Eia Abudabi

ABU DHABI CRUDE OIL PIPELINE PROJECT
(ADCOP)
Addendum EIA for Disposal of

Produced Water to Open Sea
EPC CONTRACTOR CONSULTANT
China Petroleum Engineering Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC

Construction (Group) Corp. Al Masaood Tower, Hamdan Street
Abu Dhabi Branch P.O. Box 6924
P.O. Box 127345 Abu Dhabi, UAE
Tel:+971 2 6348800 Fax:+971 2 6348826
ABU DHABI CRUDE OIL PIPELINE (ADCOP) PROJECT
Document No: 30-99-90-2809 Rev. 2 Date: 13 July 2010 Cover Page

Table of Contents
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Description ........................................................................................... 1
1.3 Findings ........................................................................................................... 3
2.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Project Title and Project Proponent .................................................................. 8
2.2 EIA Consultants ............................................................................................... 8
2.3 Project Rationale............................................................................................ 10
3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK....................................... 11
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Federal Environmental Law ........................................................................... 11
3.3 Regional/International Conventions and Protocols ......................................... 16
4.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 18
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Statement of Need ......................................................................................... 18
4.3 Concept and Phases...................................................................................... 18
4.4 Location, Scale & Scheduling of Activities ...................................................... 21
4.5 Project Status ................................................................................................ 22
4.6 Waste Streams and Emissions ...................................................................... 22
5.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 26
5.1 Baseline Conditions ....................................................................................... 26
5.2 Component Likely to be affected .................................................................... 35
6.0 SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ........................................................... 36
6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 36
6.2 The Most Important Environmental Aspects and Impacts............................... 36
6.3 The EIA Matrix ............................................................................................... 36
6.4 Impact Assessment........................................................................................ 38
6.5 Hydrodynamic and Dispersion Modelling of Proposed Discharge .................. 39
6.6 Impact Significance ........................................................................................ 51
7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES ........................................................................................ 52
7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 52
7.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 52
7.3 Environmental Management Plan/Statement of Commitment ........................ 52
8.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES .............................................................................. 53
8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 53
8.2 Assessment of Options .................................................................................. 53
Document Title Addendum EIA for Disposal of Produced Water to Open Sea
Project Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline Project
Document No. 30-99-90-2809 Rev. 2 Date: 13 July 2010 Page i
9.0 MONITORING PROGRAM ........................................................................................ 54
9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 54
9.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...................................................................... 54
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1 – DATA ON EXISTING ENVIRONMENT .............................................................. 55

Annex 1(A) - Metocean Design Criteria Report
Annex 1(B) - Description of the Marine Environment at the ADCOP MOT
Site in Fujairah
ANNEX 2 – METHODOLOGIES AND DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................... 58
ANNEX 3 – REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 62
ANNEX 4 – PWTP PROCESS DESCRIPTION ..................................................................... 64
Document No. 30-99-90-2809 Rev. 2 Date: 13 July 2010 Page ii
List of Figures
FIGURE 4.1 MOT TANK FARM PLOT PLAN ....................................................................................... 19
FIGURE 4.2 MOT OPERATIONAL PROCESS FLOW ......................................................................... 20
FIGURE 4.3 SINGLE POINT MOORING FACILITY’S LOCATION ...................................................... 21
FIGURE 4.4 PROJECT LOCATION ..................................................................................................... 22
FIGURE 4.5 PRODUCED WATER GENERATION AT MOT ............................................................... 23
FIGURE 4.6 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED PWTP............................................................ 24
FIGURE 4.7 LOCATION OF PROPOSED PRODUCED WATER DISCHARGE POINT ..................... 25
FIGURE 5.1 MEBS SAMPLING LOCATION ........................................................................................ 28
FIGURE 5.2 SEABED FEATURES AT SAMPLING SITES (PLATE 1) ................................................ 32
FIGURE 5.3 - EXISTING DESALINATION AND POWER PLANTS, PORT AND OIL TERMINAL ........ 35
FIGURE 6.1 MODELING SCENARIO DISCHARGE POINTS.............................................................. 40
FIGURE 6.2 OUTFALL D1 – SCENARIO 1 .......................................................................................... 42
FIGURE 6.10 OUTFALL D3 – SCENARIO 3 ......................................................................................... 50
Document No. 30-99-90-2809 Rev. 2 Date: 13 July 2010 Page iii
List of Tables
TABLE 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF DEGRADABLE (TREATED) INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER AT
POINT OF DISCHARGE INTO THE SEA ........................................................................ 14
TABLE 3.2 UAE REGIONAL AND NATIONAL REGULATIONS / COMMITMENTS.......................... 16
TABLE 4.1 TANK FARM DESIGN CAPACITY ................................................................................... 20
TABLE 4.2 EXPECTED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MOT PRODUCED WATER ..................... 23
TABLE 5.1 SEASONAL AVERAGE WIND SPEED VALUES............................................................. 26
TABLE 5.2 MONTHLY VALUES OF SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT (HS) ......................................... 27
TABLE 5.3 SEASONAL VALUES OF SURFACE CURRENT SPEED ............................................... 27
TABLE 5.4 MARINE SEDIMENTS ANALYTICAL RESULTS ............................................................. 29
TABLE 5.5 GENERAL WATER QUALITY DATA ............................................................................... 30
TABLE 5.6 WATER ANALYTICAL RESULTS .................................................................................... 30
TABLE 5.7 - EXISTING DESALINATION PLANTS IN THE EMIRATE OF FUJAIRAH ......................... 34
TABLE 6.1 SCORING CRITERIA FOR EIA MATRIX ......................................................................... 37
TABLE 6.2 THE EIA MATRIX FOR THE PROPOSED DISCHARGE OF PRODUCED WATER TO
OPEN SEA ....................................................................................................................... 37
TABLE 6.3 EXPECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF MOT’S PRODUCED WATER ............................. 38
TABLE 6.4 DISCHARGE MODELLING SCENARIO .......................................................................... 39
TABLE 6.5 DISCHARGE PARAMETERS REQUIRED DILUTIONS .................................................. 40
TABLE 7.1 CONTROL MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED FOR THE DISCHARGE OF
PRODUCED WATER ....................................................................................................... 52
TABLE 9.1 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN ............................................................................ 54
Document No. 30-99-90-2809 Rev. 2 Date: 13 July 2010 Page i
Abbreviations
ADCO - Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations

ADCOP - Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline Project
BAT - Best Available Technology
CEMP - Construction Environmental Management Plan
CPECC - China Petroleum Engineering Construction (Group) Corporation
EAD - Environmental Agency, Abu Dhabi
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP - Environmental Management Plan
Hs - Significant Wave Height
IPIC - International Petroleum Investment Company
IPS - Intermediate Pumping Station
kph - Kilometres per hour
MMBPD - Million barrels per day
MMbbl - Million barrels
MOT - Main Oil Terminal
MPS - Main Pumping Station
PQL - Practical Quantifiable Limit
SPM - Single Point Mooring
TDS - Total Dissolved Solids
VLCC - Very Large Crude Carrier
WTP - Wastewater Treatment Plant
Document No. 30-99-90-2809 Rev. 2 Date: 13 July 2010 Page ii
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Corporation (CPECC) is currently

undertaking the construction of the Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline (ADCOP) project
for the International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC). The pipeline originates
from a main pumping station (MPS) at Habshan in Abu Dhabi and terminates at the
main oil terminal (MOT) in Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The pipeline
route passes across several Emirates including Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah
and Fujairah.
1.1.2 The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the ADCOP Project had been
carried out and approved by the relevant authorities with specific jurisdiction on the
pipeline route, including Fujairah Municipality. However, the issue of produced water
disposal, which will be generated during the operation of the MOT to be located at
Fujairah coastal plain, was not addressed and defined in the EIA, thus; an Addendum
EIA for this aspect is required.
1.2 Project Description
1.2.1 ADCOP is designed to deliver, at a maximum rate, 1.8 million barrels per day
(MMBPD) of crude oil from the ADCO facilities in Habshan, over a distance of 371
km, to the MOT in Fujairah for export through offshore loading facilities. The crude oil
(Murban blend) will be carried through a single 48-inch diameter pipeline.
1.2.2 The MOT will be equipped for storage and offshore loading of crude oil. It will include
crude oil receiving facilities, tank farm and offshore loading installations.
1.2.3 Receiving facilities will be a part of the pipeline operation, which will regulate crude
oil flow and pressure prior to its actual entry at MOT tank farm. The main elements of
the receiving facilities include the following:
Scraper receiver;
Inlet filters;
Pressure control units;
High pressure surge relief systems; and
Relief tank and re-injection pump.
1.2.4 The MOT tank farm will comprise eight (8) Double Deck Floating Roof Crude Oil
Storage Tanks each within a separate bunded area, and associated facilities for
storage and crude oil transfer.
1.2.5 The MOT will have a total working storage capacity of 8 MMbbl. Crude oil from
ADCOP is fed to a pipeline header (48”), which is branched into two 48” sub-header
which run throughout the tank farm piping corridor. Each tank is fed at a rate of
10,000m3/hr, after passing through the receiving facilities. Crude oil will be
temporarily stored in the tanks, in order to separate produced water, which has a
settlement period of 1 to 3 days. Figure below shows a schematic flow diagram of
MOT tank farm process at full load operation.
Document No. 30-99-90-2809 Rev. 2 Date: 13 July 2010 Page 1
Crude oil for
3
10,000m /hr offshore loading
1.8 MMbbl/day each tank (80,000bbl/hr
from ADCOP (62,898 bbl/hr) CRUDE OIL
RECEIVING each SPM)
STORAGE
FACILITIES TANKS Produced water
for treatment
and disposal
3
(360m /day)
1.2.6 The offshore loading installation will consist of three (3) single point mooring (SPM)
loading facility with 80,000bbl/hr capacity, each. It will be designed for offshore
loading of very large crude carriers (VLCC). This offshore installation will be
connected to the MOT through pumping station to be located on a reclaimed land,
adjacent to the north of existing Vopak Terminal. Each of the three SPM will be
connected to the pumping station through seabed pipes. Figure 3.3 shows the
location of 3 SPM’s and pumping station.
1.2.7 The offshore loading installation will also include the following elements:
Ship loading pumps (8 units, 40,000bbl/hr each)
Pigging facilities
Fiscal metering
48” buried loading to each SPM
PLEM (one each SPM)
Relief facilities
Waste Streams and Emissions
1.2.8 Crude oil produced from a reservoir is frequently accompanied by water, which is
either naturally present or has been injected to maintain reservoir pressure. Produced
water is the largest volume of aqueous waste arising from production operations.
This produced water is finally separated from the crude oil through settlement
(gravity) in storage tanks, and drained for treatment and disposal. Produced water
that will be generated in the MOT is planned to be discharged into the open sea after
passing through treatment process.
1.2.9 Residual oil and sludge will be generated in the produced water treatment process.
Oil will come from the oil and water separator of the treatment facility. This residual
oil and will be collected and reprocessed. Sludge generated from the treatment
process will be directed into chamber filter press. Filter cake will be collected into
separate containers and will be disposed offsite through licensed waste transporter.
Produced Water Generation
1.2.10 The MOT is expected to generate produced water at a maximum rate of 360m 3/day
during full load operation. Settled produced water from each of the eight (8) storage
tanks will be collected through a single pipeline header, to the two (2) units of
produced water storage tanks.
1.2.11 Produced water generated at the MOT will be treated at an in house waste water
treatment plant, prior to discharge to open sea. Table below presents the expected
characteristics and chemical composition of MOT produced water prior to treatment:
Parameters MAX MIN AVE
pH 7.9 6.3 6.99

