs Q‬‬ ‫‪Q BE‬‬
‫‪ 11.6.1‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻟـ ‪ 1000‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪Speech BH Traffic per sub‬‬ ‫‪25 mE‬‬

‫‪PS Average uplink traffic‬‬ ‫‪40 KB‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬
Capacity ‫א‬

‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫‪ ‬السعة ‪pacity‬‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ‪Capacity‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ‪Eb/No‬‬
‫ﺞ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ 1.2‬ﻧﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﻄﻄﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺒﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1-2‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-2‬‬
‫ﻀﺠﻴﺞ )‪ (No‬ﻭﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺖ )‪ (Eb‬ﺇﱃ ﻛﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫ﺖ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺖ‬
‫ﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(2-2‬‬‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-2‬‬
‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﺧﺮ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ Eb‬ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻱ ﲎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞﻞ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﺸﺮﺡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﻫﺬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ No‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻦ‬
‫‪. 10‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﺴﺒﻴﻞ ‪B :‬‬
‫‪dB‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪198‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ Eb/No‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ‪ BER‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪LER‬‬

‫‪BL‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺞ‬
‫‪ 1.1.2‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺠ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﳍﺎ ‪ Eb/No‬ﻳﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (33-2‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BER‬ﺃﻭ ‪ BLER‬ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻨﺎﺓ ‪ ،A‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺎ‬‫ﺢ‬
‫‪ Eb‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺑﻜـﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ ‪No‬‬
‫‪ ،1dB‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪ B‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ‪ Eb/No‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪ .6dB‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪E‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺳﻴﺨﻄﻄﺊ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺣﺘﻤ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-2‬‬
‫ﻀﺠﻴﺞ ‪ Ebb/No‬ﻭﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬

‫‪ 2.1.2‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ‬
‫‪ (Eb/N‬ﻥ‬
‫‪ ،BLER‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﺎﻟﺔ )‪No=1dB‬‬
‫‪ Eb/No‬ﻭ‪ BER‬ﻭ‪R‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (4-2‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ BL‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ BER‬ﻭ‪LER‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-2‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺮﻳﻊ ﺇﱃ ‪ Ebb/No‬ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺶ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ BER‬ﻭ‪ BLER‬ﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﳍﺎﻣﺶ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻔﻮﺕ )ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺟﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻝ ‪.(UE‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪199‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪ Eb/No 3.1.2‬ﻭﺍﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ـﻤﺢ‬‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻳ ﱢﻮﻇﻒ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ‪ 1500‬ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴـ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺎﺎﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺰﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺗ ﺮ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺘﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺪﺪﻯ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻚ ﺗﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺪﻯ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻳ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-2‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﻛﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ BER‬ﻟﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺗﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ‪ B‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ))‪ ،(5-2‬ﻓ ﺓ‬
‫ﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪ A‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﻋﺔ )ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺎﺓ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪ B‬ﺗﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ )ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ( ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺐ‬
‫‪(A BER‬‬
‫‪R = B BER‬‬
‫‪R) but (A Eb/No‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫)‪> B Eb/No‬‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻴﻞ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻋﻋﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 4.1.2‬ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺜﺎﻟﺚ )‪(33GPP‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻚ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ (3G‬ﳛﺪﺩ ﻋﺪﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺗﺼ‬
‫)‪GPP‬‬
‫ـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻳﻳﻔﻴـﺔ ﻭﺳـﺮﻋﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ ﳝﻜﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻝ ‪ .UE‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻥ‬ ‫ﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(6-2‬‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ،(33,50,120Km‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﳕﳕﺎﻁ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﺘﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫)‪m/h‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫السعة ‪pacity‬‬
‫‪ ‬س‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-2‬‬
‫‪ E‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬

‫‪ 5.1.2‬ﻗﻴﻢ ‪Eb/No‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻹﻧﺘﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Eb//No‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Ebb/No‬ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﱪﺓﺓ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺨ‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Eb/Noo‬ﺐ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻊﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻟﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ‪.100%‬‬
‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺭﺑﺢ ‪ RX‬ﻭ ﲢﲢﺪﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Ebb/No‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Ebb/No‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻌﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﲔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﻀﱠﻤﻦ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Eb/Noo‬ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ )ﳏﺎﻛﺎﻬﺗـﺎ( ﰲ ﻗﻨـﻮﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳋ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰﻰ ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﻊ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪201‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻴﻨـﺔ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Eb/Noo‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻼ‬
‫ﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪.(7-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴـﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻴﻨـﺔ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Eb/Noo‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻼ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪.(8-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-2‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪202‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻴﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴـﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻴﻨـﺔ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Eb/Noo‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻼ‬
‫ﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪.(9-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(9-2‬‬
‫ـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠـ ))‪ (HSDPA‬ﻓﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨـ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﳊ‬
‫ﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Eb/No‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼ‬
‫ـﻮﻥ‬‫‪ Acttive Set (A‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﺳﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﻢ ﳐﺘﻠﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ )‪AS‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻊ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪203‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ Eb/Noo‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟ‬

‫ﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﺣﺰﻡ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪.(10-2‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(10-2‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺮ‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﲢﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Eb/N‬ﺐ‬ ‫‪ o‬ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ‪No‬‬
‫‪ Eb/N‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ‪No‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪Link Capaccity‬‬

‫‪UpL‬‬ ‫‪ 2.2‬ﺳ‬
‫ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺪﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ WCDM‬ﺳﺘﻌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪MA‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪Eb/No‬‬ ‫‪AND‬‬
‫‪D (Carrierr/Interfereence) C/I 1.2.2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ )‪ Despreeading (γ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺮﺑﻂ ‪ Eb/No‬ﻣﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻗﻤﻲ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻒ‬
‫‪ No‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺖ ﻭ ‪N‬‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﻟﻠﺒﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑـ ‪ Eb/No‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ Eb‬ﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺑﺎﳍﺮﺗﺰﺰ ﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺽ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺖ‬ ‫‪ Eb= ⁄‬ﺣﺣﻴﺚ‪ S :‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪204‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺠﻴﺞ ﻭ‪ B‬ﺽ‬
‫‪ No=N‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪ N :‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺠ‬
‫‪N/B‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪⁄‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ‪ B‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﳛﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻷﻥ ﻥ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭ‪ S‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻣـﻞ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ N‬ﻫﻲﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ‪ I‬ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪⁄‬‬ ‫‪⁄ ‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪ Ebb/No‬ﻭ ‪ γ‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﺴﻴﺒﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪Eb/N‬‬
‫‪No=γ+10log‬‬
‫)‪g(PG‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ﻟﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ γ‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪11-2‬‬

‫‪(1‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(11-2‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪205‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫السعة ‪pacity‬‬
‫‪ ‬س‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 2.2.2‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺪﺓ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺪﻋﻋﻤﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﻗﻗﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫‪ .(RA‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ )‪AB‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓﺗﻌﻄﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼ‬
‫ﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ F :‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻺﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ‬

‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ γ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﺣﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪F‬‬

‫‪ 3.2.2‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪: ‬‬ ‫( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﱠﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )‬

‫‪ F‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ‬
‫‪⁄‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﺳﻴﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺽ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ )‪(12-2‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ F‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(12-2‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪206‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 4.2.2‬ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺼﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘـ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺗﺼ‬
‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊﻊ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺇﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻒ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﻄﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪.(13-2‬‬
‫‪ .RA‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪AB‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(13-2‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺕ‬
‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫‪ 5.2.2‬ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻓﻖ ﳕﻂ‬
‫ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻝ ‪.3Km//h‬‬
‫‪ TU‬ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳉ‬‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ‪U‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(14-2‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪207‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cap‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 6.2.2‬ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪SDPA‬‬

‫‪HS‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ .Eb/No‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟـ ‪ HSDPA‬ﺎ‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﲢﺪﱠﺩ ﺑﺸ‬
‫ﺻـﻠﺔ‬‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳـﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟـ ‪ Eb/No‬ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ Sofft handoverr‬ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪Sofft‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ Soft haandover‬ﺲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﲢﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻥ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ Eb/Noo‬ﰲ ﺣﺎ‬
‫‪.handoover‬‬
‫ﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ HSDPA‬ﲢﺴ‬
‫‪ Eb/No‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟـ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻢ ‪o‬‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫_‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫_‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :K‬ﺍﻟﻨﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪) Sooft handovver‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺘﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ‪.((26%‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻗﻴﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Eb/No‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Sofft handoverr‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪SHO‬‬

‫‪S‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Ebb/No‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪.Sooft handovver‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪NO_S‬‬

‫‪SHO‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺟﻞ ‪ Eb/No‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺬ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ )‪.(15-22‬‬

‫‪ HSDPA‬ﺗﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸ‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻨﻈﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺎﺕ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(15-2‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ‪pacity‬‬

