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1 Massive MIMO
Feature Description
www.huawei.com
This course will discuss the concept, related features, and activation verification
of massive MIMO.
Describe the feature activation and feature verification and monitoring after the
feature is enabled.
4 Layers
Massive MIMO
Array gain: Coherent combination can effectively improve the average SNR after processing. The prerequisite is that the channel information needs
to be known.)
Spatial diversity gain: This gain is achieved by repeating transmission of data to improve the transmission reliability and reducing the relative
fluctuation of the SNR.
Spatial multiplexing gain: This gain is achieved based on independency between spatial channel fading when multiple data streams are transmitted
to increase the transmission rate.
Interference suppression gain: This gain is achieved after colored interference is reduced and the post-processed SINR is increased.
Array gains
Diversity gains
Interference
suppression
With beamforming (BF), gNodeBs weight signals to form narrow beams towards
target UEs.
Downlink BF procedure:
1. Channel calibration: Ensures the reciprocity of the TX and RX channels and the consistency between channels.
2. Weight calculation: The gNodeBs calculate a weight vector based on downlink channel characteristics to adjust the shape
and directionality of beams.
3. Weighting: The baseband processing board calculates the vector sum of the weights and the to-be-transmitted data to
change the signal amplitude and phase.
4. Beamforming: The gNodeB adjusts the width and direction of beams by using the interference principle.
RF-Chain PA
Base
band
Beam 1 64 PAs 2
forming
RF-Chain PA
64TRX architecture 4
Background: Complete reciprocity between the uplink and downlink channel characteristics is impossible due to the amplitude
and phase differences between RF TX and RX channels. Such differences vary with the channels. To improve the reciprocity
between RF TX and RX channels, channel calibration is required.
Procedure:
gNodeBs calculate the variations in the phase and amplitude of signals transmitted on each TX channel and each RX
channel.
gNodeBs then compensate for variations in phase and amplitude based on the calculations, improving reciprocity between
TX and RX channels.
Triggering conditions of channel calibration: Cell reestablishment, channel recovery, periodic triggering, and others
The main causes of channel calibration failure include hardware faults, configuration errors (such as low power configuration),
and external interference. Calibration between TX and RX channels
RF chain PA Calibration
between
Baseband ...
channels
RF chain PA
Weight calculation: The gNodeBs calculate a weight vector based on downlink channel characteristics to adjust the shape and
directionality of beams.
Classification: Weight calculation is classified into control channel (SSB/PDCCH/CSIRS) DFT static weight calculation and
PDSCH dynamic weight calculation.
Calculation of the static weight of the control channel DFT: Predefined and static invariant weights are obtained from the
weight file.
There are two methods for calculating the PDSCH dynamic weight:
SRS: Based on channel reciprocity, gNodeBs estimate the downlink channel characteristics using SRSs received
from the UEs to obtain weighting values. This method is suitable for UEs in or near the cell center.
PMI: gNodeBs select an optimal weighting value based on PMIs received from the UEs. This method is suitable for
UEs at the cell edge.
During weighting, gNodeBs use the vector addition function to add the calculated weight value and the data to be transmitted,
including data streams and demodulation reference signals (DMRSs). The width and direction of beams are adjusted based on
the calculation results. The weighting procedure is as follows:
Assume that noise, 𝑵, is generated when an input signal, 𝒙(𝑖), passes through channel 𝑯. The output signal, 𝒚(𝑖), is
calculated using the following formula: 𝒚(𝑖) = 𝑯𝒙(𝑖) + 𝑵
When weighting is applied, input signal 𝒙(𝑖) is multiplied by complex vector 𝒘(𝑖) to change the amplitude and phase of
output signal 𝒚(𝑖). Output signal 𝒚(𝑖) is calculated using the following formula: 𝒚(𝑖) = 𝑯𝒘(𝑖)𝒙(𝑖) + 𝑵
Dual-layer
weighting
Beamforming relies on the interference principles. The arcs indicate carrier signal peaks. When two wave peaks intersect, the
signal strength increases. When a wave peak intersects with a wave bottom, the signal strength decreases.
When beamforming is not used, the beam shape and lobe positions are fixed. When a UE resides between two beams at
the cell edge, the signals are weak.
When beamforming is enabled, gNodeBs impose weighting on and adjust the transmit power and phase of signals to be
transmitted through each antenna element. This way, the beam shape changes and the main lobe is directed at target
UEs, improving the signal strength.
A beam generated using SRS- or PMI-based weighting is referred to as a dynamic beam. Control channels and broadcast
channels use predefined weighting values to generate discrete static beams.
Concept: Uplink receive diversity enables gNodeBs to enhance reception by taking advantage of space diversity (diversity
gains) and coherent reception (array gains) to receive UE signals over multiple antennas.
Procedure:
A gNodeB receives SRSs from a UE over multiple antennas, estimates the uplink channel characteristics, and then sends
downlink control information (DCI) to the UE, notifying the UE of the optimal PMI/rank value.
The UE uses that PMI value to precode physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) data and transmits it to the gNodeB.