H2S (mg/l) 212 18 91.17
CO2 (mg/l) 853 99 481.98
O2 (ppb) 30 20 20.28
Oil (ppm) 70 5 24.28
Fe (mg/l) 110 0.6 6.96
Na(Calc)(mg/l) 54578 2070 24005.94
Ca (mg/l) 8000 998 4839.25
Mg (mg/l) 2310 310 1172.51
Cl (mg/l) 76325 29252 47949.62
HCO3 (mg/l) 1200 146 570.68
OH (mg/l) 0 0 0
CO3 (mg/l) 0 0 0
SO4 (mg/l) 4290 15 487.68
TDS (mg/l) 124578 53013 78759.83
1.2.12 Produced water collected into the produced water tanks will be directed to the MOT’s
in-house produced water treatment plant (PWTP). The PWTP will reduce the oil
content of produced water to 5ppm. CPECC have considered 24hr continuous
operation of the plant with a maximum produced water flowrate of 15m3/hr. The
PWTP will mainly include corrugated plate interceptor (CPI) oil separator and induced
air floatation (IAF) unit.
1.2.13 The discharge line of the treated produced water will be equipped with oil control and
monitor. This device will monitor the oil content of the treated water and will
automatically send back water with an oil content exceeding 5ppm to the CPI oil
separator header for further treatment.
1.2.14 Treated produced water will be discharged into the open sea through a seabed
pipeline. The point of discharge is proposed to be 500m from the seawall of the
SPM’s pumping station.
1.3 Findings
Significant Environmental Impacts

1.3.1 Produced water has salinity value that is typically higher than seawater which makes
treatment difficult using conventional microorganisms typically found in wastewater
facilities. This high produced water salinity is the key environmental issue associated
with the proposed discharge of produced water into open sea. Although produced
water discharge is slightly negatively buoyant and will therefore tend to flow along the
seabed, leaving the upper layers of the receiving water relatively unaffected, changes
in salinity may affect the marine organisms. Salinity exerts the most influence over
benthic distributions during early life stages, shortly after reproduction, because these
life stages generally have narrower salinity tolerance ranges than of adults.
1.3.2 Impacts from hydrocarbon (oil) content and all other produced water components had
been scoped out since their concentrations are expected to meet regulatory limit after
passing though treatment process, prior to actual discharge.
1.3.3 The EIA matrix for the proposed activity is shown in table below.
Receptors Air Noise Soil Ecology Human Aspects
Source of
Marine Ecology
Impact
Groundwater
Job Creation
Underwater
Traffic and
Air Quality
Transport
Waste
Soil &
Noise
Operation Phase
Magnitude N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A
Discharge of
Permanence N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A
Produced Water
into Open Sea Reversibility N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A
Cumulative N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A
1.3.4 The above matrix indicates that the impacts of produced water discharge into the
open sea is medium based on the above discussed assessment significance criteria.
Impact Assessment
1.3.5 The magnitude of impact of the proposed discharge of produced water into open sea
on the marine environment will depend on various factors which includes produced
water concentration and composition, discharge rate, bathymetry, wind, wave
currents, local ecological sensitivity and other relevant factors on local marine
condition.
1.3.6 Produced water will be treated in the MOT’s WTP prior to actual discharge into open
sea. The wastewater treatment plant will be designed to reduce oil content to 10mg/l
in compliance with the above limit. All other parameters are expected to comply with
the applicable standards after treatment process, except for TDS which is expected
to be discharged at an average value of 78,000mg/l.
1.3.7 When discharged into the sea, produced water with the above salinity will form a
plume due to its higher density than the receiving water. This plume has the potential
of causing damage to marine organisms in the immediate surrounding of the
discharge point if proper dilution is not achieved within a specific mixing zone. The
combination of the above discussed environmental factors and local marine
conditions will determine the way the plume will move and the extent of impact it may
pose.
1.3.8 Fujairah Municipality’s regulations for effluent discharge to open sea requires TDS
(total dissolved solids) concentration of effluent to be 1500mg/l or below at the point
of discharge. This standard covers normal effluents from industries (i.e., STPs, etc.)
with low TDS concentration and may be deficient for special cases such as
discharges from a desalination plant which have a relatively high TDS concentration.
In other UAE emirates, such as Dubai and internationally there are applicable
regulations allowing such discharge provided that it meets certain criteria.
1.3.9 The Dubai Municipality’s (DM) regulation states that discharge limits to the marine
environment will be determined on case to case basis and through mathematical
modelling study. Based on the results of the modelling study, allowable limits of
discharge will be determined and DM will allow discharge, without compromising
marine water quality standards. A recent EIA study by Dome in Dubai (Palm
Jumeirah) used 300m as mixing zone in investigating discharge from desalination
plants, which was subsequently approved by DM and PCFC-EHS. Internationally,
mixing zone is often set to be at 100m from the point of discharge.
1.3.10 As discussed, produced water generated at the MOT is planned to be discharged at

an average TDS value of 78,000mg/l. As such, the issue was investigated through
hydrodynamic dispersion modelling of the proposed discharged based on regulatory
requirements of DM. The modelling investigated the dilution pattern of the discharge
taking into account that it should meet Fujairah Municipality’s TDS limit of 1500mg/l
within a defined mixing zone. The modelling study adopted the internationally
accepted 100m mixing zone.
Hydrodynamic and Dispersion Modelling of Proposed Discharge
1.3.11 Hydrodynamic modelling of the proposed discharge of produced water into open sea
was undertaken, in order to assess its compliance with the dispersion/mixing
requirements discussed previously. Detailed discussion of the model used and
modelling inputs, including the assumptions used are provided in Appendix A of this
report.
1.3.12 The modelling exercise investigated the discharge for three scenarios, considering
three (3) discharge points of the produced water and two possible discharge rates,
for average and maximum expected TDS values of produced water. Table below
presents the modelling scenario’s details.
Modeling Discharge Location from

TDS Concentration Discharge Rate 2
Scenario Shoreline
D1(20m), D2(250m), 3
1 78,000 mg/l 15 m /hr for 24hr
D3(500m)
D1(20m), D2(250m), 3
2 124,000 mg/l 15 m /hr for 24hr
D3(500m)
D1(20m), D2(250m), 3
3 124,000 mg/l 50 m /hr for 7hr
D3(500m)
1.3.13 To satisfy regulatory requirements, i.e. to meet Fujairah Municipality’s limit of

1500mg/l within a 100m mixing zone, the expected average produced water salinity
value of about 75,000ppm needs to be diluted 25 times and the maximum salinity
value of about 124,000ppm needs to be diluted 55 times.
1.3.14 The following are the findings of the hydrodynamic modelling of the produced water
over a 12 month simulation period:
Scenario 1
At all three (3) discharge points the produced water discharged will meet
Fujairah Municipality’s TDS discharge requirement of 1500mg/l within 100m
mixing zone from the outfall for average TDS value of about 78,000ppm, at
least 99% of the time.
Scenario 2
At all three (3) discharge points the produced water discharged will meet
Fujairah Municipality’s TDS discharge requirement of 1500mg/l within 100m
mixing zone from the outfall for maximum TDS value of about 124,000ppm at
least 99% of the time, whilst the 99% dilution region is close to 100m mixing
zone from the outfall at all three discharge sites.
Scenario 3
For the 7hour discharge period the concentration of produced water in the
vicinity of the outfall is higher than of the continuous release due to higher
discharge rate.
This higher discharge rate over a shorter period of time causes 99% dilution
region to exceed 100m mixing zone at all three discharge locations.
However, at all three (3) discharge locations the produced water discharged
will meet Fujairah Municipality’s discharge requirement of 1500mg/l within
100m mixing zone from the outfall for maximum TDS value of about
124,000ppm at least 95% of the time.
Impact Significance
1.3.15 The results of the hydrodynamic modelling carried out for the proposed produced
water discharge to open sea indicate that dilution requirements can be achieved
within the 100m mixing zone for continuous discharge (15m3/hr for 24hr), both for
average (Scenario 1) and maximum (Scenario 2) expected level of TDS and other
components.
1.3.16 The results also show that dilution of about 95% of the time can be achieved within
the 100m mixing zone for discharge rate of 50m3/hr for 7 hours discharge per day.
However, 99% dilution at this discharge rate was found to exceed the required 100m
mixing zone from the outfall.
1.3.17 Based on the above results, it is most likely that the required dilution to meet Fujairah
Municipality’s TDS limit can be achieved by discharging continuously (15m3/hr for
24hr) through a pipe of at least 20m distance from the reclaimed land seawall.
Likewise, impacts on the marine environment are not considered to be significant
given the current local marine environment condition in the area which is not
classified particularly sensitive due to the absence of marine habitats such as sea
grass and coral reefs (ADCOP EIA, 2008).
Mitigation Measures
1.3.18 Table below presents the recommendations based on the results of the
hydrodynamic modelling in order to mitigate any impacts that may arise from the
above activity.
Mitigation Measure to be
Environmental Aspect Residual Impact
Implemented
Discharge of treated Proper outfall location (at least None
produced water into 20m) in order to achieve required
open sea. dilution within 100m mixing zone.
3
Continuous discharge (15m /hr for
24hr) is recommended to satisfy
mixing requirements and meet
Fujairah Municipality’s limit.
Regular monitoring and analysis
of treated produced water effluent
to ensure compliance with
applicable limits.
1.3.19 Table below shows the environmental monitoring plan for the proposed activity:
Environmental
Parameters Frequency Responsibility
Aspect
Produced water TDS Daily or as required Plant laboratory or
quality Temperature by authority on-line monitoring
pH
Oil
H2S, O2, CO2, Fe, Quarterly or as Designated HSE
Na(Calc), Ca, Mg, Cl, required by authority officer and analysis
HCO3, OH, CO3, SO4 through Fujairah
accredited
laboratory
Sludge Heavy Metals Quarterly or as Designated HSE
required by authority officer and analysis
through Fujairah
accredited
laboratory
Ambient seawater TDS Quarterly for water Designated HSE
quality at the outfall Temperature quality and yearly for officer and analysis
Turbidity sediment, or as through Fujairah
required by authority accredited
laboratory
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Project Title and Project Proponent
2.1.1 China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Corporation (CPECC) is currently

undertaking the construction of the Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline (ADCOP) project
for the International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC). IPIC and CPECC’s
profile are provided below:
International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC)

PO Box 7528, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Tel No: (0971) 2 633 6234
Fax No: (0971) 2 633 0144
China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Corporation (CPECC)

PO Box 127345, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Tel No: (0971) 2 678 9991
Fax No: (0971) 2 678 7799
2.1.2 The pipeline originates from a main pumping station (MPS) at Habshan in Abu
Dhabi and terminates at the main oil terminal (MOT) in Fujairah in the United Arab
Emirates (UAE). The pipeline route passes across several Emirates including Abu
Dhabi, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah and Fujairah.
2.1.3 The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the ADCOP Project had been
carried out and approved by the relevant authorities with specific jurisdiction on the
pipeline route, including Fujairah Municipality. However, the issue of produced
water disposal, which will be generated during the operation of the MOT to be
located at Fujairah coastal plain, was not addressed and defined in the EIA, thus;
an Addendum EIA for this aspect is required.
2.2 EIA Consultants
2.2.1 Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC (Dome) was appointed by CPECC to
carry out the required EIA for the proposed disposal of produced water to open sea.
2.2.2 Dome is an Abu Dhabi registered company and is part of the Dome Group of
companies with offices in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Baghdad, Sanaa, Aden, Cairo and
Amman. Dome has carried out many EIA projects in the UAE and the Gulf for oil &
gas, power, and other industrial projects as well as for large-scale residential and
mixed-use developments. Dome profile is provided below:
Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC

1301, Al Masaood Tower
Hamdan St., P.O. Box 6924
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Tel No: (0971) 2 634 8800
Fax No: (0971) 2 634 8826
E-mail: hse@domeint.com
2.2.3 Dome’s EIA team members responsible for the study are provided below.
Dr. Donato dela Cruz (Project Manager and Principal Environmental

Consultant)
Dr. dela Cruz has been involved in various environmental projects in the last 17
years as project manager, team leader and technical and policy
specialist/consultant. His areas of technical specialization include environmental
impact assessment, environmental audit, site assessment, monitoring, air
pollution control, air quality management, air dispersion modeling, water quality
assessment, wastewater management, oil spill modeling, environmental
engineering, industrial processes and policy. His experience covers projects in
various industries, including oil and gas, cement, power, petrochemical, mining
and construction. His oil and gas industry experience includes projects in
petroleum refining, petrochemical production and natural gas production and
processing. He has taught undergraduate courses on petroleum, petrochemical
and natural gas processing and graduate courses in Environmental Impact
Assessment at the University of the Philippines.
Neri R. Rieza Jr. (Environmental Engineer)

Mr. Rieza is a mechanical engineer with professional background in
environmental engineering. He has extensive knowledge of stack emissions and
ambient air monitoring with reference to USEPA methods and procedures. His
experience includes QA/QC and actual practice in environmental monitoring, EIA,
environmental auditing, training, and designing pollution abatement systems,
such as dust collection and centralized vacuum system.
Dr Graeme Hubbert (Oceanographer, GEMS)

Dr. Hubbert spent 17 years in research institutes, primarily as an oceanographer,
developing numerical models for a range of applications. During this period the
emphasis was on producing generalised, relocatable and numerically stable
models, which verified well against data. Dr Hubbert developed the first
operational marine models (waves, storm surge and coastal currents) for the
Australian Bureau of Meteorology. He was the first person in Australia to use a
3D ocean model for environmental studies (Geelong Ocean outfall, 1984) and
was the first to set up a mesoscale atmospheric model for marine operations in
Australia (e.g. 1991, 1995 America’s Cup challenges). For the past 13 years he
has been applying his numerical modelling expertise to bring state of the art,
relocatable ocean and atmosphere models to the consulting community.
2.2.4 Dome has a strong local presence in the UAE and has established a reputation for
technical capability and quality of services in the field of EIA. We also have detailed
local knowledge of the environmental conditions/sensitivities in the UAE, as well as
a thorough understanding of local regulatory procedures.
2.2.5 Relevant environmental studies Dome has carried at Fujairah Municipality and
other emirates are listed below.
EIA for Al Zarooni Medical Waste, Fujairah
EIA for FRCL Terminal Expansion Project, Fujairah
EIA for Plant Discharges to Open Sea, Palm Water, Dubai
EIA for Septech Desalination Plant, Abu Dhabi
EIA for High Star Water Solution STP, Dubai
EIS for ADNOC STP, ADNOC
EIA for Dubal Spent Pot Lining Recycling Project, Ras Al Khaimah
Coastal Environmental Monitoring for Dubai Municipality (3years)
EBS for ADWEA Allahamah STP, Abu Dhabi
2.3 Project Rationale
2.3.1 The purpose of the EIA study was to identify the environmental impacts likely to
arise from the proposed discharge of produced water to open sea, to establish the
mitigation requirements and define the environmental management and monitoring
needs.
2.3.2 The EIA was carried out in accordance with the engineering design and details
provided by CPECC for the study and in compliance with the EIA requirements by
the Fujairah Municipality, including Federal Law No. 24 of 1999 for the Protection
and Development of the Environment and applicable international laws and
guidelines.
2.3.3 The EIA study involved systematic identification and analysis of the potential
environmental impacts expected to arise from the proposed activity, determination
of the significance of such impacts and the need for mitigation measures. The
output from the process is this EIA report, which documents the assessment
methodology and findings together with details of how any identified significant
impacts will be managed during the life cycle of the project.
2.3.4 The EIA report is further organized as follows:
Chapter 1 – Executive Summary

Chapter 2 – Introduction
Chapter 3 – Legal Framework
Chapter 4 – Project Description
Chapter 5 – Description of the Environment
Chapter 6 – Impact Prediction and Evaluation
Chapter 7 – Mitigation Measures
Chapter 8 - Alternatives
Chapter 9 – Monitoring Program
3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 This Chapter provides an overview of the main legislation and environmental standards
and guidelines, which are relevant to the proposed disposal of produced water into open
sea.
3.1.2 Environmental matters in the UAE are regulated through a system of Federal Laws and
Executive Regulations. The principal Federal Law covering environmental protection is
Federal Law No. (24) Of 1999 for the Protection and Development of the Environment.
3.1.3 Other regulatory procedures which govern the project are:
Federal law No.23 of 1999 on the Exploitation, Protection and Development of the
Living Aquatic Resources in the waters of the state of the United Arab Emirates;
Federal law No.19 of 1993 Concerning Specification of Marine Areas in UAE; and
Relevant international conventions and guidelines.
3.1.4 The administration of Federal Law 24 in each Emirate of the UAE is carried out by a
designated “Competent Authority”. The Competent Authority is responsible for developing
its own environmental regulations which implement the requirements of Federal Law. In the
Emirate of Fujairah, the competent authority for administration of Federal Law No. 24 and
its regulations is the Environment Protection & Development Department of the Fujairah
Municipality.
3.1.1 Fujairah Municipality adheres with the standards and requirements of UAE Federal Law No.
(24) Of 1999, thus environmental issues in the Emirate are treated in accordance with this
law.
3.2 Federal Environmental Law
Federal Law No. 24 of 1999

3.2.1 Federal Law No. 24 of 1999 for the Protection and Development of the Environment for
United Arab Emirates (UAE) established the framework for environmental protection in the
UAE and has the following key objectives:
“Protection and conservation of the quality and natural balance of the environment.”
“Control of all forms of pollution and avoidance of any immediate or long-term harmful
effects…”
“Development of natural resources and conservation of biological diversity…”
“Protection of society, human health and the health of other living creatures…”
“Protection of the State environment from the harmful effects of activities undertaken
outside the region of the State.”
“Compliance with international and regional agreements ratified or approved by the
State regarding environmental protection, control of pollution and conservation of
natural resources.”
3.2.2 The main provisions of this law, which are relevant for this project, are briefly outlined
below.
Chapter 1 – Development and the Environment
Article (3)
3.2.3 “The Agency, in consultation with the competent authorities and concerned parties shall set
the standards, specifications, principles and regulations for the assessment of
environmental impact of projects and establishments applying for license and shall
specially undertake the following:
Identification of categories of projects, which due to their nature may cause harm to the
environment;
Identification of areas and sites of special environmental importance or sensitivity such
as historical and archaeological sites, wetlands, coral reefs, natural reservations and
public parks; and
Identification of natural resources and major environmental problems of special
importance”.
Article (4)
3.2.4 “No project or establishment shall start the activity before obtaining the license
aforementioned in the previous article including environmental impact assessment.”
Article (7)
3.2.5 “Owners of projects or establishments approved by license shall undertake regular analysis
of wastes and monitor the properties of discharge and pollutants generated from such
projects including degradable materials and keeping monitoring records and sending
reports with the results to the Agency and the Competent Authorities.”
Article (9)
3.2.6 “All Concerned Parties specially parties responsible for planning, economic and
construction development shall consider aspects of protection of the environment, control
of pollution and rational use of natural resources when developing economic and social
plans and when establishing and executing of projects.”
Article (10)
3.2.7 “The balance between technological capabilities available economic cost shall be
considered when determining such measurements and standards without undermining the
requirements for the protection of environment and control of pollution.”
Chapter 2 – Protection of Water Environment
Article (17)
3.2.8 “Protection of water environment from pollution aims to achieve the following:
Protection of the coasts, beaches and seaports of the State from all kinds and forms of
pollution.
Protection of the marine environment and its living and non-living natural resources by
prevention, reduction and control of pollution regardless of its source.
Protection of drinking water and groundwater and development of water resources.”
Article (21)
3.2.9 “All marine means of transportation are prohibited from discharging or disposing of oil or oil
mixture into the marine environment, regardless of their nationality or registration status in
the State.”
Article (32)
3.2.10 “Marine means and marine establishments identified in the Executive Order are prohibited
from draining sewerage water into the marine environment and such water shall be
disposed of according to the standards and regulations specified in the Executive Order.”
3.2.11 “Marine means are also prohibited from depositing wastes into the marine environment.”
Article (35)
3.2.12 “All establishments including public premises and commercial, industrial, agricultural,
tourism and service establishments are prohibited from discarding untreated substances,
wastes or liquids which may directly or indirectly cause pollution to the water environment.
Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 for the protection and development of the environment.”
Article (38)
3.2.13 “The Agency and Competent Authority shall have the right to take specimens from treated
liquid wastes in accordance with the procedures specified by the Executive Order to ensure
that test results correspond with test approved standards.”
Chapter 3 – Soil Protection
Article (42)
3.2.14 “The Competent Authorities shall take into consideration the environmental standards and
factors specified by the Agency in coordination with the competent Authorities and the
Concerned Parties at the preparation and implementation of the plans for land-utilization for
construction, agricultural, industrial area, reserve area and others.”
Article (43)
3.2.15 “It is prohibited in accordance with the Executive Order to undertake any activity
contributing directly or indirectly, to damaging, disturbing it’s the natural properties or
polluting the soil in any way that that may affect its productivity.”
Federal Law No. 23 of 1999

3.2.16 The law of 1999 on the ‘Exploitation, Protection and Development of the Living Aquatic
Resources in the Waters of the State of the United Arab Emirates’ addresses all aspects
related to the UAE commercial and recreational fishing industry, in order to protect the
aquatic resources within the UAE waters. Its regulations deal with issues such as
organization of fishing trade, procedures for registering of fishermen, licensing of fishing
boats, prohibited practices for protection and development of aquatic resources, and
market related issues such as circulation and export/trade procedures.
Relevant Federal Regulations

3.2.17 The following Federal environmental regulations are relevant to this project, have been
established under Federal Law No. 24 and are applicable throughout the UAE:
Federal Regulation for the Assessment of Environmental Effects of Installations;
Federal Regulation for the Protection of the Marine Environment, 2001;
Federal Regulation Concerning Specification of Marine Areas in UAE, 1993; and
Federal Regulation for Handling Hazardous Materials, Hazardous Wastes and Medical
Wastes, 2002.
Regulation for the Assessment of Environmental Effects of Installations

3.2.18 Any person who wants to set up or modify any project or activity must obtain an
Environmental Licence from the Concerned Authority. This Regulation requires that an
environmental impact assessment be carried out for certain projects before the Concerned
Authority issues a licence to develop/operate the project. An application for a Licence for
certain projects listed in the Regulations must include an assessment of the environmental
effects of the project. The specified information to be covered in the environmental
assessment are:
Complete description of the project in its preliminary phases;
Statement of the objectives of the project;
Complete description of the current environmental situation which may be affected by
the project, if executed;
The expected interaction between the project and the environment in all phases of the
project (preliminary, construction, operation);
Analysis of the expected environmental consequences of the project, including use of
power;
Procedures to be taken to protect the environment and an assessment of their
efficiency;
The consequences of not executing the project; and
Commitments to continuing observation and controlling of environmental contamination
resulting from the project.
Federal Regulation for the Protection of the Marine Environment, 2001