‫‪nLink Cap‬‬
‫‪Down‬‬ ‫‪ 3.2‬ﺳ‬
‫ﺴﻬﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﻄﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺴﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻮ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴ‬
‫ﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﲟﲟﻨﺒﻊ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻻﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﳉﻐﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻰ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪208‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬السعة ‪ Capacity‬‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺗَﺠﺰُﺅ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BS‬ﺳﺘﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪1.3.2‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪AS‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :γ‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ‪ C/I‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :α‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :F‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :K‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪.Soft/Softer Handover‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪AS‬‬
‫‪:b‬ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ )‪ b≥2‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪.(soft handover‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺑﺢ ‪ soft handover‬ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ‪ C/I‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ )‪:(γ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ )‪ (ε‬ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ γ‬ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻗـﻴﻢ‬
‫)‪(ε‬‬
‫‪Environment‬‬ ‫]‪ε[dB‬‬
‫‪TU,3Km/h‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪TU,50Km/h‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪RA,3Km/h‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬
‫‪RA,50Km/h‬‬ ‫‪1.6‬‬
‫‪RA,120Km/h‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻓﻖ ﳕﻂ‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ‪ TU‬ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻝ ‪.3Km/h‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ )‪:(α‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪Environment‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬
‫)‪Rural Area (RA‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬
‫)‪Typical Urban (TU‬‬ ‫‪0.64‬‬
‫‪ 2.3.2‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ‪F‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ F‬ﺳﺘﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪ F‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻴﻼﻥ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﻄـﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪Site configuration‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪Omni‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬
‫‪Three-sector‬‬ ‫‪0.72‬‬
‫‪Six-sector‬‬ ‫‪0.84‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪(K,‬‬ ‫‪, B AND‬‬ ‫‪ 3.3.2‬ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Soft Handover‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ )‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﻐﲑﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،b‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪K‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪Site configuration‬‬ ‫)‪K (%‬‬
‫‪Omni‬‬ ‫‪0.67‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪3-Sector‬‬ ‫‪0.67‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬
‫‪6-Sector‬‬ ‫‪0.68‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫‪.3-sector‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪ 4.3.2‬ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ )‬
‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻨـﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻢ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪RB configuration‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬

‫‪Speech 12.2 kbps RB + 3.4 kbps‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬
‫‪SRBs‬‬
‫‪64 kbps CS RB + 3.4 kbps SRBs‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪64 kbps PS RB + 3.4 kbps SRBs‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪128 kbps PS RB + 3.4 kbps SRBs‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪384 kbps CS RB + 3.4 kbps‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪SRBs‬‬
‫‪57.6 kbps CS RB + 3.4 kbps‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪SRBs‬‬
‫‪Streaming 64 kbps PS RB + 8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪kbps PS RB= 3.4 kbps SRBs‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
Capacity ‫السعة‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗﻴﻢ‬5.3.2
‫ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬،‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
.TU,3Km/h ‫ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﳕﻂ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‬
Service Type
Conversational/Speech 12.2kbps 60
RB + 3.4 kbps SRB
Conversational 64 kbps CS RB + 7.8
3.4 kbps SRB
Interactive 64 kbps PS RB + 3.4 8.9
kbps SRB
kbps SRB
kbps SRB
Streaming 57.6 kbps CS RB + 3.4 11
kbps SRB
Streaming 64 kbps PS RB + 8 kbps 10
PS RB + 3.4 kbps SRB
Streaming 128 kbps PS RB + 8 6.2
kbps PS RB + 3.4 kbps SRB
Conversational 64 kbps CS RB + 8 6.3
kbps PS RAB 3.4 kbps SRB
Conversational/Speech 12.2 kbps 60
CS RB + 0 kbps PS RAB 3.4 kbps
SRB
Conversational/Speech 12.2 kbps 7.4
CS RB + 64 kbps PS RAB 3.4
kbps SRB
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬4.2
‫ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬،Best Effort (BE)‫ ﻭ‬Circuit Switched (CS) ‫ ﺗ ﱢﻮﻓﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬WCDMA ‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
BE ‫( ﻭﲢﻤﻴـﻞ‬CS RABs)‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺎﺕ ) ( ﺍﳌﻮﱠﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭ‬
.PS RABs ‫ﺍﳌ ﱠﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ‬


‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ‬

‫_‬ ‫_‬
‫‪= traffic_per_sub_CS/max possible conversational channels.‬‬
‫‪= BE_CH_Req/max possible packet channels.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﱄ‪BE_CH_Req ،‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪,CS‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭ‪ PS‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫_‬ ‫_‬ ‫_‬ ‫_‬
‫‪BE_CH_Req‬‬
‫_‬
‫ﰲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ‪ PS‬ﻫﻮ ‪ ،64 Kbps‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫_‬ ‫_‬ ‫_‬ ‫_‬ ‫_‬ ‫_‬ ‫_‬
‫_‬ ‫_‬
‫‪,CS‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫‪ 1.4.2‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﺣﱴ ‪ .100%‬ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ 70%‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭ‪ 75%‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Maximum Uplink Load = 70% ‬‬
‫‪Maximum Downlink Load = 76% ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬
Coverage ‫א‬

‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫طية ‪verage‬‬
‫التغط‬ ‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫صل‬
‫‪WCDM‬‬
‫‪MA Coverrage‬‬
‫‪ 1.3‬ﺍﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺆﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـ‬‫ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﻬﻧﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﲞﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺴـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻃﻴﺴ‬‫ﺼﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎ‬‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼ‬
‫ـﻨﻤﻂ‬
‫ـﻨﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﻨ‬‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻹﺭﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳـ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﲏ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻻﻬﻧﺎﺋﻲﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺁﻳﺰﻭﺗﺮﺮﻭﰊ ﻭﺧﻂ ﻧﻈﻈﺮ ﺑﲔ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﲔ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ d‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-3‬‬
‫ـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻌﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻫﻫﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓـ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻵﻳﺰﻭﺗﺮﻭﰊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﻞ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺔ( ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺎﻉ ‪ ،4πd‬ﺣﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ )ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣ‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﺎﻥ ﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺑﺢ ‪ ،G‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﱢﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺎﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ‪ G‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫‪PG‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،A‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺍﺋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻹﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ‪ ،P‬ﺗﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪S .A‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ‪ ،λ‬ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ ،G‬ﻭ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣ‬
‫‪G λ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪5 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬التغطية ‪ Coverage‬‬ ‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪P G G λ‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ P‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪loss‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪ G G λ‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،dB‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪10log loss‬‬ ‫‪10log‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪20log‬‬ ‫‪10log G‬‬ ‫‪10log G‬‬
‫‪ G G λ‬‬ ‫‪λ‬‬
‫‪ 10‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻘـﺪ‬ ‫‪ 10‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻳﻌﺎﳉﻮﻥ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .20‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳊﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪Free Space Path Loss L‬‬ ‫‪20log‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻭ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﻮﱢﺭ‬
‫ﳕﻂ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ ،dBi‬ﺃﻱ )‪ ،10log(G‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،L ،‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﻳﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﻓﻬـﻢ ﺃﻫـﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻛـﻞ ﺃﺟـﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﻄﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﰲ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺿـﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪...... ،‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﻮﻣـﻮﺭﺍ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﺗﺎ )‪.(Okumura-Hata‬‬
‫‪ 1.1.3‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪Okumura-Hata‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪13.82logH‬‬ ‫‪44.9‬‬ ‫‪6.55logH logR‬‬ ‫‪a H‬‬ ‫]‪[dB‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ A=155.1‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ A=147.9 ،‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫‪ A=135.8‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪ A=125.4 ،‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :H‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﳏﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ]‪. [m‬‬
‫‪ :H‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ]‪.[m‬‬
‫‪ :R‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ]‪.[Km‬‬
‫‪ a 1.5‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪1.5m‬‬ ‫‪ A H‬ﺃﻭ ‪0‬‬ ‫‪3.2 log 11.75 H‬‬ ‫‪4.97‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ H =30m‬ﻭ ‪ H =1.5m‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﻮﻣﻮﺭﺍ‪-‬ﻫﺎﺗﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪20.41‬‬ ‫‪35.22logR‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ a=155.1-20.41=134.69‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ a=147.9-20.41=127.49‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫‪ a=135.8-20.41=115.39‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ a=125.4-20.41=104.99‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫‪b=35.22‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ]‪[km‬‬
‫‪ :R‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟ‬
‫‪ 2.3‬ﺣﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳋﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﻥ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻭﺍﳋﻔﻮﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ـﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫‪ L‬ﺑﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﻬـﺰﺓ ‪ UEs‬ﻭﺍﻷﺑـ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓﺓ‬
‫ﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ) ‪ (PUE‬ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺳﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻـﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﺎﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻕ ﺑﲔ‬
‫‪ RBs‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪ SUL‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣ ّﻮّﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-3‬‬
‫‪ (L‬ﺳﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻄﺔ )‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲﻲ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-3‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﱠﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ‪ SUE‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻮ‬ ‫‪ PTX,‬ﻭ ﺣﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-3‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺃﻛﻴﺪﺓ ﳐﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺴ‬
‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻀﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﻔﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼ‬
‫ـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺧـﺬ ﻫـ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﲢﺪﺩ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻱ‬
‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‪:‬‬‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻭ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻌﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻥ‬
‫ﺶ‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪PUE‬‬ ‫‪SUL‬‬
‫‪U‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫]‪[dBm‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪218‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ]‪B‬‬

‫‪[dB‬‬ ‫‪ :B‬ﻫﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ]‪[dB‬‬

‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‬
‫‪ :L‬ﺧ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺭﺑﺢ ﻫﻮﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ]‪[dBi‬‬

‫‪ :G‬ﳎ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪.(4-3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-3‬‬
‫ﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﻄﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼ‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪PTX,‬‬ ‫‪SUE‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫]‪[dBm‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ]‪dB‬‬

‫‪[d‬‬ ‫‪ :B‬ﻫﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ]‪B‬‬

‫‪[dB‬‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‬
‫‪ :L‬ﺧ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺭﺑﺢ ﻫﻮﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ]‪[dBi‬‬

‫‪ :G‬ﳎ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪219‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(5-3‬‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﻄﺔ ﻣﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-3‬‬
‫‪ 3.3‬ﻫﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫ﺶ‬
‫• ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ) ‪[dB] (BIUL‬‬