The gNodeB uses multiple antennas to receive the PUSCH data, improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and stability of
received signals, and increasing uplink user throughput.
Downlink Adaptive Selection Between PMI and SRS allows downlink beamforming weight selection based on SRS or
PMI: The PMI-based selection applies to those with a small SNR. The SRS-based selection applies to UEs with a
large SNR. The weight selected based on the PMI is more accurate at the cell edge, which improves the SNR to
positively affect the data rate of CEUs.
When the uplink SRS SNR of a UE is greater than ThSRS (SrsPreSinrJudgeThld, with the default value of –20 dB),
SRS-based selection is applicable. Otherwise, PMI-based selection is applicable. There is a fixed 3 dB hysteresis
protection on both sides.
Weight Weight
PMI unchanged unchanged SRS
3 dB 3 dB
Concept: Downlink MU spatial multiplexing enables the gNodeB to send data to two or more UEs using the
same PDSCH resources, achieving spatial multiplexing gains.
Gains: This function improves spectral efficiency, and to some extent increases downlink throughput. In heavy-
traffic scenarios, it also helps reduce the network load and improve user experience.
Pairing: When the MU pairing switch is turned on, the number of cell layers is less than the maximum
allowable number, and the MCS index of the UE exceeds a predefined threshold, UEs with isolated beams and
low spatial channel correlations can be paired. The UE in scheduling can be further paired with a UE to be
scheduled based on the RBG as long as the correlation is low.
64T64R 16
32T32R 16
8T8R 4
64T64R 4
32T32R 4
Concept: Uplink MU spatial multiplexing enables the gNodeB to send data to two or more UEs
using the same PUSCH resources, achieving spatial multiplexing gains.
Gains: This function improves spectral efficiency, and to some extent increases uplink throughput.
In heavy-traffic scenarios, it also helps reduce the network load and improve user experience.
Pairing: Based on the correlation between UEs, appropriate UEs with low correlation are selected
for pairing.
64T64R 8
32T32R 8
8T8R 4
Benefits:
Improved cell coverage.
Downlink Adaptive Selection Between PMI and SRS increases coverage performance by 1 dB and the downlink
throughput of cell edge UEs by 5%.
Improved customer experience.
Downlink: When the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is satisfactory (MCS index of 27 with 256QAM), the spatial channels
are independent of each other, and the number of receive antennas is greater than or equal to 8, the UE supports
simultaneous data transmission of 8 layers in the downlink. In this case, the single UE downlink peak rate is
theoretically 8 times that of the single-layer downlink peak rate.
Uplink: When the SNR is satisfactory (MCS index of 28 with 64QAM), the spatial channels are independent of each
other, and the number of receive antennas is greater than or equal to 4, the UE supports simultaneous data
transmission of 4 layers in the uplink. In this case, the single UE uplink peak rate is theoretically 4 times that of the
single-layer uplink peak rate.
The system capacity is increased.
Improved system capacity: The more number of layers, the higher the gains. Assume that N layers are used for spatial
multiplexing of full-buffer services. In this case, the cell throughput increases to N x 100% theoretically.
Impact:
Network KPIs are not adversely affected.
Hardware
BBU board: UBBPfw1
AAU: 5G AAU5613 (64T), AAU 5612 (64T), AAU5313 (32T), RRU5258 (8T8R non-MM), HAAU5213
License:
The maximum number of layers in the SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO scenario must
not exceed the number of layers authorized by the following licenses (one
license corresponds to two layers).
MIMO Basic Package and SU-MIMO Multiple Layers are recommended for all
scenarios.
The number of active users in the uplink or downlink is greater than or equal to three.
MML Configuration
Downlink Adaptive Selection Between PMI and SRS
MOD NRDUCELLALGOSWITCH:NrDuCellId=1, AdaptiveEdgeExpEnhSwitch = DL_PMI_SRS_ADAPT_SW-1;
MML Configuration
Setting the maximum number of MIMO layers
MOD NRDUCELLPDSCH: NrDuCellId=1, MaxMimoLayerNum=LAYER_2;
a) Log in to the U2020. Choose Monitor > Signaling Trace > Signaling Trace Management.
b) In the navigation tree of the Signaling Trace window, choose User Performance Monitoring >
User Common Monitoring to start a monitoring task for a UE.
a) Log in to the U2020. Choose Monitor > Signaling Trace > Signaling Trace Management.
b) In the navigation tree of the Signaling Trace Management tab page on the left, choose NR > Cell Performance Monitoring
> Downlink Multi-User MIMO Monitoring or NR > Cell Performance Monitoring > Uplink Multi-User MIMO Monitoring,
and select the corresponding base station and cell to view monitoring items.
c) If the value of this monitoring item is greater than 1, this function has taken effect.
Downlink user throughput = N.ThpVol.DL (traffic volume)/N.ThpTime.DL (data transmission time of all UEs)
Uplink user throughput = N.ThpVol.UL (traffic volume)/N.ThpTime.UL (data transmission time of all UEs)