3.2.19 This Regulation is concerned with the prevention of pollution of the marine environment
from vessels, land based sources and offshore platforms. Discharge of oil from marine
vessels is prohibited except under certain conditions. The owner/captain of vessel which
has leaked oil is required to report that leakage to the Port Authority, Coast Guard and any
other Competent Authority, immediately it occurs. The discharge of degradable
contaminants from land-based sources must not exceed the suggested limits as specified
in Table 3.1.
TABLE 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF DEGRADABLE (TREATED) INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
AT POINT OF DISCHARGE INTO THE SEA
Suggested Suggested
Parameter Unit Parameter Unit
Limit Limit
Physical Properties Inorganic Chemicals
Total
Ammonia
Suspended mg/l 50 mg/l 2
Total as (N)
Solids
Total
Dissolved mg/l 1500 Nitrate mg/l 40
Solids
Chlorine
PH pH units 6-9 mg/l 1
Residual
2
Floating Mg/m None Cyanide mg/l 0.05
Suggested Suggested
Parameter Unit Parameter Unit
Limit Limit
Particles
Dissolved
Temperature °C 5 mg/l >3
Oxygen
Turbidity NTU 75 Fluoride mg/l 20
Trace Metals Sulphide mg/l 0.1
Aluminium mg/l 20 BOD mg/l 50
Total Kjeldahl
Antimony mg/l 0.1 mg/l 10
Nitrogen
Total
Arsenic mg/l 0.05 Phosphorous mg/l 2
(as P)
Barium mg/l 2 COD mg/l 100
Beryllium mg/l 0.05 Organic Chemicals
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Cadmium mg/l 0.05 mg/l Nil
and
Pesticides
Chromium,
mg/l 0.2 Hydrocarbons mg/l 15
total
Oil and
Chromium VI mg/l 0.15 mg/l 10
Grease
Cobalt mg/l 0.2 Phenols mg/l 0.1
Copper mg/l 0.5 Solvent mg/l None
Total Organic
Iron mg/l 2 mg/l 75
Carbon
Lead mg/l 0.1 Biological Properties
Total MPN/100
Manganese mg/l 0.2 1000
Coliforms ml
Faecal
Mercury mg/l 0.001 Cells/100l 1000
Coliforms
No./100
Nickel mg/l 0.1 Colon Group 2 5000
cm
Selenium mg/l 0.02 Egg Parasites - None
Worm
Silver mg/l 0.005 - None
parasites
Zinc mg/l 0.5
Source: Appendix 8, Regulation for the Protection of the Marine Environment, 2001
Federal Regulation for Handling Hazardous Materials, Hazardous Wastes and Medical
Wastes, 2002
3.2.20 Federal Regulation for Handling Hazardous Materials, Hazardous Wastes and Medical
Wastes, 2002 covers requirements for the storage, handling and transport of hazardous
materials and wastes in the UAE. No hazardous material or waste may be handled or
transported without a licence issued by the Competent Authority.
3.2.21 Article 5 prohibits the import of hazardous chemicals listed in Annex 1 of the Regulations
into the UAE for trade or multi-use purposes, unless prior approval is obtained from the
Competent Authority.
3.2.22 Article 10 covers procedures for the management of hazardous waste. Organizations
generating hazardous wastes are required to:
Endeavour to reduce generation rates of such waste by developing technologies and
adopting clean production and selection of products or raw materials which are less
damaging to the environment;
Record the quality and quantity of generated wastes; and
Construct and operate waste treatment units at source wherever possible, subject to
the approval of such units by the Competent Authority.
3.3 Regional/International Conventions and Protocols
3.3.1 The UAE is signatory to a number of regional/ international conventions and protocols
concerned with environmental protection. In particular, it is party to the following
international commitments:
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter (London Convention), 1972;
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, its amendments
and protocol of 1978;
United Nations convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982;
Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985;
Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances, 1987;
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) 1973;
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and their disposal, 1989;
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992;
Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976;
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992;
Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, 1998; and
International Marine Organization (IMO) Convention (1958) and its 1991 amendments.
3.3.2 Table 3.2 lists other regional and national regulations/commitments which are of relevance
to the project and which have been to be taken into account during preparation of the EIA.
TABLE 3.2 UAE REGIONAL AND NATIONAL REGULATIONS / COMMITMENTS
Signature/
Name of Convention/Protocol Details
Ratification
Kuwait Regional Convention for A comprehensive umbrella agreement for the
cooperation on the protection of 1979 protection of the marine environment which
the marine environment from identifies the many sources of pollution
pollution and its Protocol requiring control, and management issues
Concerning Regional Cooperation requiring cooperation at a regional level. The
in Combating Pollution by Oil and Convention concerns the protection and
Other Harmful Substances in development of the marine environment and
Cases of Emergency, 1978. coastal areas of the Kuwait Action Plan Region
(Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia and the UAE). Of particular
relevance is Article VI- Pollution From Land-
based Sources. The Convention states that
“The contracting states shall take all
appropriate measures to prevent, abate and
combat pollution caused by discharges from
land reaching the Sea Area, whether water-
borne, air-borne, or directly from the coast
including outfalls and pipelines.”
Signature/
Name of Convention/Protocol Details
Ratification
The Regional Organisation for the 1979 This programme was established to carry out
Protection of the Marine programmes under the supervision of the
Environment (ROPME) UNEP. An output of the ROPME council was
the establishment of the Marine Emergency
Mutual Aid Centre.
Protocol for the Protection of the 1990 Parties to this Protocol are required to carry
Marine Environment against out pollution abatement through source control.
Pollution from Land-Based This involves control and progressive
Sources replacement of products, installations, and
industrial or other processes causing
significant pollution to the marine environment.
Particular attention should be given to:
Curtailment and/or regulation of
import, transportation, manufacturing
or processing of certain harmful
substances;
Change of raw materials;
Change of manufacturing process;
Good operating and housekeeping
practices;
Segregation of waste streams and
minimisation of pollutant dilution prior
to treatment; and
Recovery, reuse and recycling.
Management schemes should be implemented
in problem areas of regional interest.
Convention on Conservation of 2003 GCC countries have agreed to conserve
Wildlife and its Natural Habitats in wildlife and their habitat especially for
the GCC countries, 2001. endangered and migrating species. Parties of
this convention are obliged to adopt strategies
and activities that will ensure the conservation
of the wildlife and its habitat and ensure their
sustainability.
UAE’s National Environmental 2002 Issues of national priority (i.e. National Agenda
Strategy and National 21) have been identified as fresh water and its
Environmental Action Plan resources; pollution of air, fresh water, and the
marine environment; wastes management;
urban environment; and loss of land resources
and biodiversity.
4.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 ADCOP is designed to deliver, at a maximum rate, 1.8 million barrels per day (MMBPD) of
crude oil from the ADCO facilities in Habshan, over a distance of 371 km, to the MOT in
Fujairah for export through offshore loading facilities. The crude oil (Murban blend) will be
carried through a single 48-inch diameter pipeline.
4.1.2 The main components of the ADCOP pipeline system are:
A 48” pipeline, designed to follow to the extent possible, the route of existing pipeline
corridors adjacent to the pipelines operated by GASCO, ADCO and Dolphin;
A Main Pump Station (MPS) located in Habshan area, with tie in to the existing
ADCO pipeline network. The MPS will be equipped with buffer/storage tanks and
booster pumps to allow the ADCOP to operate when there are shortfalls within the
ADCO system. The main pumps and booster pumps will be electrically driven;
An Intermediate Pump Station (IPS) will be located in Sweihan, near to the existing
TRANSCO water storage tanks. These will be electrically driven pumps;
A Main Oil Terminal (MOT) located on the Fujairah coastal plain, north-west of the
existing Vopak terminal. The terminal will have a working storage volume of 8
MMbbl (million barrels); and
MOT loading facilities with 3 SPMs, with loading capacity of 80,000 bbl/hr each.
4.1.3 Crude Oil will be temporarily stored at MOT to facilitate offshore loading for export.
Produced water is expected to be generated during temporary storage of crude oil. This
produced water is planned to be discharged into the open sea after passing through
treatment process.
4.2 Statement of Need
4.2.1 The development of ADCOP project is considered to be of major importance to the

economy, mainly due to its strategic location and anticipated efficiencies.
4.2.2 Produced water is an aqueous waste generated in crude oil production. The produced
water generation is an operational consequence of the MOT, for crude oil from ADCO
Habshan facilities will not pass refinement process and will be directly conveyed to this oil
terminal. The proposed discharge of this produced water into the open sea is seen to be
the most practical and economic disposal option, given that the produced water will meet
pollutant limits prior to actual discharge.
4.3 Concept and Phases
4.3.1 The MOT will be equipped for storage and offshore loading of crude oil. It will include crude
oil receiving facilities, tank farm and offshore loading installations.
Receiving Facilities
4.3.2 Receiving facilities will be a part of the pipeline operation, which will regulate crude oil flow
and pressure prior to its actual entry at MOT tank farm. The main elements of the receiving
facilities include the following:
Scraper receiver;
Inlet filters;
Pressure control units;
High pressure surge relief systems; and
Relief tank and re-injection pump.
MOT Tank Farm
4.3.3 The MOT tank farm will comprise eight (8) Double Deck Floating Roof Crude Oil Storage
Tanks each within a separate bunded area, and associated facilities for storage and crude
oil transfer. Figure 4.1 shows the plot plan and layout of MOT facilities.
FEWA
Substation
Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Control
Discharge Facility
Produced
Water Tanks Oil Drain
Collection Vessel
Administration
Building
1 2 3 4
Control Room
CRUDE OIL STORAGE TANK FARM
5 6 7 8
FUTURE STORAGE TANKS
FIGURE 4.1 MOT TANK FARM PLOT PLAN
4.3.4 The MOT will have a total working storage capacity of 8 MMbbl. Crude oil from ADCOP is
fed to a pipeline header (48”), which is branched into two 48” sub-header which run
throughout the tank farm piping corridor. Each tank is fed at a rate of 10,000m3/hr, after
passing through the receiving facilities. Crude oil will be temporarily stored in the tanks, in
order to separate produced water, which has a settlement period of 1 to 3 days. Figure 4.2
shows a schematic flow diagram of MOT tank farm process at full load operation.
Crude oil for

3
10,000m /hr offshore loading
1.8 MMbbl/day each tank (80,000bbl/hr
from ADCOP CRUDE OIL
RECEIVING (62,898 bbl/hr) each SPM)
STORAGE
FACILITIES TANKS Produced water
for treatment
and disposal
3
(360m /day)
FIGURE 4.2 MOT OPERATIONAL PROCESS FLOW
4.3.5 Table 4.1 presents the tank farm design capacity.