‫ﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ) ‪[dB] (BIDL‬‬
‫• ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎ‬
‫‪[dB] (BLN‬‬
‫ﳍﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ) ‪NF‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺶ‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﻋﺔ ) ‪B] (BPC‬‬
‫‪[dB‬‬ ‫• ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫‪ 1.3.3‬ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ـﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ـﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﳌﺴـ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺿـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﱠﻟﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﻌﻄﻲ ﲑ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﱠﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪ ،(6-3‬ﺍﻟﺰﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﻤ‪‬ﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻮ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﶈﶈﱠﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻊ‬
‫ﻔ‬
‫ﺑـ ) ‪.(BIUL‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ـ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻫﺎﻣﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-3‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪220‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴﺐ ) ‪ (BIUUL‬ﻣﻦ ﻞ‬
‫‪BIUL‬‬ ‫‪1 log‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪ dB‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺑﲔ ‪ 0‬ﻭ‪.1‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ Q‬ﻫﻲ ﲪﻞ ﻧﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫‪ 2.3.3‬ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺴﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﻄﺔ( ) ‪ (BIDL‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺬﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﳊﺴ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ) ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺿﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬
‫ﻉ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﺍﶈﱠﻤﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﱠﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺎ‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﺿﻴﺔ ﺿﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﺿ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﻳﻀـﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤ‬
‫ﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫ﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﺳﻞ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺧﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-3‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺏ ‪: BIDL‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞﺞ ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﺴ‬
‫‪α F‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬

‫‪BIDL‬‬ ‫‪10 log 1‬‬ ‫‪ dB‬‬
‫‪N NR‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ CPICH‬ﺗﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪1‬‬ ‫‪ :α‬ﻋﺎﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟ‬

‫ﺟﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ‪H‬‬
‫ـﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﻬﺎ‪) .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣـ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭ‬
‫‪ :F‬ﺍﻟﻨﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ‪ F‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪(2.1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪221‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ :P‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫‪.( 174dBm‬‬
‫‪m/Hz‬‬ ‫‪3.9‬‬
‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﻱ )‪W/Hz ‬‬
‫ﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ :N‬ﻛﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫‪ :N‬ﻗﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﳉﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﻡ ‪.(7dB==5.01) UE‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫‪ :L‬ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ــ‬‫ـﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄـﺔ ﻟـ‬

‫ﺿﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺿ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴ‬
‫ﻼﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ )‪ (α=1‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺴ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻼ‬
‫ﺽ‬
‫ﺑـ ‪.(RSCP/RSSI) Ec/No‬‬ ‫‪ .CPIICH‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻋﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (α=1‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪ P-CPPICH‬ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ـ‬
‫ﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻭﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻟﺬﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺴﺎ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ‪ RSSI‬ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﺒﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺄﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﳍﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ )‬
‫‪ 3.3.3‬ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺶ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻖ‬ ‫ﻁ‬
‫ـﺒﲔ‬‫ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺭﺓ ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﺑﻄﻲﻲﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣـ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻼﻑ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻦ‬
‫ﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪.(8-3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-3‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﻫﺬﺬﻩ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺮﻳﻊ )ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﺭﺭﺍﻳﻠﻲ( ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﺋﻲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـ‬
‫ـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋـ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻌﻮﺍﻛﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﻛﻛﺎﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻞ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪222‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﲟﻄﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻐﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺧﻔﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﺭﺍﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘـﺄﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴـﺔ ﻫﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺗﲔ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﻥ ﺑـﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰎ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻤﻮﺝ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ dB‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫‪ ،σLNF‬ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ 6-12 dB‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ‪ WCDMA‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﲢﻮﻱ ﻗـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺒﺄﺓ ﻭﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﳍﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔـﻮﺕ ‪ BLNF‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑـ‬
‫‪ Soft HO‬ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑـ ‪ HO‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﳍـﻮﺍﻣﺶ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺑﺢ ‪ ،HO‬ﲝﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺭﺑـﺢ ‪ .HO‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﲟﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪ Jakes‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ‪ .GSM‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺭﺑﺢ ‪ HO‬ﺇﱃ ﺭﺑﺢ ‪ Hard HO‬ﻭﺭﺑﺢ ‪ .Soft HO‬ﺭﺑﺢ ‪ Hard HO‬ﻫﻮ ﺭﺑﺢ ‪ HO‬ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪ TDMA‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑـ ‪ HO‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺘﺼﻼ ً ﻓﻘﻂ ﲞﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺭﺑﺢ ‪ Soft HO‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻌـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﺑﺢ ‪ HO‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ‪ LBPL‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺮﱠﻑ ‪ LBPL‬ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‪ LBPL .‬ﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ .σBPL‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺯﻉ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟـ ‪.σf‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ـﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ σBPL‬ﻭ ‪ σf‬ﳝﻜﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﳎﺎ ﲜﲜﻤﻌﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻓﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻳﺘﻤﻴـﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼـ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﳉﺬﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﺠﻤﻟﻤﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫‪ σ‬ﺃﻭ ‪ σLNF‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﳓﺮﺍﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺟﻴﹰﺎ ‪.8-9 dB‬‬
‫ﳕﻮﺫﺟ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻲ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﻏـﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻄﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺍﳋـﺎﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪،σLNNF‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻔﻮﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪ .σLNF‬ﻭﺍﻹﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΣLNF‬‬ ‫‪σLNF‬‬ ‫‪σLNF‬‬
‫ﻜﻞ )‪(9-3‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻣﻮﺿﱠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(9-3‬‬
‫ـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺧﺎﺭﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﳓـ‬
‫ﳓـﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴـ‬
‫ﳉﺪﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﳉ‬
‫‪ .σLNF‬ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫‪Environmeent‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪Dense‬‬ ‫‪urbaan‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫‪Urban‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪Suburbann‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻟﻺﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴـﺔ ﳝﻜﻜـﻦ‬

‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ) ‪ (BLNF‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‬
‫ﺶ‬
‫ﳋﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﻳﺘﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﳐﻄﻂ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﳋ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﳐﻄ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪224‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
Cov
verage ‫طية‬
‫صل‬
(
(10-3) ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬BLNF ‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﳍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ‬
E
Environmen
nt Area
[dB] 75%
% 85%
% 90% 95%% 98%%
Rural, 6 -4.11 -1.7 0.0 2.3 4.6
6
suburban
Urban 8 -3.99 -0.9 1.1 4.1 7.2
2
D
Dense Urbaan, 10 -3.88 -0.1 2.3 5.9 9.6
6
suburban
indoor
U
Urban indooor 12 -3.88 0.6
6 3.4 7.5 12.1
D
Dense urbaan 14 -3.88 1.1 4.3 9 14.3
indoor
:‫ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫( ﺍﳌﺴ‬BLNF ) ‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﳍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ‬
E
Environmen
nt Area
[dB] 75%
% 85%
% 90%
% 95%% 98%%
Rural, 6 -4.77 -2.3 -0..7 1.5 3.8
8
suburban
Urban 8 -4.55 -1.4 0.5 3.44 6.4
4
D
Dense Urbaan, 10 -4.44 -0.6 1.8 5.22 8.9
9
suburban
indoor
U
Urban indooor 12 -4.11 0.2
2 2.9 7 11.6
D
Dense urbaan 14 -4.11 0.7
7 3.9 8.66 13.8
indoor

225

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ) ‪ (BLNF‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Environment‬‬ ‫‪Area‬‬
‫]‪[dB‬‬ ‫‪75%‬‬ ‫‪85%‬‬ ‫‪90%‬‬ ‫‪95%‬‬ ‫‪98%‬‬
‫‪Rural,‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪-3.7‬‬ ‫‪-1.2‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪5.5‬‬
‫‪suburban‬‬
‫‪Urban‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪-3.4‬‬ ‫‪-0.2‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪4.9‬‬ ‫‪8.1‬‬
‫‪Dense Urban,‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪-3.1‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪6.7‬‬ ‫‪10.6‬‬
‫‪suburban‬‬
‫‪indoor‬‬
‫‪Urban indoor‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪-3.1‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫‪8.4‬‬ ‫‪13.1‬‬
‫‪Dense urban‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪-3.1‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪5.1‬‬ ‫‪9.9‬‬ ‫‪15.3‬‬
‫‪indoor‬‬
‫‪ 4.3.3‬ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺣﱴ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻌـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ‪ BPC‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﳛﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺶ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳍـﺎﻣﺶ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Environment‬‬ ‫‪TU,3‬‬ ‫‪TU,50‬‬ ‫‪RA,3‬‬ ‫‪RA,50‬‬ ‫‪RA,120‬‬

‫‪km/h‬‬ ‫‪km/h‬‬ ‫‪km/h‬‬ ‫‪km/h‬‬ ‫‪km/h‬‬
‫]‪BPC [dB‬‬ ‫‪0.7‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬
‫‪ 4.3‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ) ‪[dB] (LBL‬‬

‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ) ‪[dB] (LCPL‬‬
‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ) ‪[dB] (LBPL‬‬
‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ) ‪[dB] (LASC‬‬
‫‪[dB] (L‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟـ ‪) Jumper‬‬
‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـ ‪[dB] (LJ ) Jumper‬‬
‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻱ ) ‪[dB] (LF‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ 1.4.3‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻼ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﳝﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻘﺺ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﳋﺴـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ‬
‫) ‪ (LBL‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ ETSI‬ﻫﻮ ‪ 3dB‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟـﻞ ‪1900‬‬
‫‪ .MHz‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻻ ﳝﺘﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‪.‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪ 2.4.3‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ) ‪ (LCPL‬ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪ 3.4.3‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ‪ LBPL‬ﺗﻌﺮﱠﻑ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﱠﻝ ﻗـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﲎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 4.4.3‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ ASC‬ﻫﻮ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ‪ ،RBs‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﳌـﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪ LASE‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 5.4.3‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪Jumper‬‬
‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻟﻠـ ‪ Jumper‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﰲ ﺣﺴـﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ُ ASC‬ﻣﺴﺘﺨ َﺪﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـ ‪:(LJ ) Jumper‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ASC‬ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻛﺒﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Jumper‬ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣـﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟــ )‪Antenna Syastem (ASC‬‬
‫‪.Controller‬‬
‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻱ ‪: LF‬‬
‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻱ ) ‪ (LF‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ُ ASC‬ﻣﺴﺘﺨ َﺪﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ LF‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻐﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﺎﻥ ‪ُ ASC‬ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺨ َﺪﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒ‬
‫‪ 5.3‬ﺭﺭﺑﺢ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﺰﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﳛﳛﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﺎﻓﺔ ‪ GA‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺭﺑﺢ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﺪﻡ ﻭﺭﺑﺢ ﻲ‬
‫ﻉ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ ،0 dBi‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﻫﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺮﺽ ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(11-3‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ 6.3‬ﺣﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺶ‬
‫• ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪[dB] BIUL‬‬

‫ﳍﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ ‪NF‬‬
‫‪[dB] BLN‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺶ‬
‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﻋﺔ ‪B] BPC‬‬
‫‪[dB‬‬ ‫• ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﺎﻥ ‪ُ ASC‬ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺨ َﺪﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﺴ‬
‫ﳉﺴﻢ ‪[dB] LBL‬‬

‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉ‬
‫ﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ‪dB] LCPL‬‬
‫‪[d‬‬ ‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺧ‬
‫]‪[dB‬‬
‫[‬ ‫ﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ‪LBPLL‬‬
‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺧ‬
‫ـ ‪[dB] LJ Jumper‬‬
‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪[dB] GA‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺢ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪228‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(12-3‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ 1.6.3‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻ‬

‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Lpm‬‬
‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪PUE‬‬ ‫‪SUL‬‬ ‫‪BIU‬‬
‫‪UL‬‬ ‫‪BLNF‬‬ ‫‪BPC‬‬ ‫‪LBLL‬‬ ‫‪LCPL‬‬ ‫‪LBPL‬‬ ‫‪LJ‬‬ ‫‪Gant‬‬ ‫‪[d‬‬
‫]‪dB‬‬
‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫‪ 2.6.3‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Eb‬‬
‫‪SUL‬‬ ‫‪Nt‬‬ ‫‪Nf‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪10 logR‬‬‫‪info‬‬ ‫‪LF dBm‬‬
‫‪No‬‬
‫ﻱ )‪(-174 dBm/Hz‬‬
‫ﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ :Nt‬ﻛﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀ‬
‫‪(ASC‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ ASSC‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 3.33 dB‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫‪ :Nf‬ﻗﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ )‪ 2.3 dB‬ﺪ‬
‫‪ :Rinfo‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ]‪[bpps‬‬
‫ﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ]‪[dB‬‬

‫‪ :Ebb/No‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻱ )‪ 0 dB‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪(ASC‬‬

‫‪ :LF‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻱ‬
‫‪ 3.6.3‬ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪MA‬‬

‫‪WCDM‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Rpmaxx‬‬ ‫‪10α‬‬ ‫]‪[km‬‬

‫[‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪Lpmax‬‬ ‫]‪a /b [dB‬‬

‫[‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪229‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 4.6.3‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺝ‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻜﻞ )‪(13-3‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱪﺝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺏ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(13-3‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ 5.6.3‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪DPA‬‬
‫‪HSD‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪ 2.5-3‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﻣﻣـﻦ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ HSDPA‬ﻫﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪dB‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﻳﻌـﲏ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪ ،HS-DPCC‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﲏ‬ ‫‪ DCH‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪CH‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ ‪H‬‬
‫‪ .DC‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪CH‬‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺃﺟﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ HSDPPA‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﺻ‬
‫‪ ،BE‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‬‫ﳉﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻓﻓﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ‪E‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ HSSDPA‬ﲤﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﳉ‬
‫ـﺾ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﲟﻌﺪﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﻔـ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲑ‬‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻣﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻦ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻌﺪﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﻤـﺪ‬‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ HSDPA‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺫﻟﻟﻚ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻡ‬
‫‪WC‬‬ ‫ـﺒﻜﺔ ‪CDMA‬‬ ‫‪ HSDPA‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺷـ‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻣﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺃﺻـ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﺻـ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫‪ HSD‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻭﺇﻥ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ‪DPA‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺻ ﹰ‬
‫ﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪PS‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﻄﻴﻄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺐ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 64 kbps‬ﺃﻭ‪ CS 64 kkbps‬ﻰ‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪ PS 384 kbbps RB‬ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﺎﻡ ‪ HSDPA‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ‪ PS 64 kbpps RB‬ﺇﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ﻛﻛﺒﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﺓ ﻛﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻊ‬
‫ﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ‪PS 64‬‬‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻞ ‪ ،PS 64 kbbps RB‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟ‬
‫‪.PS 3884 kbps RB‬‬ ‫ﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪B‬‬ ‫‪ kbpss RB‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻐﻄ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪230‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ Cov‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 7.3‬ﲣﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺻـﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ TM‬ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻟﻠﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ‬‫ﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻜﱪ ‪MA‬‬ ‫ﺋﻲ ‪ ASC‬ﻳﺘﻀ‬‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻜﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(14-3‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪,‬‬ ‫ﺝ‬
‫‪ 1.7.3‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﺍﻷﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Pnom,RBS = MCPA‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪pow‬‬
‫]‪wer – cabinnet losses [W‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪,‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ 2.7.3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻼ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Pnom,ref‬‬ ‫‪Pnom,RBS‬‬ ‫‪Lj‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪LF‬‬ ‫‪LASC‬‬ ‫]‪[dBm‬‬
‫ﻸﺑﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫‪ :Pnomm,RBS‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻸ‬
‫ـ ‪ Jumper‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬
‫‪ :Lj‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫‪ :LF‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ‪C‬‬

‫‪ASC‬‬ ‫‪ :LASC‬ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﺧ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪231‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬


‫الباب الخامس‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫מ‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ‬دراسة ومحاكاة نظام ‪ WCDMA‬‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ‪BER‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ‪.Spreading Factor‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ‪.Rake Receiver‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻭﺻﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ 1.1‬ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟـ ‪MatLab‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﺠﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻛﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮﻥ ﳊﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺇﱃ ﳐﺘﱪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2.1‬ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪WCDMA‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1-1‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪.WCDMA‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ 1.2.1‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪ :Channel Coding‬ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.I‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (2-1‬ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-1‬‬
‫‪ :CRC Calculation‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ CRC‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :TrBlk Concatenate Code Blk Segment‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Channel Coding‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪.Turbo‬‬
‫‪ :Rate Matching‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :1st Interleaver‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Radio Frame Segmentation‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺘﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺳﻞ ‪ :WCDMA‬ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫‪.II‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (3-1‬ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-1‬‬
‫‪ :Ph Channel Segmentation‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﳜﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :2nd Interleaver‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :TPC Bits‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Slot Builder‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ‪ PI‬ﻭﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪TFCI‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﺧﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﱢﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﳉﻌﻠﻪ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻟﻺﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.III‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (4-1‬ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪DPCH Mapping‬‬ ‫‪Spreading‬‬ ‫‪Scrambling‬‬
‫‪Introduce Common‬‬ ‫‪SCH Generating‬‬

‫‪Introduce Interference‬‬
‫‪Channel‬‬ ‫‪Multiplexing‬‬ ‫‪Power Adjusting‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-1‬‬
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‫‪ :DPCH IQ Mapping‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻬﻤﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﺎ ‪ I/Q‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ‪ I‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ‪.Q‬‬
‫‪ :Common Channels Generator‬ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪.P-CPICH‬‬

‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ‪.PICH‬‬
‫• ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪.P-CCPCH‬‬
‫‪ :Spreading‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ Channelization Code‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ SF‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :OCNS Generator‬ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ‪ OCNS‬ﻛﺪﻣﺞ ﺑﲔ ‪ 16‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﳐﺼﺼﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫‪ Channelization Code‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ .3GPP‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ Walsh Code‬ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻔﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﰒ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﺭﲝﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :WCDMA Scrambling‬ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ‪ Gold‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻒ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ .10ms‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :WCDMA SCH Generator‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ‪ SCH‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ ،3GPP‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ SCH‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺩﻣﺞ ﻗﻨﺎﺗﲔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ ‪ SCH‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ‪ SCH‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :WCDMA SCH Multiplexer‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ‪ SCH‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺑـ ‪ ،Scrambling Code‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ P-CCPCH‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻭﻝ ‪ 256‬ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺯﻣﲏ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ SCH‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :WCDMA Power Adjustment‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪ OCNS‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Node-B‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪.3GPP‬‬
‫‪ :Raised Cosine Transmit Filter‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺪﺩ ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺢ ﻭﻗﻤﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ . 2‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺷﺢ‬
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‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻟﻺﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑـ ‪.Pulse Shaping‬‬
‫‪ 2.2.1‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﻴﱭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (5-1‬ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ ﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-1‬‬
‫‪ :Rayleigh Fading‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﺭﺍﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :AWGN Channel‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻭﺻﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻲ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺿﺠﻴﺞ ﻏﺎﻭﺻﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲣﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3.2.1‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(6-1‬‬ ‫‪.I‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-1‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ :Raised Cosine Receive Filter‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :WCDMA Rake Receive‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻊ ﻳﻌﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻔﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ Channelization Code‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪ .Gold‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﺪﱢﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﺮﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :IQ Demapping‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺗﲔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Slot Rebuilder‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﰲ ‪ WCDMA‬ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪ WCDMA‬ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(7-1‬‬ ‫‪.II‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-1‬‬
‫‪ :WCDMA Slot Splitter‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :2nd De-Interleaver‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ :Ph Channel Concatenation‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳕﻂ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪ :Channel Decoding‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪.III‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(8-1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-1‬‬
‫‪ :WCDMA Syndrome Detector‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ‪ CRC‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ ،3GPP‬ﻭﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3.1‬ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪WCDMA‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﲔ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ‪ Channelization Code‬ﻭ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ(‬
‫‪ Channelization Code‬ﺧﺎﺹ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ .3.84Mchip/s‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ‪) UE‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ( ﻟﻪ‬
‫‪ Scrambling Code‬ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﲔ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ‪ Channelization Code‬ﻭ‪ Scrambling Code‬ﻭﺑﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ 4.1‬ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪WCDMA‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (9-1‬ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ ﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(9-1‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ‪ UE‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ‪ SNR‬ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1.4.1‬ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻺﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ )‪ (10-1‬ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
WCDMA ‫دراسة ومحاكاة نظام‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
(10-1) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬


‫‪ WC‬‬
‫سة ومحاكاة ننظام ‪CDMA‬‬
‫‪ ‬دراس‬ ‫الفصل األول‬
‫صل‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺪﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ‪.SF‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﻝﻝ ‪.Chhannelizatiion Code‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪.Scram‬‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ‪mbling Codde‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪ SNR‬ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺴ‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﻋﺔ ﺍﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔﺔ ‪.MS‬‬ ‫‪.9‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ )‪BER‬‬

‫‪Bit Erroor Rate (B‬‬ ‫ﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺄ‬
‫‪ 5.1‬ﺩﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺚ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ BER‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪ WCDMA‬ﻧﻘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ـ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﳏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ BER‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻋﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺇﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪R‬‬
‫ﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (111-1‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﺳﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BER‬ﻭﺍﺍﳌﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ‬
‫‪.M‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟـ ‪Matlab‬‬
‫ﺞ‬
‫(‬
‫)‪(11-1‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺪﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﳌﺨ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﲔ‬
‫ﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪ WCD‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫‪DMA‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ‪ Direction‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UL‬ﻭ‪.DL‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Spreading Factor‬ﲤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺜﺮ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺜﺮ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ‪ Rake Receiver‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Users‬ﲤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﲟﺮﺳﻞ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺳﻠﲔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﲔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Channel Type‬ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﻞ ‪ AWGN‬ﺃﻡ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﲤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ‪ Plot‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲏ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ،Plot BER‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ‪Hold‬‬
‫‪ ،Figure‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲏ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪.Plot BER‬‬
‫‪ 6.1‬ﺭﺑﻂ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟـ ‪Matlab‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Matlab‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻲ ﻭﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻦ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Work Space‬ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (12-1‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(12-1‬‬
‫‪ :Simout‬ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ ‪ WorkSpace‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻝ )ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻱ ‪ (Structure‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟـ ‪ SNR‬ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ‪.SNR‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫;‪snr_min = -20‬‬
‫;‪snr_max = 10‬‬
‫;‪snr_step = 0.5‬‬
‫;‪SNR = snr_min:snr_step:snr_max‬‬
‫;))‪BR = zeros(1,length(SNR‬‬
‫‪for i = 1:length(SNR),‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫;)‪snrdB = SNR(i‬‬
‫;)'‪sim('Name Of Simulink Model‬‬
‫;)‪BR(i) = simout(length(simout),1‬‬
‫‪if BR(i)==0‬‬
‫‪break‬‬
‫‪end‬‬
‫‪end‬‬
‫)‪plot(SNR,BR‬‬
‫‪grid‬‬
‫)'‪xlabel('SNR‬‬
‫)'‪ylabel('Bit Error Rate‬‬
‫‪ :snr_min‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪.SNR‬‬
‫‪ :snr_max‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪.SNR‬‬
‫‪ :snr_step‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠـ ‪.SNR‬‬
‫‪ :SNR‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪ -20‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 10‬ﲞﻄﻮﺓ ‪ 0.5‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪61‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :BR‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﻮﻝ ‪ SNR‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ For‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ‪.SNR‬‬
‫‪ :SnrdB‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻭﻳﻐﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :sim‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﲰﻪ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ‪ i‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻮﻝ ‪ BR‬ﲟﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ‪ .i‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ‪ If‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ )ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ( ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ For‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ’‪ ،‘0‬ﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺳﻮﻑ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ’‪ ‘0‬ﻷﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ SNR‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲏ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ‪ BER‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ‪ SNR‬ﻋﱪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ‪.Plot‬‬
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‫الباب الخامس‬

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‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ‬تخطيط شبكة الجيل الثالث ‪ ‬‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﰎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪.ERLANG‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﳕﻂ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ‪ .Best Effort‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ُﻣﺤﺪِﺩﹰﺍ ﺩﻓﻖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 64Kbps‬ﰲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ‪.BH‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻌﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻷﻱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﺣﱴ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ ً،‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﺣﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ MPole‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﲝﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1.2‬ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1-2‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1-2‬ﻫﻲ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ ‬تخطيط ش‬
‫شبكة الجيل الثثالث ‪ ‬‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-2‬‬
‫ـﺮﺍﺝ‬‫ﺑﲔ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑـ‬‫ﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﻋﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﻭﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻨﺘِﺞ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﲔ‬ ‫ـ ‪ Uplink‬ﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻷﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻳﻨﻘﻘﺺ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻦ‬
‫ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﳊﻤﻞ ﰲ‬‫ﺴﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴ‬
‫ﻳﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝﻝ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺶ‬
‫ـﻜﻞ‬‫ـﻮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬ ‫ﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺭﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﺍﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﻮﺻـ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊ‬
‫)‪.(2-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-2‬‬
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‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ )ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ( ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ‪ 95%‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ A‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ )‪ ،(15 Km2‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ )‪ ،(30m‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪،(70%‬‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪(76%‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪5‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪1‬‬
‫‪550,000‬‬ ‫‪350,000‬‬ ‫‪166,000‬‬ ‫‪64,000‬‬ ‫‪45,000‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪UMTS‬‬
‫‪550,000‬‬ ‫‪350,000‬‬ ‫‪166,000‬‬ ‫‪64,000‬‬ ‫‪45,000‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪UMTS‬‬
‫‪121,000‬‬ ‫‪59,500‬‬ ‫‪24,900‬‬ ‫‪6,400‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪UMTS‬‬
‫‪121,000‬‬ ‫‪59,500‬‬ ‫‪24,900‬‬ ‫‪12,400‬‬ ‫‪6,750‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪UMTS‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺎﺣﻴّﻲ )ﺿﺎﺣﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﻣﺪﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﱐ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪45,000‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪A‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪B‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪّﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫‪2%‬‬ ‫‪2%‬‬ ‫‪2%‬‬ ‫‪2%‬‬ ‫‪2%‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪّﻝ ﺍﳊﺠﺐ‬
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‫‪0.44‬‬ ‫‪0.44‬‬ ‫‪0.44‬‬ ‫‪0.44‬‬ ‫‪0.44‬‬ ‫‪ BHCA‬ﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬
‫‪0.09‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬ ‫‪ BHCA‬ﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗّﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬
‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪّﺓ ﺍﻻﺗّﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﰐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ)ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ(‬
‫‪7.2‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪّﺓ ﺍﻻﺗّﺼﺎﻝ ‪CS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ)ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ(‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CS‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬
‫‪7,000‬‬ ‫‪6,000‬‬ ‫‪5,000‬‬ ‫‪4,100‬‬ ‫‪3,600‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‪ UL‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‪ DL‬ﰲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ‬
‫‪10%‬‬ ‫‪10%‬‬ ‫‪10%‬‬ ‫‪10%‬‬ ‫‪10%‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ‪UL/DL‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪PS‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬


‫الباب السادس‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫‪ 1.1‬ﻧﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺧﺧﺮﺟﻬﺎ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺚ‬
‫ﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﳏﺎﻛـﺎﺓ ﻧﻈـ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﱵ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (11-1-a‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘـ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﻋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ WCD‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫‪DMA‬‬
‫ﺑﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﺮﺍﺋﺢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻨﺜﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺖ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺸ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ﺚ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﻞ‬
‫ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺣﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻞ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻞ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻮﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻴـ‬
‫ـﻒ‬ ‫ﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ))‪ (1-1-b‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﻠﺠﺰﺃﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺸ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-1-b‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-1-aa‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (2-1-b‬ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻭُﻳﻈ ﹺﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (2-11-a‬ﻃﻴﻒ ﻃﺎﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻞ‬
‫ـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻃﻴﻒ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺗﺸـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ))‪ (2-1-c‬ﻒ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ )ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺠﻴﺞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﳑﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺷﺷﺢ ﲤﺮﻳﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻼﺣﻆ‬
‫)‪ (2-1-d‬ﻃﻴﻒ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻼ‬
‫(‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺴﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴ‬
‫ﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪......‬‬
‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺸﻮﻩ ﺷﻜﻜﻞ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺷﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻋﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ WC‬‬
‫صل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-1-a‬‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫(‬
‫)‪(2-1-b‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-1-c‬‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫(‬
‫)‪(2-1-d‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ .16QAM‬ﺣﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ‪ QPSK‬ﻭ‪M‬‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳓﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻦ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫‪ DPC‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ )‪ (3-1-b‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪CH‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (3-1-a‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺷ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻌﺪﻳﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓﺓ ‪ DPCH‬ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ DPCH‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﻣﻣﺞ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴ‬
‫ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎﺓ ‪H‬‬
‫)‪ (3-11-C‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ))‪(3-1-a‬‬ ‫(‬