TABLE 4.1 TANK FARM DESIGN CAPACITY
Description Capacity
Total Working Storage Volume 8 MMbbl
Working Volume (per tank) 1 MMbbl

3
Tank Loading Rate 10,000m /hr
3
Tank Unloading Rate 13,000m /hr
Tank Diameter 110m
Offshore Loading Installations
4.3.6 The offshore loading installation will consist of three (3) single point mooring (SPM) loading
facility with 80,000bbl/hr capacity, each. It will be designed for offshore loading of very
large crude carriers (VLCC). This offshore installation will be connected to the MOT
through pumping station to be located on a reclaimed land, adjacent to the north of existing
Vopak Terminal. Each of the three SPM will be connected to the pumping station through
seabed pipes. Figure 4.3 shows the location of 3 SPM’s and pumping station.
SPM 3
SPM 2
Pumping
Station
Seabed
Reclaimed Pipeline
Land
SPM 1
Vopak
Terminal
1.6km
FIGURE 4.3 SINGLE POINT MOORING FACILITY’S LOCATION
4.3.7 The offshore loading installation will also include the following elements:
Ship loading pumps (8 units, 40,000bbl/hr each)
Pigging facilities
Fiscal metering
48” buried loading to each SPM
PLEM (one each SPM)
Relief facilities
4.4 Location, Scale & Scheduling of Activities
4.4.1 The ADCOP MOT (Main Oil Terminal) will be located along the Fujairah coastal plain,
adjacent to the west of Fujairah-Khor Fakkan Rd., and infront of the existing VOPAK oil
terminal. The three SPM (single point mooring) offshore facilities will be connected to the
MOT through the fuel transfer equipment to be located on an area of reclaimed land infront
of the site, adjacent to the north of VOPAK oil terminal. Figure 4.4 shows the location of the
MOT and associated installations. Specific details and timeline of ADCOP project were
presented as part of the ADCOP EIA, 2008 which was submitted to Fujairah Municipality.
Produced water discharge facility is currently on design stage and construction will
commence upon approval of necessary permit, including this EIA study.
4.4.2 The discharge point location of the produced water coming from the MOT is proposed to
be located within 500m from the seawall of the reclaimed land (see Figure 4.4).
N
SPM 3
Fujairah-Khor SPM 2
Fakkan Rd.
MOT
SPM 1
Reclaimed
Land
Proposed
MOT Site Discharge
Point Limit
(500m)
VOPAK
Terminal
2.3 km
FIGURE 4.4 PROJECT LOCATION
4.5 Project Status
4.5.1 ADCOP project construction is currently ongoing, which includes the pipeline, MPS, IPS
and the MOT. Crude oil storage tank construction and site levelling is currently undertaken
at MOT site. Construction of the offshore fuel transfer facilities associated with the MOT is
also ongoing. ADCOP project commissioning is scheduled on the third quarter of 2010.
4.5.2 Engineering and design stage for the proposed discharge of treated produced water,
including design of wastewater treatment plant, is also ongoing at the time of this EIA
study.
4.6 Waste Streams and Emissions
4.6.1 Crude oil produced from a reservoir is frequently accompanied by water, which is either
naturally present or has been injected to maintain reservoir pressure. Produced water is
the largest volume of aqueous waste arising from production operations. This produced
water is finally separated from the crude oil through settlement (gravity) in storage tanks,
and drained for treatment and disposal. Produced water that will be generated in the MOT
is planned to be discharged into the open sea after passing through treatment process.
4.6.2 Residual oil and sludge will be generated in the produced water treatment process. Oil will
come from the oil and water separator of the treatment facility and will just be minimal in
volume. This residual oil and will be collected and reprocessed. Sludge generated from the
treatment process will be directed into chamber filter press. Filter cake will be collected into
separate containers and will be disposed offsite through licensed waste transporter.
Produced Water Generation
4.6.3 The MOT is expected to generate produced water at a maximum rate of 360m3/day during
full load operation. Settled produced water from each of the eight (8) storage tanks will be
collected through a single pipeline header, to the two (2) units of produced water storage
tanks. Figure 4.5 shows the process flow of produced water generation at MOT full load
operation.
CRUDE OIL STORAGE TANKS (1 MMbbl each)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
45m /day 45m /day 45m /day 45m /day 45m /day 45m /day 45m /day 45m /day
Produced Water Pipe Header (Maximum Flowrate = 360m3/day)

180 180
3 3
m /day m /day
Produced
1 2 Water Tanks
(540m3 each)
FIGURE 4.5 PRODUCED WATER GENERATION AT MOT
4.6.4 Produced water generated at the MOT will be treated at an in house waste water treatment
facility, prior to discharge to open sea. Table 4.2 presents the expected characteristics and
chemical composition of MOT produced water prior to treatment:
TABLE 4.2 EXPECTED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MOT PRODUCED WATER
pH 7.9 6.3 6.99

H2S (mg/l) 212 18 91.17
CO2 (mg/l) 853 99 481.98
O2 (ppb) 30 20 20.28
Oil (ppm) 70 5 24.28
Fe (mg/l) 110 0.6 6.96
Na(Calc)(mg/l) 54578 2070 24005.94
Ca (mg/l) 8000 998 4839.25
Mg (mg/l) 2310 310 1172.51
Cl (mg/l) 76325 29252 47949.62
HCO3 (mg/l) 1200 146 570.68
OH (mg/l) 0 0 0
CO3 (mg/l) 0 0 0
SO4 (mg/l) 4290 15 487.68
TDS (mg/l) 124578 53013 78759.83
Produced Water Treatment Plant
4.6.5 Produced water collected into the produced water tanks will be directed to the MOT’s in-
house produced water treatment plant (PWTP). The following provide details and
specification of the proposed PWTP based on design documents provided by CPECC.
4.6.6 The PWTP will reduce the oil content of produced water to 5ppm. CPECC have considered
24hr continuous operation of the plant with a maximum produced water flowrate of
15m3/hr. The PWTP will mainly include corrugated plate interceptor (CPI) oil separator and
induced air floatation (IAF) unit. Figure 4.6 shows the process flow of the proposed PWTP
train. Detailed description of operation of the PWTP is provided in Annex 4.
Return Line (>5ppm oil) Discharge to

sea (5mg/l oil)
Oil Control and
TDS Monitor
(2 units each)
Discharge
Chemical Dosing Pump
(Organic Polymer)
Treated
Produced Induced
CPI Oil Water
Water Air
Separator Collection
Tank Flotation
(2 units) Sump
(2 units) Unit
Waste Oil Sludge
To sludge
To waste oil container
collection sump
FIGURE 4.6 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED PWTP
4.6.7 The discharge line of the treated produced water will be equipped with oil control and
monitor. This device will monitor the oil content of the treated water and will automatically
send back water with an oil content exceeding 5ppm to the CPI oil separator header for
further treatment.
Point of Discharge
4.6.8 Treated produced water will be discharged into the open sea through a seabed pipeline.
The point of discharge is proposed to be 500m from the seawall of the SPM’s pumping
station. Figure 4.7 shows the limit of proposed discharge point of treated produced water.
Pumping
Station
Reclaimed Proposed
Land Discharge
Point Limit
MOT Site
Reclaimed
Land
Seawall
1.5 km
FIGURE 4.7 LOCATION OF PROPOSED PRODUCED WATER DISCHARGE POINT
5.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
5.1 Baseline Conditions
5.1.1 Understanding of environmental baseline sensitivity of the project area is essential to

delineate the impact zones and to devise strategies for mitigation. This section provides a
description of environmental sensitivity of the project area.
5.1.2 A more detailed discussion of the existing environment can be found in the “ADCOP EIA,
July 2008”, which has been submitted to Fujairah Municipality. A summary of the relevant
environmental baseline data for the produced water discharge discussed on the above EIA
is provided below. The recently conducted (April 2009) current and tide survey is also
discussed below.
Climate and Meteorology
5.1.3 The climate of Fujairah is classified as “semi-arid” with a wide diurnal range, average
rainfall and humidity varying from month to month. Fujairah area is greatly influenced by its
close proximity to the Gulf of Oman, which produces moderate to high temperatures and
high humidity.
5.1.4 The predominant climatic condition in Fujairah, and the entire UAE, is dry sunny weather.
Average daytime temperatures range from 15OC to 20OC on winter and 40OC to 50OC
during summer. The Fujairah area experiences a high amount of humidity especially during
summer. The maximum mean humidity is 96%, which occurs in May and June.
Wind, Waves and Currents
5.1.5 A study had been carried out by CPECC for the MetOcean design criteria of single point
mooring (SPM) offshore locations. The study covered wave, wind and current data at the
project location.
5.1.6 Winds are mainly from NW direction (winter shamal) from December and January at
coastline of Fujairah. South-easterlies increase their frequency from March to May, until
they become predominant in June to September. From September to November, the
highest frequency of north-westerlies occurs. Table 5.1 presents the seasonal values of 1-
minute average of wind speed at 10m above the ground corresponding to a return period of
1 year.
TABLE 5.1 SEASONAL AVERAGE WIND SPEED VALUES
Month Speed (m/s)
January 15.5
February 16
March 15
April 15.5
May 15
June 13
July 12.5
August 11.5
Month Speed (m/s)
September 11
October 12
November 13.5
December 14
5.1.7 The wave climate offshore of Fujairah is mainly determined by SE winds and associated
waves. Table 5.2 present monthly values of significant wave height (Hs) at depths of 56 m
and 15m respectively.
TABLE 5.2 MONTHLY VALUES OF SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT (HS)
Month Hs (m) at 56m Depth Hs (m) at 56m Depth
January 2 1.8
February 2 1.8
March 1.4 1.3
April 1.2 1.1
May 1 0.9
June 1.7 1.6
July 1.6 1.5
August 1.6 1.5
September 1.3 1.3
October 1.5 1.5
November 2 1.8
December 2 1.8
5.1.8 Hs is the average significant wave height of the 1/3 highest waves. The above data
indicates that highest waves, at average height of 2m and 1.8m at 15m and 56m
respectively, occur during winter.
5.1.9 Table 5.3 presents seasonal values of surface current speed with a return period of 1 year.
TABLE 5.3 SEASONAL VALUES OF SURFACE CURRENT SPEED
Month Current (m/s)

January 0.5
February 0.5
March 0.5
April 0.5
May 0.7
June 0.7
July 0.5
August 0.7
September 0.7
October 0.7
November 0.7
December 0.7
Marine Environment
5.1.10 A marine environmental baseline survey (MEBS), as part of the ADCOP EIA, was
conducted for the offshore crude oil loading installations and activities to be carried as part
of the construction and operation of the MOT and associated facilities. The survey covered
the following components/activities:
Assessment of the underwater bathymetry;
Water and sediment sampling and analysis;
Characterization of benthic and pelagic ecology for the near shore and offshore
areas, including observations for all ecological communities such as seagrass, coral,
invertebrates, fish and marine mammals; and
Benthic infaunal assessment, (i.e. identification of organisms within the seabed and
sediments for both near-shore and offshore areas).
Underwater Bathymetry
5.1.11 The MEBS was conducted at nine (9) locations within the area covering the proposed
nearshore and offshore activities. Figure 5.1 shows the sampling locations (S-1 to S-9)
plotted on a bathymetric map.
SPM 3
SPM 2
SPM 1
1600m
Note: Color table indicates water depth in meter (m).
FIGURE 5.1 MEBS SAMPLING LOCATION
Marine Sediment and Seawater Quality
5.1.12 Table 5.5 presents the analytical results for marine sediments and Table 5.6 and Table 5.7
present analytical results for seawater.
5.1.13 Marine sediments analytical results were compared to the Australian National Disposal
Guidelines for Dredged Material (Environment Australia 2002) screening levels, in the
absence of local specific criteria. The criteria levels specified in these guidelines are largely
based on biological-effects related guidelines developed from continent-wide database in
North America. These guidelines are often used as international reference criteria for
marine sediments.
TABLE 5.4 MARINE SEDIMENTS ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Screening Sampling Location's Concentrations (mg/kg)

PQL
Parameters Level
(mg/kg)
(mg/kg) S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9
Heavy Metals
Aluminum 7.9 n/a 3009 4953 5339 4292 4043 3032 2462 3112 2617
Arsenic 1.2 20 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Cadmium 0.5 1.5 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Chromium 0.95 80 64 71 81 68 64 45 46 49 29
Copper 1.4 65 4 4.7 4.2 5.7 5.7 5 4.6 4.9 3.8
Lead 1.8 50 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Nickel 0.5 21 336 318 378 293 297 199 210 214 133
Zinc 0.23 200 7.2 9 8.9 9.9 11.6 8.9 9.4 9 8.2
TPH
GRO C5-C10 0.25 - N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
DRO C11-
0.5 - N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
C28
Heavy C28+ 2 - N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Phenols & BTEX
Phenols
1.5 - N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
(ug/kg)
BTEX (ug/kg) 4-6 - N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Others
Moisture
0.1 - 15.6 25.8 24.4 32.1 30 30.5 30.9 32.2 30.8
(Wt %)
Total Organic
Carbon 0.1 - 3.1 3.7 3.1 5.4 5.2 7.3 7.5 7.5 8.1
(Wt %)
Note: Screening Level – National Ocean Disposal Guidelines for Dredged Material, Environment Australia, May 2002
PQL – Practical Quantifiable Unit. PQL is the detection limit of the laboratory using the specified test for a particular analyte.
N/D – None detected.
TABLE 5.5 GENERAL WATER QUALITY DATA
Parameters
Sampling Depth
Locations (m) Dissolved
Salinity Temperature Conductivity
O pH Oxygen TDS (g/l)
(ppt) ( C) (us/cm)
(mg/l)
1 36.19 23.35 8.55 6.54 52800 35.5
S-1 2 36.12 23.12 8.5 6.54 52700 35.45
3 35.97 22.97 8.5 6.78 52300 35.4
1 36.54 23.53 8.74 6.65 53555 35.82
S-2 6 36.67 23.33 8.76 6.85 53375 35.84
12 36.61 23.23 8.75 6.92 53319 36.62
1 36.79 23.59 8.75 6.71 53928 36.03
S-3 2 36.78 23.58 8.75 6.71 53934 36.03
5 36.79 23.56 8.72 6.79 53897 36.03
1 37.2 23.38 8.53 6.63 54260 36.39
S-4 10 37.25 23.39 8.56 6.36 54313 36.53
20 37.26 23.39 8.56 6.71 54336 36.54
1 37.33 23.43 8.73 6.7 54479 36.5
S-5 10 37.34 23.39 8.73 6.73 54434 36.51
20 37.35 23.38 8.74 6.84 54442 36.52
1 37.5 23.33 8.69 6.74 54576 36.65
S-6
20 37.53 23.36 8.73 6.73 54648 36.67
1 37.44 23.34 8.75 6.74 54514 36.59
S-7
20 37.48 23.36 8.76 6.74 54588 36.63
1 37.6 23.29 8.39 6.65 54671 36.72
S-8
20 37.59 23.34 8.53 6.73 54782 36.73
1 37.53 23.34 8.77 6.71 54607 36.66
S-9
20 37.52 23.36 8.61 6.77 54635 36.66
TABLE 5.6 WATER ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Sampling Location's Concentrations (mg/L)

Parameters PQL
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9
Metals
Arsenic 0.01 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Cadmium 0.001 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Chromium 0.0025 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Hexavalent
0.1 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Chromium
Copper 0.0044 N/D 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.008 N/D 0.006 N/D
Lead 0.01 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Mercury
(ug/L)
Manganese 0.03 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Nickel 0.02 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Sampling Location's Concentrations (mg/L)
Parameters PQL
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9
Selenium 0.2 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Zinc 0.002 0.008 0.02 0.01 0.013 0.022 0.031 0.007 0.088 0.011
TPH
GRO C5-
C10
DRO C11-
C28
Heavy
1 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
C28+
Nutrients
Nitrate 0.01 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3
Nitrite 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Ammonia 0.005 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Others
TSS 10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
TDS 10 32384 33152 33344 33472 33488 33376 33384 33448 33360
COD 1 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
BOD 2 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Chlorine 0.1 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
Sulphate 1 2793 2845 2974 3000 2974 2948 2948 3000 2974
Fluoride 0.05 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
5.1.14 The analytical results of marine sediments and seawater within the project area show that
most of the measured parameters are comparable and within the expected ranges for the
region (ADCOP EIA, 2008). For seawater, the parameters that exceed guideline value
were nitrate, ammonia and zinc, and there was no other indication of anthropogenic
impacts.
5.1.15 Sediments at the survey area are mainly characterized by fine sand, with silts and clay,
with sediments grain size varying from silts and clays to coarse sand and gravel. The
concentration of nickel of all sediments samples was found to exceed guideline values.
These exceeding nickel values were not indicative of natural levels in the region and may
be attributed to pollution from oil tankers and other industrial processes in the area.
Marine Ecology
5.1.16 Assessment of benthic habitats and species was carried out through quantitative and
qualitative sampling. Analysis of the survey area indicates that the benthic substrate is
mainly characterized by bare sand, interspersed with shell fragments. It was also observed
that the seabed at all the sampling sites was entirely devoid of any macro-benthic features
(e.g. corals, seagrass). However, it was evident that mollusks, crustaceans and
echinoderms were abundant on the seabed.
5.1.17 Analysis of infaunal samples collected demonstrated relatively high diversity, with a total of
273 individuals of 56 different taxa identified from the nine samples. It includes a total of 18
families of polychaete worms of about 144 individuals, 39 individuals of 13 taxa of
Crustacean and 18 species of mollusks. Large schools of Antherinidae fish (i.e. silverside
and whitebait) were also observed during the survey, as five of the survey locations (S-1 to
S-5) is within a designated fishing zone.
5.1.18 Figure 5.2 presents seabed features and observed species at the survey area.
Sand cast of burrowing Polychaete worm.
Mounds of sand deposited by burrowing crustaceans
Echinoderm – Astropecten sp.
FIGURE 5.2 SEABED FEATURES AT SAMPLING SITES (PLATE 1)
Echinoderm – Astropecten sp.
Stomatopod – Mantis shrimp
Gastropod – Cypraea sp.
FIGURE 5.2 SEABED FEATURES AT SAMPLING SITES (PLATE 2)
Human Activities
5.1.19 Major human activities that have potential to affect the marine environment in Fujairah
include the following:
Discharges from desalination plants; and
Loading facilities for oil and petroleum products.
Desalination Plant Discharges
5.1.20 Brine discharges from desalination plants along the coast of Fujairah can result to localized
increase in salinity at the point of discharge. Brine (also known as concentrate or
wastewater), which has relatively high concentration of salts, is an integral part of the
operation of desalination plants.
5.1.21 As shown in Table 5.7, there are four existing desalination plants along the coast of
Fujairah, which discharge brine into the Gulf of Oman (see Figure 5.4). Together these
plants discharge about 480,000 to 730,000 m3/day of brine with salinity of about 60 to 70
ppt (against background salinity of about 35 to 37 ppt).
TABLE 5.7 - EXISTING DESALINATION PLANTS IN THE EMIRATE OF FUJAIRAH
Capacity
(1) Recovery 2009 Annual
Desalination Plant Rate Production
3 %
MIGD m /day (MIGD)
(2)
Qidfa MED Plant 1.5 6,820 - 75.95
(2) (3)
Qidfa II RO Plant 2 9,090 40 444.02
(2) (3)
Qidfa III RO Plant 3 13,640 35 498.66
Fujairah Water and 100 (MSF - 454,000 (MSF -
(4)
Power Plant 62.5; RO - 284,000; RO - - -
37.5) 170,000)
(1) (2)
1 MIGD (million imperial gallons per day) = 4,546 m 3; Source: FEWA website;
(3)
(http://www.fewa.gov.ae/_english/fewa/statistics/); Ahmed, 2001; (4) Source: ABB,2005
RO – reverse osmosis; MSF – multi-stage flash distillation; MED – multi effect distillation
1
2
1
Qidfa Water and
Power Plant
2
Fujairah Water
and Power Plant
500m
500m
MOT
5km 3
3
Vopak Horizon
Terminal
500m
FIGURE 5.3 - EXISTING DESALINATION AND POWER PLANTS, PORT AND OIL TERMINAL
Loading Facilities for Petroleum Products

5.1.22 Although the Emirate of Fujairah does not produce oil or gas and does not undertake oil
exploration activities, it provides oil storage and bunkering services. It is the second largest
bunkering port in the world (handling about 1 million tonnes of fuel) and one of world’s
largest ship refuelling centers (2008 UAE Yearbook). The biggest oil loading facility is being
operated by Vopak Horizon Terminal (see Figure 2.4), which is adjacent to the project site.
5.2 Component Likely to be affected
5.2.1 The produced water will tend to flow into the seabed upon discharge due to its higher
density. This will pose potential impact to the immediate marine environment surrounding
the discharge point due to the high salinity of the discharged plume which has a potential
influence over benthic distribution on the affected area.
5.2.2 The MEBS results demonstrated a relatively high diversity of benthic infauna on the project
area. Large schools of fish (Antherinidae) were also observed on the area during the
survey. These are the components likely to be affected by the potential impact that the
produced water discharge may pose.
6.0 SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 This chapter assesses the environmental impacts from the proposed discharge of treated
produced water into open sea.
6.1.2 It should be noted that only the impacts associated with the discharge of treated produced
water from the MOT to the open sea is considered in this Addendum EIA. Environmental
impacts associated with construction and operation of the MOT and associated facilities,
including offshore loading operation, have been covered by the “ADCOP EIA, July 2008”,
which has been submitted to Fujairah Municipality.
6.1.3 Associated activities for the proposed discharge will include pipeline laying from the MOT
to the offshore discharge point and construction and operation of wastewater treatment
facility. Impacts from pipeline laying have been scoped out, since it will be constructed
adjacent to the corridor of the SPM’s seabed pipeline, the impacts had been covered by the
ADCOP EIA.
6.1.4 Impacts from MOT’s wastewater treatment plant’s construction and operation had been
also discussed on the said EIA. This EIA also mentioned that the sludge generated from
the treatment process will be disposed offsite through licensed waste contractor. The
addition of produced water in treatment load will just result in the increase of the treatment
plant’s capacity which is unlikely to pose significant impact.
6.2 The Most Important Environmental Aspects and Impacts
6.2.1 Produced water has salinity value that is typically higher than seawater which makes
treatment difficult and impractical using conventional microorganisms typically found in
wastewater facilities. This high salinity of produced water is the key environmental issue
associated with the proposed discharge of produced water into open sea. Although
produced water discharge is slightly negatively buoyant and will therefore tend to flow
along the seabed, leaving the upper layers of the receiving water relatively unaffected,
changes in salinity may affect the marine organisms. Salinity exerts the most influence
over benthic distributions during early life stages, shortly after reproduction, because these
life stages generally have narrower salinity tolerance ranges than of adults.
6.2.2 Impacts from hydrocarbon (oil) content and all other produced water components had been
scoped out since their concentrations are expected to meet regulatory limit after passing
though treatment process, prior to actual discharge.
6.3 The EIA Matrix

6.3.1 The EIA Matrix for the project has been constructed to reflect the impacts of the proposed
activity before mitigation. The matrix scores are related to the assessment significance
criteria according to the following general guidance:
Negligible impact - scores are 1 for all four criteria;
Medium impact - score of 2 or higher is given in any criteria;
High Impact - three out of the four criteria are given scores of 3 or a
score of 3 is given in impact magnitude;
Critical impact - scores in all criteria are 3.
6.3.2 The matrix is color coded as follows:
green denotes a score of 1;
yellow denotes a score of 2;
red denotes a score of 3; and
blue and a + sign denotes a positive impact.
6.3.3 Scores were allocated to describe the magnitude, duration/permanence, reversibility and
cumulativeness of each identified impact. The scoring criteria for each of these assessment
significance categories are given in Table 6.1 below.
TABLE 6.1 SCORING CRITERIA FOR EIA MATRIX
Score Criteria
Magnitude 1 Change/effect only within the project site