‫)‪(3-1-b‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-1-cc‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻷﻱ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-1‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-1‬‬
‫‪ 2.1‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﳏﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ‪ ،BER‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ‪ ،SNR‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ‪.SF‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻭﺻﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(DL/UL, SF, With Rake/Without Rake, Single User/Multi Users, Channel Type‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ )‪ (DL128R01‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲏ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪ ،128‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﲟﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺿﺠﻴﺞ ﻏﺎﻭﺻﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (5-1‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ‪ SF‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻏﺎﻭﺻﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (6-1‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ SF‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻭﺻﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-1‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7-1‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻔﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (8-1‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ‪ Channelization Code‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ‪ ،Scrambling Code‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7-1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-1‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ WCDMA‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪) WCDMA‬ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ(‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ )ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫• ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺖ ﻣـﺘﻐﲑ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫• ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ،WCDMA‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺼـﻞ ﺍﳌﻜـﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﻨﺠﺰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴـﺎﺕ ﻭﳏﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪ TDMA‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ‪AMPS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ WCDMA‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺜـﻮﺭ ﳍـﺎ ﻋـﺮﺽ ﺣﺰﻣـﺔ‬
‫‪ 1.23MHz‬ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 10%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ ‬‬

‫الباب السادس‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

3G ‫تخطيط شبكة الجيل الثالث‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬1.2
‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﰲ‬،‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ )ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ( ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
:‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬،‫( ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬1 ‫)ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬
sec=3; %3-Sector Site
indr_cov=0.95; %Indoor Coverage

cov_area=15; %Coverage Area of 15Km^2 [Km^2]
ant_ht=30; %Anenna height [m]
fdr_typ='LCF 7/8'; %Feeder Type
jmp_con_loss=1; %Jumper and connector loss [dB]
ant_gain=18.5; %Antena Gain [dBi]
ASC=true; %Antenna System Controller [boolean]
ant_jmp_loss=0.2; %Antenna Jumper Loss [dB]
max_UL_load=0.70; %Maximum Uplink
max_DL_load=0.76; %Maximum Downlink Load
Pnom=17.4; %Radio Bearer Station [w]
UE_max_pwr=24; %UE Maximum Output Power [dBm]
S_UL_CS=-124.5; %UE Sensetivity UL CS

S_UL_PS=-120.1; %UE Sensetivity UL PS
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%% Subscriber Base
num_UMTS_sub =45000;
num_UMTS_voice_sub =45000;
num_UMTS_CS_data_sub =0;
num_UMTS_PS_data_sub =6750;
%%%%%% Subscriber Distribution
cityA_urban=45000;
cityB_urban=0;
%%%%%% Busy Hour Traffic Per Subscriber For Circuit Switched

Data and Voice
avr_data_rate_per_user=64; %[Kbps]
Blocking_rate=0.02;
BHCA_speech=0.44;
BHCA_video_telephony=0.09;
avr_speech_call_duration=3.0; % Mean Holding Time MHT[min]
avr_CS_call_duration=7.2; %[min]
%%%%% Busy Hour Traffic Per Subscriber for Packet Switched

Data
BH_UL_DL_data_vol_per_subs=3600; %[kbit]
ratio_UL_DL_traffic=0.1;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


‫‪ ‬تخطيط شبكة الجيل الثالث ‪ 3G‬‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫‪ 2.2‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪّﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴّﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ Erlangs‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬
‫‪Traffic(A)=BHCA×MHT‬‬
‫‪Traffic(A)=22mE‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺜﻘﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﲤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺜﻘﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪BH Traffic per sub(mE)=A×weighting factor‬‬
‫‪BH Traffic per sub(mE)=(45000/45000)×22=22mE‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PS‬ﳚﺐ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BH‬ﻣﻦ ‪ Kbit‬ﺇﱃ ‪ KB‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪BH UL+DL data volume per subs(Kbit) =3600‬‬
‫‪Ratio Uplink/Downlink traffic=10%‬‬
‫‪KB in BH-Total‬‬ ‫‪440‬‬
‫‪KB in BH-UL‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪KB in BH-DL‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬
‫‪Average PS Kbyte in BH=Kbyte in BH×Weighting factor‬‬

‫‪AVE.UL PS KB in BH=(6750/45000)×40=6 KB‬‬
‫‪AVE.DL PS KB in BH=(6750/45000)×400=60 KB‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪Service‬‬ ‫‪BH Requirement‬‬
‫‪Speech‬‬ ‫‪22 mE‬‬
‫‪UL-PS-data‬‬ ‫‪6 KB‬‬
‫‪DL-PS-data‬‬ ‫‪60 KB‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
:‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬

%%% 1- Traffic Calculation
%%%%CS (61)
Trf_CS=BHCA_video_telephony*avr_CS_call_duration/60;% Erlang
Trf_CS=Trf_CS*1000;%mE
Trf_SP=BHCA_speech*avr_speech_call_duration/60;% Erlang
Trf_SP=Trf_SP*1000;%Me
%Average CS Traffic Profile(63)
ASP=num_UMTS_voice_sub/num_UMTS_sub;
ACS=num_UMTS_CS_data_sub/num_UMTS_sub;
Trf_sub=(Trf_SP*ASP)+(Trf_CS*ACS); % mE/Sub Traffic
rng=5-(mod(Trf_sub,5));
Trf_sub_rng=Trf_sub+rng;
Trf=Trf_sub*num_UMTS_sub ;%[mE] Network Offered Traffic

BH_UL_DL_data_vol_per_subs_KB=BH_UL_DL_data_vol_per_subs*1000/(8*1024
); %[KByte] Data Volume UL+DL
BH_DL_data_vol_per_subs_KB=BH_UL_DL_data_vol_per_subs_KB/(1+ratio_UL_
DL_traffic);
BH_UL_data_vol_per_subs_KB=BH_DL_data_vol_per_subs_KB*ratio_UL_DL_tra
ffic;
APS=num_UMTS_PS_data_sub/num_UMTS_sub;
UL_PS_data=BH_UL_data_vol_per_subs_KB*APS;
DL_PS_data=BH_DL_data_vol_per_subs_KB*APS;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
:UL ‫ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬:‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
UL ‫ ﻟﻠـ‬70% ‫ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻫﻮ‬20% ‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫( ﻭﻫﻲ‬2.2 dB ‫ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ‬40% ‫ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬.DL ‫ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬76%‫ﻭ‬
.‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﺪﺀ‬
%2- Assume UL Load
UL_load=0.4; % 0.20<UL_load<0.70
num_site_cap=0;
num_site_cov=1;


:(40% ‫ )ﲪﻞ‬UL ‫ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟـ‬:‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬،Mpole ‫( ﻣﻘﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬M) ‫ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬Qc ‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺎﺕ‬
:‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
M=Qc×Mpole
70 ‫ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ‬3 ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑـ‬UL ‫ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬Mploe ‫ﺇﻥ‬
M=0.4×70=28 channels
‫ ﻭﻫﻮ‬Erlang ‫ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬28 ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬2% ‫ ﻫﻲ‬GoS ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ‬
20.15 Erlangs
Offerd Traffic=number of subs×traffic per sub
number of subs=offerd Traffic/traffic per sub
number of subs=20.15/22×10-3 916
(‫ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬3) ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﱪﺝ‬،‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬
:‫ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳓﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬2748 ‫ﻫﻮ‬
Total number of subs/subs supported by a site =17 site
.(40%) ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲪﻞ‬UL ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟـ‬

while(num_site_cap~=num_site_cov)
%3- Sites Capacity
M_pole_UL=70;
num_of_ch_cap=M_pole_UL*UL_load;
j=Blocking_rate*100*2+1;
c=xlsread('ERLANG');
off_trf=c(num_of_ch_cap+1,j);
num_of_sub_cell=ceil(off_trf/(Trf_sub*0.001));
num_of_sub_site=sec*num_of_sub_cell;
num_site_cap=ceil(num_UMTS_sub/num_of_sub_site); %[sites]
:UL ‫ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬:‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬
:(40%) ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲪﻞ‬
Link Budget terms Speech,TU3 PS,TU3

(a)PUE 24 24
(b)SUL -124.5 -120.1
(c)BIUL 2.2 2.2


(d)Urban Indoor BLNF 7.5 7.5

(e)BPC 0.7 0.7
(f)LBL 3 0
(g)LBPL 18 18
(h)LJ 0.2 0.2
(i)Ga 18.5 18.5
Lpmax=a-b-c-d-e-f-g-h+i 135.4 134
Lowest Lpmax 134
(OH) cell Range (R) R=10a 0.956
Where a=(Lpmax-a)/b [dB]
a=134.69,b=35.22
Site coverage(9/8)(√3)(R2) 1,78 Km2