2 Change/effect to local conditions and/or areas
immediately outside
3 Regional/national/international change/effect
Duration/ 1 No change/not applicable
permanence
2 Temporary
3 Permanent
Reversibility 1 No change/not applicable
2 Reversible
3 Irreversible
Cumulative 1 No change/not applicable
Impact
2 Non cumulative/single
3 Cumulative
6.3.4 The EIA matrix for the proposed activity is shown in Table 6.2.
TABLE 6.2 THE EIA MATRIX FOR THE PROPOSED DISCHARGE OF PRODUCED WATER
TO OPEN SEA
Receptors Air Noise Soil Ecology Human Aspects
Source of
Marine Ecology
Impact
Groundwater
Job Creation
Underwater
Traffic and
Air Quality
Transport
Waste
Soil &
Noise
Operation Phase
Magnitude N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A
Discharge of
Permanence N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A
Produced Water
into Open Sea Reversibility N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A
Cumulative N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A
6.3.5 The above matrix indicates that the impacts of produced water discharge into the open sea
is medium based on the above discussed assessment significance criteria.
6.4 Impact Assessment
Impacts on the Marine Environment
6.4.1 The magnitude of impact of the proposed discharge of produced water into open sea on
the marine environment will depend on various factors which includes produced water
concentration and composition, discharge rate, bathymetry, wind, wave currents, local
ecological sensitivity and other relevant factors on local marine condition.
6.4.2 Table 6.3 presents the expected characteristics and composition of the MOT’s produced
water prior to treatment in comparison with applicable standards.
TABLE 6.3 EXPECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF MOT’S PRODUCED WATER
Fujairah Municipality’s
Parameters MAX MIN AVE Limit on Discharge to Open
Sea
pH 7.9 6.3 6.99 6-9
H2S (mg/l) 212 18 91.17 -
CO2 (mg/l) 853 99 481.98 -
O2 (ppb) 30 20 20.28 -
Oil (ppm) 70 5 24.28 15 mg/l as Hydrocarbon
Fe (mg/l) 110 0.6 6.96 2.0 mg/l
Na(Calc)(mg/l) 54578 2070 24005.94 -
Ca (mg/l) 8000 998 4839.25 -
Mg (mg/l) 2310 310 1172.51 -
Cl (mg/l) 76325 29252 47949.62 -
HCO3 (mg/l) 1200 146 570.68 -
OH (mg/l) 0 0 0 -
CO3 (mg/l) 0 0 0 -
SO4 (mg/l) 4290 15 487.68 -
TDS (mg/l) 124578 53013 78759.83 1500 mg/l
6.4.3 Produced water will be treated in the MOT’s WTP prior to actual discharge into open sea.
The wastewater treatment plant will be designed to reduce oil content to 10mg/l in
compliance with the above limit. All other parameters are expected to comply with the
applicable standards after treatment process, except for TDS which is expected to be
discharged at an average value of 78,000mg/l.
6.4.4 When discharged into the sea, produced water with the above salinity will form a plume
due to its higher density than the receiving water. This plume has the potential of causing
damage to marine organisms in the immediate surrounding of the discharge point if proper
dilution is not achieved within a specific mixing zone. The combination of the above
discussed environmental factors and local marine conditions will determine the way the
plume will move and the extent of impact it may pose.
6.4.5 Fujairah Municipality’s regulations for effluent discharge to open sea requires TDS (total
dissolved solids) concentration of effluent to be 1500mg/l or below at the point of
discharge. This standard covers normal effluents from industries (i.e., STPs, etc.) with low
TDS concentration and may be deficient for special cases such as discharges from a
desalination plant which have a relatively high TDS concentration. In other UAE emirates,
such as Dubai and internationally there are applicable regulations allowing such discharge
provided that it meets certain criteria.
6.4.6 The Dubai Municipality’s (DM) regulation states that discharge limits to the marine
environment will be determined on case to case basis and through mathematical modelling
study. Based on the results of the modelling study, allowable limits of discharge will be
determined and DM will allow discharge, without compromising marine water quality
standards. A recent EIA study by Dome in Dubai (Palm Jumeirah) used 300m as mixing
zone in investigating discharge from desalination plants, which was subsequently approved
by DM and PCFC-EHS. Internationally, mixing zone is often set to be at 100m from the
point of discharge.
6.4.7 As discussed, produced water generated at the MOT is planned to be discharged at an

average TDS value of 78,000mg/l. As such, the issue was investigated through
hydrodynamic dispersion modelling of the proposed discharge based on regulatory
requirements of DM. The modelling investigated the dilution pattern of the discharge taking
into account that it should meet Fujairah Municipality’s TDS limit of 1500mg/l within a
defined mixing zone. The modelling study adopted the internationally accepted 100m
mixing zone.
6.5 Hydrodynamic and Dispersion Modelling of Proposed Discharge
6.5.1 Hydrodynamic modelling of the proposed discharge of produced water into open sea was
undertaken, in order to assess its compliance with the dispersion/mixing requirements
discussed previously. Detailed discussion of the model used and modelling inputs,
including the assumptions used are provided in Annex 2 of this report.
6.5.2 The modelling exercise investigated the discharge for three scenarios, considering three
(3) discharge points of the produced water and two possible discharge rates, for average
and maximum expected TDS values of produced water. Table 6.4 presents the modelling
scenario’s details and shown in Figure 6.1.
TABLE 6.4 DISCHARGE MODELLING SCENARIO
Modeling Discharge Location from

TDS Concentration Discharge Rate 2
Scenario Shoreline
D1(20m), D2(250m), 3
1 78,000 mg/l 15 m /hr for 24hr
D3(500m)
D1(20m), D2(250m), 3
2 124,000 mg/l 15 m /hr for 24hr
D3(500m)
D1(20m), D2(250m), 3
3 124,000 mg/l 50 m /hr for 7hr
D3(500m)
N
SPM 2
D3 D2 D1
Seawall
780m
FIGURE 6.1 MODELING SCENARIO DISCHARGE POINTS
6.5.3 To satisfy regulatory requirements, i.e. to meet Fujairah Municipality’s limit of 1500mg/l
within a 100m mixing zone, the expected average produced water salinity value of about
78,000mg/l needs to be diluted 25 times and the maximum salinity value of about
124,000mg/l needs to be diluted 55 times. Table 6.5 presents the summary of dilution
requirements for produced water components which are above the Fujairah Municipality’s
limit. Maximum and average concentrations are expected values prior to treatment and
worst case scenarios even though the treatment process is designed to produce effluent
which will meet all Fujairah Municipality’s standard, except for TDS.
TABLE 6.5 DISCHARGE PARAMETERS REQUIRED DILUTIONS
No. of Dilutions No. of Dilutions

Fujairah Required for Required for
Parameters MAX AVE Municipality's Average Value to Maximum
Standard Limit be within the Value to be
Limit within the Limit
Oil (ppm) 70.0 24.3 15.0 1.0 5.0
Fe (mg/l) 110.0 7.0 2.0 4.0 55.0
TDS (mg/l) 124,578.0 78,759.8 1,500.0 25.0 55.0
6.5.4 The hydrodynamic modelling considered discharge from a submerged open end pipe,
without the use of diffuser. The dilution at this submerged outfall has been considered in
two distinct phases, near-field dilution and far-field dilution. The two dilution phases are
influenced and driven by the following parameters:
Near-field Dilution – physical properties of discharge, momentum flux of

discharge velocity including entrainment of receiving ambient fluid, speed and
direction of receiving water.
Far-field Dilution – ambient condition of receiving water which will include tidal
and wind driven currents, wave induced turbulence and thermodynamic
gradients to induce horizontal and vertical mixing.
6.5.5 The modelling investigated the real time behaviour of the dispersion (mixing) of the
produced water in a full 12 month period using real wind, tides and atmospheric pressure
data in the Arabian Gulf. The results of the modelling are discussed on the following
paragraphs.
Scenario 1
6.5.6 Results of hydrodynamic modelling for scenario 1 are shown in Figure 6.2, Figure 6.3 and
Figure 6.4 for discharge points 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The modelling scenario 1
considered 100m mixing zone and the following data:
Average expected produced water TDS of about 78,000mg/l
Discharge point locations of 20m, 250m and 500 m
Discharge rate of 15 m3/hr for 24hr (continuous discharge)
% of Year Meeting Dilution Standard
N
100m (radius)
Mixing Zone
FIGURE 6.2 OUTFALL D1 – SCENARIO 1
6.5.7 The figure shows the regions of dilution within outfall D1 when produced water with an
average TDS concentration of 78,000mg/l was continuously discharged (15m3/hr for 24hr).
The results indicate that the discharged produced water was diluted at least 25 times for
50% to 99% of the 12 month simulation period.
N
100m (radius)
Mixing Zone
N
100m (radius)
Mixing Zone
Scenario 2
Maximum expected produced water TDS level of about 124,000mg/l
Discharge rate of 15 m3/hr for 24hr (continuous discharge)
N
100m (radius)
Mixing Zone
6.5.11 The figure shows the regions of dilution within outfall D1 when produced water with a
maximum TDS concentration of 124,000mg/l was continuously discharged (15m3/hr for
24hr). The results indicate that the discharged produced water was diluted at least 55 times
for 50% to 99% of the 12 month simulation period.
N
100m (radius)
Mixing Zone
N
100m (radius)
Mixing Zone
Scenario 3
Maximum expected produced water TDS level of about 124,000mg/l
Discharge rate of 50 m3/hr for 7hr
N
100m (radius)
Mixing Zone
maximum TDS concentration of 124,000mg/l was discharged over 7hours period (50m3/hr
for 7hr per day). The results indicate that the discharged produced water was diluted at
least 55 times for 50% to 99% of the 12 month simulation period.
N
100m (radius)
Mixing Zone
N
100m (radius)
Mixing Zone
Conclusions
6.5.18 The following are the findings of the hydrodynamic modelling of the produced water over a
12 month simulation period:
Scenario 1
At all three (3) discharge points the produced water discharged will meet Fujairah
Municipality’s TDS discharge requirement of 1500mg/l within 100m mixing zone
from the outfall for average TDS value of about 78,000ppm, at least 99% of the
time.
Scenario 2
At all three (3) discharge points the produced water discharged will meet Fujairah
Municipality’s TDS discharge requirement of 1500mg/l within 100m mixing zone
from the outfall for maximum TDS value of about 124,000ppm at least 99% of the
time, whilst the 99% dilution region is close to 100m mixing zone from the outfall at
all three discharge sites.
Scenario 3
For the 7hour discharge period the concentration of produced water in the vicinity of
the outfall is higher than of the continuous release due to higher discharge rate.
This higher discharge rate over a shorter period of time causes 99% dilution region to
exceed 100m mixing zone at all three discharge locations.
However, at all three (3) discharge locations the produced water discharged will meet
Fujairah Municipality’s discharge requirement of 1500mg/l within 100m mixing zone
from the outfall for maximum TDS value of about 124,000ppm at least 95% of the
time.
6.6 Impact Significance
6.6.1 The results of the hydrodynamic modelling carried out for the proposed produced water
discharge to open sea indicate that dilution requirements can be achieved within the 100m
mixing zone for continuous discharge (15m3/hr for 24hr), both for average (Scenario 1) and
maximum (Scenario 2) expected level of TDS and other components.
6.6.2 The results also show that dilution of about 95% of the time can be achieved within the
100m mixing zone for discharge rate of 50m3/hr for 7 hours discharge per day. However,
99% dilution at this discharge rate was found to exceed the required 100m mixing zone
from the outfall.
6.6.3 Based on the above results, it is most likely that the required dilution to meet Fujairah
Municipality’s TDS limit can be achieved by discharging continuously (15m3/hr for 24hr)
through a pipe of at least 20m distance from the reclaimed land seawall. Likewise, impacts
on the marine environment are not considered to be significant given the current local
marine environment condition in the area which is not classified particularly sensitive due to
the absence of marine habitats such as sea grass and coral reefs (ADCOP EIA, 2008).
6.6.4 Brine discharges from existing desalination plants are not predicted to reach the MOT
produced water discharge point as these are located about 10 km north (see Figure 5.3
and Table 5.7).
7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 This Chapter discusses the mitigation and control measures that will be
implemented to minimize any impacts that may arise from the proposed discharge
of produced water to open sea.
7.2 Recommendations
7.2.1 As discussed in Chapter 6, the only potential significant impact that may arise with
the proposed activity will be the effect on the marine environment due to elevated
TDS level of produced water. However, based on the hydrodynamic modelling
results, it is unlikely that the above activity would cause significant impact on the
marine environment given that the dilution requirements for TDS will be met 99% of
the time, within a 100m mixing zone.
7.2.2 Table 6.1 presents the recommendations based on the results of the hydrodynamic
modelling in order to mitigate any impacts that may arise from the above activity.
TABLE 7.1 CONTROL MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED FOR THE DISCHARGE OF