Sites Required for 15 Km2 8.424≈9
.40% ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲪﻞ‬UL ‫ ﺃﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬9
%4- Sites Coverage
BIUL=10*log10(1/(1-UL_load));% UL Margin P128
L_BL_CS=3;
LOSS_CS=7.5+0.7+L_BL_CS+18+ant_jmp_loss;
Lp_max_CS=UE_max_pwr-S_UL_CS-BIUL-LOSS_CS+ant_gain;
L_BL_PS=0;
LOSS_PS=7.5+0.7+L_BL_PS+18+ant_jmp_loss;
Lp_max_PS=UE_max_pwr-S_UL_PS-BIUL-LOSS_PS+ant_gain;
Lowest_Lp_max=min(Lp_max_CS,Lp_max_PS);
%%
a=134.69 ;% For Urban Area Okomura Hata P149
b=35.22;
alpha=(Lowest_Lp_max-a)/b;
R=10^alpha; % Cell Range [Km] P191
site_cov=(9/8)*(sqrt(3))*(R^2); % surface [Km2]

num_site_cov=ceil(cov_area/site_cov); %[sites] P191
UL_load=UL_load+0.1;
if (UL_load>0.7)
msgbox('No Sites could be handled')
break
end
end
:‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬/‫ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬
‫ ﺃﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻏﲑ‬9 ‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﱃ‬UL ‫ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬17 ‫ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺣﱴ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬.40% ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲪﻞ‬


‫‪ ‬تخطيط شبكة الجيل الثالث ‪ 3G‬‬ ‫الفصل الثاني‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ ،while‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UL‬ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪11‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﲪﻞ ‪.60%‬‬
‫‪%5- Balance‬‬
‫;‪UL_load=UL_load-0.1‬‬
‫‪% num_site_cap‬‬
‫‪% num_site_cov‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫ﹼﰎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﻥ ‪ 11‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲪﻞ ‪ 60%‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ .UL‬ﺇﻥ ‪11‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺝ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ‪ 33‬ﻗﻄﹼﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪45000/33=1363.6≈1364 sub/sector‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UL‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪ .Qmax=45%‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ 60%‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ 11‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ .UL‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DL‬ﺑـ ‪ Qmax=95%‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﹼﰎ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪ 75%‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.DL‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ Qmax‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UL‬ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ DL‬ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﱴ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ 15‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Qmax‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ UL‬ﻫﻲ ‪ 0.333‬ﺃﻱ ‪ 33.3%‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﱂ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 60%‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪ 15‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠـ ‪ .UL‬ﻭﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ Qmax‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DL‬ﻫﻲ ‪ 0.703‬ﺃﻱ ‪ 70.3%‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﱂ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 75%‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪ 15‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـ‬
‫‪ DL‬ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪%6- Check maximum load is not exceeded‬‬
‫;‪num_sec=sec*num_site_cap‬‬
‫‪sub_per_sec=ceil(num_UMTS_sub/num_sec); % [subs/sector]P196‬‬
‫;‪M_pole_PS_UL=16‬‬
‫;‪M_pole_DL=60‬‬
‫;‪M_pole_PS_DL=8.9‬‬
‫‪Peak_UL=1.4; % (1/0.7)Load P79‬‬
‫;‪Peak_DL=1.4‬‬
‫‪Qmax_UL=sub_per_sec*(((Trf_sub/1000)/M_pole_UL)+(UL_PS_data*1024*8*Pe‬‬
‫‪ak_UL/(3600*64*1000*M_pole_PS_UL)));%P196‬‬
‫‪if Qmax_UL>UL_load‬‬
‫)'‪msgbox('No Sites could be handled / UL load exceeded‬‬
‫‪else‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
Qmax_DL=0.9; %Initial Value.

num_site_cov=num_site_cov-1;
while(Qmax_DL>0.75)
num_site_cap=num_site_cap+1
num_sec=sec*num_site_cap;
sub_per_sec=ceil(num_UMTS_sub/num_sec); %
[subs/sector]P196
Qmax_DL=sub_per_sec*(((Trf_sub/1000)/M_pole_DL)+(DL_PS_data*1024*8*Pe
ak_DL/(3600*64*1000*M_pole_PS_DL)))%P196
end
msgbox(strcat('The total number of
Sites=',num2str(num_site_cap)),'Sites')
end
‫ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ‬.‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬


‫א‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫حق‬
‫الملح‬
‫ﻞ ‪hnologies‬‬
‫‪Switcching Tech‬‬ ‫‪ 1.1‬ﺗﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺘﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪.Circuit Switching‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪.Packet Switching‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫‪Circuit Switching‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪ 1.1.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺪﺃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﻋﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪) ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺮﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺼ‬
‫ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،(.......‬ﺗﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼ‬
‫ﳊﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﰲ ‪ FDM‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﰲ ‪ TDM‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻃﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫)‪ ،(1-1‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺿ‬
‫(‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ‪ Circuit‬ﻛﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺠﺰ ﺑﺈﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1-1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻ‬
‫ﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﺧﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺭﺓ ﳏﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺧﻼ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﺪﺭ ﻟﻌﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ‪ Bandwidthh‬ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻣﲏ ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺮﺃ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﺔ( ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ‪) Saturation‬ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺘﻢﻢ ﺣﺠﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Eng. Wassim Mahrouka‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

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‫الملح‬
‫‪Packet Switching‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪ 2.1.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬
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‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ ‪PS‬‬

‫ﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭ ﻞ‬
‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ‪ CS‬ﻭﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻘﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼﳉ‬‫ﺣﹰ‬
‫ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺎ‬

‫ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺯﺯﻡ ‪ ،Packets‬ﻭﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﱪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺃﻳﻪ ﺭﺭﺯﻡ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻫﺪﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﱄ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻌﺾ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺭﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲢﺪﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻮﻻﺕ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺸ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻡ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺮﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(2--1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (2-1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﺜﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻣﲏ ﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺮﺯﻡ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻄ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﺮﺮﺃ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻰ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻺﺷﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﰲ ﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

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‫‪ 1.2‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ‪Duplexing Technologies‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺈﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .I‬ﺍﻹﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ )‪.Frequency Division Duplex (FDD‬‬

‫‪ .II‬ﺍﻹﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ )‪.Time Division Duplex (TDD‬‬
‫‪ 1.1.2‬ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ‪Frequency Division Duplex‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ UL‬ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ‪ DL‬ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪ FDD‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺎﹰ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳜﺼﺺ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ‪ Guard Band‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(1-2‬‬
‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ‪ GB‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺘﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-2‬‬
‫ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:FDD‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪ FDD‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﹰ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪ Full Duplex‬ﳉﻤﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ‪....‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ‪ GB‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺘﲔ ‪ UL‬ﻭ‪،DL‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻭ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ‪ Planning & Optimization‬ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪wassim.mahrouka@gmail.com‬‬
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‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:FDD‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪ UL‬ﻭ‪ DL‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ‪،Symmetric Application‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ‪ Asymmetric Application‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪، (2-2‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ‪.Bandwidth‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2-2‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ‪ GB‬ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ UL‬ﻭﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫‪ ،DL‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .I‬ﻣﺮﺳﻞ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﲔ ﻣﻊ ‪ Diplexer‬ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .II‬ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ‪ Sharp‬ﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ ،BS‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪ Half Duplex‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2.1.2‬ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪Time Division Duplex‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺯﻭﺟﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ UL‬ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ‪ ،DL‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ‪ .GB‬ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪ TDD‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ‪ UL‬ﻭ‪ DL‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﲔ ‪ Subframe‬ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻟﻠـ ‪ UL‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠـ ‪ DL‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(3-2‬‬

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‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪ TDD‬ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ‪ Guard Intervals‬ﺑﲔ ‪ UL‬ﻭ‪ ،DL‬ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻐﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ )‪Transmit-Receive Transition (TTG‬‬
‫‪ ،Gap‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ )‪Receive-Transmit Transition (RTG‬‬
‫‪.Gap‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-2‬‬
‫ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪:TDD‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﺰﹰﺍ ﻣﺮﻧﹰﺎ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ‪ ،Bandwidth‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﲔ ﻓﺘﺮﰐ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﲔ ﻟﻠـ ‪ UL‬ﻭ‪.DL‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪.Diplexer‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ‪:TDD‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﱢﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪. PLMN‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺷﺒﻜﺘﲔ ﳐﺪﱢﻣﺘﲔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ TTG‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ،Round Trip Delay‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ 1.3‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ‪Pulse Shaping‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌ ﱠﺪﻟﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪ Sinc‬ﻣﻜﺒﻮﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻞ ‪Raised Cosine‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(1-3‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ )‪Inter Symbol (ISI‬‬
‫‪.Interference‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ‪ Raised Cosine‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫|‪ |f‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪cos‬‬ ‫|‪| f‬‬ ‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫|‪| f‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫|‪0 |f‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪. 0 ,‬‬ ‫‪ : B‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-3‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳒﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ‪ β:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺽ ‪ α‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪: Rolloff‬‬

‫‪2β‬‬
‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪α ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪.α‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪1 0‬‬

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‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اآلفاق المستقبلية‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻟﻴﺤﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻟﻴﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ‪ 3.5‬ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ HSUPA ،HSDPA‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻧﺜﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ )‪ Digital Signal Processor (DSP‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﺘ ّﻢ ﻭﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻲ ﺃﻭ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Microphone‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ ‪، DSP‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪DSP‬‬
‫ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﺜﺮ ﻃﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﻓﻚ ﻧﺜﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Speaker‬ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻊ ‪ DSP‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻴّﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻭﺗﻐﻴّﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹼﰎ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ .‬‬
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‫المراجع‬
: ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
1- WCDMA Air Interface/Ericsson/EN/LZT 123 7279 R4A.
2- Ericsson WCDMA System Overview/LZT 123 6208 R3A.
3- Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications.
4- BER PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF RAKE RECEIVER
FOR WCDMA SYSTEM.
5- IEEE Communications Magazine/July 1997/0163-6804/97.
6- WCDMA Radio Network Design/Ericsson/LZU 108 5173 R6A.
7- GSM SYSTEM SURVEY/Ericsson/ STUDENT TEXT EN/LZT
123 3321 R3B.
8- Adaptive WCDMA Theory And Practice University of Oulu,
Finland.
9- Efficient ASIG Implementation Of A WCDMA Rake Receiver.
:‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﳏﻤﺪ ﻣﻴﻬﻮﺏ‬.‫ ﺩ‬،‫ﻓﺮﻳﺰ ﻋﺒﻮﺩ‬.‫ ﺩ‬،‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺪﻱ‬.‫ ﺩ‬/ ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬/ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬

280

‫االختصارات‬
3G: Third Generation ‫ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
Project
A
Active ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
AICH: Acquisition Indicator Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬
Allocated Fingers ‫ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
Amps: Advanced Mobile Telephone ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
System
ASC: Antenna System Controller ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻝ‬
AUC: Authentication Center ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ‬
AWGN: Additive White Gaussian ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻭﺻﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻲ‬
Noise
B
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺚ‬
BE: Best Effort ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬
BER: Bit Error Rate ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ‬
BLER: Block Error Rate ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
Blocking ‫ﺍﳊﺠﺐ‬
BTS: Base transceiver Station ‫ﳏﻄﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
C
Camel: Customized Application For ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﶈﺴﻦ‬
Mobile Enhanced Logic
CCCH: Common Control Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
CDMA: Code Division Multiple ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬
Access
Cell ‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
Channel Estimation ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
Channel Profile ‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
Chip Rate ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ‬
Chipping ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬
CN: Core Network ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
Combined Symbol ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﳌﺪﻣﺞ‬
275

CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check ‫ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬

D
DCCH: Dedicated Control Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
Detected ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ‬
DL: Down Link ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
Channel
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
Drop timer ‫ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ‬
DSB_SC: Double Side Band ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‬
Suppressed Carrier
DTCH: Dedicated Traffic Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
E
Echoes ‫ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍﺀ‬
EIR: Equipment Identity Register ‫ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺓ‬
Equal Gain Combing ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ‬
F
FACH: Forward Access Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
FDD: Frequency Division ‫ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
Multiplexing
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
Access
FEC: Forword Error Correction ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
Fingers ‫ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ‬
FSW: Frame Synchronization Words ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‬
G
GMSC: Gateway Mobile Services ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ‬
Switching Center
GoS: Grade Of Service ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬
GPRS: General Packet Radio Services ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
GSM: Global System For Mobile ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻟﺔ‬
Communications
H
HLR: Home Location Register ‫ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﻃﻦ‬
HO: HandOver ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ‬
276

I
ID: Identity ‫ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
Idle ‫ﺷﺎﻏﺮ‬
IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
Identity
Interleaving ‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
Network،
ISI: Inter Symbol Interference ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‬
L
Logical Channels ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬
LoS: Line Of Sight ‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
LS: Land Station ‫ﺍﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‬
M
MAC: Medium Access Control ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬
Monitored ‫ﺍﳌﹸﺮﺍﹶﻗﺒَﺔ‬
MRC: Maximum Ration Combining ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ‬
MS: Mobile Station ‫ﺍﶈﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬
MSC: Mobile Services Switching ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ‬
Center
MTSO: Mobile Station Switching ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻝ‬
Office
Multipath Fading ‫ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
Multiplexing ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
N
NMC: Network Management Center ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
O
OMC: Operation & Maintenance ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
Center
OSI: Open System Interconnection ‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬
Spreading Factor
P
Packet Session ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬

277

PC: Packet Call ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬

PCCH: Paging Control Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ‬
P-CCPC: Primary Common Control ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
Physical Channel
P-CPICH: Primary Common Pilot ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
Channel
Physical Channel ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
PICH: Paging Indicator Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ‬
Pilot Bits ‫ﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬
Power Control ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‬
PS: Packet Switched ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﺔ‬
PSK: Phase Shift Keying ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬
Pulse Shaping ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬
Q
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﻗﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬
Modulation
QoS: Quality Of Service ‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺈﻗﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬
R
RAB: Radio Access Bearer ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‬
RACH:Random Access Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
Rake Receiver ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
RAN: Radio Access Network ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‬
Rate Matching ‫ﻣُﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ‬
Rayleigh Fading ‫ﺧﻔﻮﺕ ﺭﺍﻳﻠﻲ‬
RLC: Radio Link Control ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‬
RRC: Radio Resource Control ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ‬
S
S-CCPCH: Secondary Common ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬
Control Physical Channel
SCH: Synchronization Channel ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ‬
SF: Spreading Factor ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ‬
Signaling (‫ﺗﺄﺷﲑ )ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺮ‬

278

SIR: Signal Interference Ratio ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬

Sliding Correlator ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟِﻖ‬
SNR: Signal Noise Ratio ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ‬
SS7: Signaling System Number7 7 ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
T
TDD: Time Division Multiplexing ‫ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
TDMA: Time Division Multiple ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
Access
TFCI: Transport Format Combination ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
Indication
Time Slot ‫ﺣﻴﺰ ﺯﻣﲏ‬
TPC: Transmission Power Control ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬
Traffic ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ‬
Transport Channel ‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
TRAU: Transcoder and Rate Adapter ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣُﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
Unit
U
UE: User Equipment ‫ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
UL: Up Link ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
UMTS: Universal Mobile ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
Telecommunications System
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio UMTS ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ‬
Access
V
VHE: Virtual Home Environment ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
VLR: Visitor Location Register ‫ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
W
WCDMA: Wide Band Code Multiple ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‬
Access

279

ماتريال الاتصالات من الجيل الأول وحتى الثالث نظرى وعملى مع اكواد الماتلاب

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ماتريال الاتصالات من الجيل الأول وحتى الثالث نظرى وعملى مع اكواد الماتلاب

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‬نظام ‪ UMTS‬‬ ‫الفصل الثالث‬

‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ‪ 1920/1980 MHz :‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭ ‪ 2110/2170 MHz‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻠﺔ‬

‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪.2x5MHz :‬‬

‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‪.3.84 Mchip/s :‬‬

‫ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪.10ms :‬‬

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺋﻲ )ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﰲ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UMTS‬ﳛﻘﻖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ﻣﻜﺎﳌﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ )ﺻﻮﺕ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪.(GSM‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2.3‬ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﺰﻳﺔ )‪Corre Networrk (CN‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻣﻣـﺔ‬

‫ﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،VHE‬ﻭﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲡﻬﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ ﻧﻈـ‬

‫‪ RNC 1.3.3‬ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ‬

‫• ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪.Iub‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﲟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ )‪ (OMC‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Node-B‬‬

‫• ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ )‪.(Shared & Common Channels‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺓ ‪.Node-Bs‬‬

‫• ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪.Soft Handover‬‬

‫• ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ ‪.DL‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪.UL‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ )ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ(‪.‬‬

‫• ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﱘﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ )‪.(Reportinng‬‬

‫ﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻪﺑﻪ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNC‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﲔ‬

‫‪ RNC‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟــ ‪UE‬‬

‫ﺻﻼﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ UE‬ﻭﻭﺍﻟـ ‪TRAN‬‬

‫‪ :HIF -‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲡﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﺷـﲑ‬

‫‪ :CONT -‬ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ RNC‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺣﱴ ‪ Node-B 256‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 768‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟـ ‪: Node-B‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻟﻠـ ‪.OMC‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Node--B‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ Basebandd Board (B‬ﻭﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻫﻫﻮ ‪.7‬‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻘﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ((‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻌﻨﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺻـ‬

‫‪.TEU‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ TRAB‬ﻫﻮ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ـ‬

‫ﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻜﻜـﻦ‬

‫ﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻧﻘﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ AT‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪.IP‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟـ ‪ CN‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻭﺍﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‪Ps‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻠـﻰ‬

‫ﺇﱃ ‪(7‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻔﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺇﱃ ‪(3‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺒﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺧﺪﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺎﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔـﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳـﻮﻱ ‪AB‬‬

‫ﻼﺕ‬‫‪ RAB‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻢ ﲝﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪B‬‬

‫ــ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻘﻞ‬

‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Signalinng‬ﻭﻫﻫـﻲ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﺴ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﲑ ﳏـﺪﺪﺩ ﰲ‬

‫‪ 5.3‬ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻱ ‪AB‬‬

‫ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻜـﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،GSM‬ﻭﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟـ ‪P‬‬

‫‪ CN‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺳـﻞ ﺍﻟــ ‪UE‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺍﻟــ ‪UTRAN‬‬

‫ﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

Eng. Wassim Mahrouka

‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺘﺰﺰﺍﻣﻦ ‪ATM‬‬

‫ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﻧﻘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻣـ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺗﺘﻠﻘﺎﻩ‬

‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ‪ 1920/1980 MHz :‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭ ‪ 2110/2170 MHz‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻠﺔ‬

‫ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪.2x5MHz :‬‬

‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‪.3.84 Mchip/s :‬‬

‫ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪.10ms :‬‬

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺋﻲ )ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﰲ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺲ ‪ Chhannelization Code‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻘﺒﻞ )ﺗـﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺫﺫﺍﰐ(‬ ‫ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ‬