PRODUCED WATER
Mitigation Measure to be
Environmental Aspect Residual Impact
Implemented
Discharge of treated Proper outfall location (at least None
produced water into 20m) in order to achieve required
open sea. dilution within 100m mixing zone.
3
Continuous discharge (15m /hr for
24hr) is recommended to satisfy
mixing requirements and meet
Fujairah Municipality’s limit.
Regular monitoring and analysis
of treated produced water effluent
to ensure compliance with
applicable limits.
7.3 Environmental Management Plan/Statement of Commitment
7.3.1 The ADCOP Project EIA, which was submitted to Fujairah Municipality, provided a
framework of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for minimizing
environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of MOT and
offshore loading facilities. The above mentioned EIA had also provided the following
EMP elements:
Environmental Organization (roles and responsibilities)
Environmental Training
Environmental Monitoring Plan
8.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 The proponent has examined various options for the discharge of produced water
from the MOT into the open sea. This has included examination of best available
technology (BAT) options, discharge outfall design to ensure minimal impacts and
compliance with relevant regulatory requirements.
8.1.2 This Chapter gives an overview of the main alternatives studied during this EIA
study process that may be directly or indirectly associated with various
environmental aspects.
8.2 Assessment of Options
8.2.1 A comparison of the development/no development options (in this case discharge
versus no discharge) was carried out by evaluating the significance of impacts to
the marine environment of the proposed activity. The proponent considered various
options on managing the discharge of produced water which includes discharge to
open sea, re-injection and discharge to sewage system. Economic and
environmental aspects of these options were assessed and discharge of produced
water to open sea after passing through treatment process was found to be the
most feasible.
8.2.2 Various scenarios were considered on the discharge of produced water to open
sea. These scenarios were investigated through a hydrodynamic modelling of the
proposed discharge. The modelling study investigated three possible
discharge/outfall locations, 20m, 250m and 500m from the reclaimed land seawall,
based on the relevant regulatory requirement, i.e. to meet Fujairah Municipality’s
TDS limit of 1500mg/l within a 100m mixing zone.
8.2.3 The results of the hydrodynamic modelling, as discussed in Chapter 5, indicates

that the above dilution can be achieved, thus; no significant impacts are expected
from the proposed discharge.
9.0 MONITORING PROGRAM
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 This section provides the monitoring plan required for the proposed discharge of
produced water into open sea, as an addendum to the EMP as provided on the
ADCOP EIA which was submitted to Fujairah Municipality.
9.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan
9.2.1 Regular monitoring of all significant environmental parameters is essential to check

the compliance of the treated produced water with the environmental laws and
regulation prior to actual discharge into open sea.
9.2.2 Table 9.1 shows the environmental monitoring plan for the proposed activity:
TABLE 9.1 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN

Environmental
Parameters Frequency Responsibility
Aspect
Produced water TDS Daily or as required Plant laboratory or
quality Temperature by authority on-line monitoring
pH
Oil
H2S, O2, CO2, Fe, Quarterly or as Designated HSE
Na(Calc), Ca, Mg, Cl, required by authority officer and analysis
HCO3, OH, CO3, SO4 through Fujairah
accredited
laboratory
Sludge Heavy Metals Quarterly or as Designated HSE
required by authority officer and analysis
through Fujairah
accredited
laboratory
Ambient seawater TDS Quarterly for water Designated HSE
quality at the outfall Temperature quality and yearly for officer and analysis
Turbidity sediment, or as through Fujairah
required by authority accredited
laboratory
Annex 1 – Data on Existing Environment
Annex 1 (A) – Metocean Design Criteria Report
Annex 1 (B) – Description of the Marine Environment at the ADCOP
MOT Site in Fujairah
ABU DHABI CRUDE OIL
PIPELINE PROJECT
(ADCOP)
China Petroleum Engineering

Construction (Group) Corp.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MARINE

ENVIRONMENT AT THE ADCOP
MOT SITE IN FUJAIRAH
Prepared by:
May 2010

Hamdan Street, P.O. Box 6924
Tel: (971 2) 6348800, Fax: (971 2) 6348826
E-mail: domead@domeint.com
www.domeint.com
Hamdan Street, P.O. Box 6924
Tel: +971 2 6348800
Fax: +971 2 6348826
E-Mail: hsead@domeint.com
Web site: www.domeint.com
Client: Project No:

China Petroleum Engineering Construction (Group) Corp. ED 10.41
(CPECC)
Report Summary: Date:

Description of the Marine Environment at the ADCOP MOT May 2010
Site in Fujairah
Document No.:
ED 10.41 Rev 0
0 Draft Report DDC DRB DRB 13/05/2010
Revision Description Originator Reviewed Approved Date
The preparation of this report by Dome has been Distribution:

undertaken within terms of the Brief using all reasonable
skills and care. The report has been prepared in : Official
accordance with the relevant UAE laws and regulations for Public
review by the appropriate designated authorities. Dome Confidential
accepts no responsibility for data provided by other bodies
and no legal liability arising from the use by other persons
of data or opinions contained in this report.
Description of the Marine Environment at the ADCOP MOT Site in Fujairah
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................1

2.0 Physical and Biological Features of the Gulf of Oman on the
Eastern Coast of the UAE ..........................................................................2
2.1 Biogeography .....................................................................................2
2.2 Physical Geography and Oceanography.............................................2
2.3 Marine Ecology ................................................................................... 6
3.0 Physical and Biological Features of the Marine Water at the
Proposed Discharge Point for the MOT Produced Water ...........................9
3.1 Physical Geography and Oceanography.............................................9
3.2 Marine Ecology ................................................................................. 13
4.0 Summary and Conclusion ........................................................................ 16
4.1 Sensitivity of the Marine Environment at Eastern Coast of the
UAE .................................................................................................. 16
4.2 Sensitivity of the Marine Environment at the Project Site ..................16
5.0 References .............................................................................................. 17
Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC i May 2010

ED10.41
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 - Coast of Fujairah................................................................................................ 2

Figure 2.2 – Seasonal Values of the 1-minute Average Wind Speed at 10m above sea
surface for a Return Period of One Year (Van Oord, 2009). .............................. 3
Figure 2.3 – Bathymetry of the Gulf of Oman (Source: The Naval Research Laboratory
Digital Bathymetry Data Base 2-minute resolution - NRL DBDB2) .................... 3
Figure 2.4 – The Fujairah Coast showing the existing Desalination and Power Plants, Port
and Oil Terminal................................................................................................ 5
Figure 3.5 – Coral Reefs in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman ...................................... 6
Figure 3.6 – Dibba Rock and Snoopy Island, both of which are part of MPAs in Fujairah ...... 7
Figure 2.7 – Mangroves in Khawr Kalba................................................................................ 7
Figure 3.1 – Significant Wave Height (Hs) at depths of 15m and 56m Offshore of the MOT
Site (Van Oord, 2009) ....................................................................................... 9
Figure 3.2 – Seasonal Values of Surface Current (Van Oord, 2009) ..................................... 9
Figure 3.3 – Bathymetric Map of Marine Water Near the MOT Site ..................................... 10
Figure 3.4 – Environmental Baseline Survey Locations (URS, 2008) .................................. 11
Figure 3.5 – Seabed Feature and Invertebrates at the Project Site (Source: ADCOP EIA,
URS, 2008) ..................................................................................................... 14
List of Tables
Table 2.1 - Existing Desalination Plants in the Emirate of Fujairah ........................................ 8

Table 3.1 – General Water Quality, In-Situ Measurement Results....................................... 11
Table 3.2 – General Water Quality, Results of Laboratory Analysis of Samples .................. 12
Table 3.3 – Marine Sediment Analytical Results ................................................................. 13
Table 3.4 – Summary Result of Infaunal Samples Analysis................................................. 15
Table 4.1 – Physical and Biological Features of the Gulf of Oman off the Coast of the UAE 16
Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC ii May 2010

ED10.41
Abbreviations
ADCOP - Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline Project

AWQO - Ambient water quality objective
BOD - Biochemical oxygen demand
CPECC - China Petroleum Engineering Construction (Group) Corporation
COD - Chemical oxygen demand
EAD - Environmental Agency, Abu Dhabi
EIA - Environmental impact assessment
Hs - Significant wave height
km - kilometer
m - meter
2
m - square meter
MED - Multi-effect distillation
MIGD - Million imperial gallons per day
mg/l - Milligram per liter
mg/kg - Milligram per kilogram
MPA - Marine protected area
m/s - Meter per second
MSF - Multi-stage flash distillation
MOT - Main oil terminal
Ppt - parts per thousand
PQL - Practical quantifiable limit
RO - Reverse osmosis
TDS - Total dissolved solids
TSS - Total suspended solids
UAE - United Arab Emirates
Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC iii May 2010

ED10.41
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 This report presents the result of the study conducted by Dome to describe the
marine environment at the point of produced water discharge from the ADCOP MOT
in Fujairah. Produced water will be discharged at a rate of 360 m 3/day with an
expected salinity of 78 ppt in the Gulf of Oman off the coast of the MOT site.
1.1.2 Information for this study were taken from scientific and grey literatures and from a
marine environmental baseline survey conducted in 2008 as part of the EIA for the
ADCOP Project and supplemented by a site reconnaissance conducted by Dome in
May 2010.
Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC 1 May 2010

ED10.41
2.0 PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE GULF OF OMAN ON THE EASTERN
COAST OF THE UAE
2.1 Biogeography
2.1.1 Most of the eastern coast of the UAE bordering the Gulf of Oman is in the Emirate of
Fujairah. The Gulf of Oman, which is located south of the Strait of Hormuz, links the
waters of the Arabian Sea and the Arabian Gulf (see Figure 2.1). The narrow Strait of
Hormuz (which has a width of ~56 km) restricts water exchange between the Arabian
Gulf and Arabian Sea. The Gulf of Oman is part of the Arabian Sea Region, and a
biogeographical sub-unit within the Indian Ocean.
IRAN
AREA OF
ARABIAN DETAIL
GULF
GULF OF
N
PAKISTAN
UAE OMAN
SAUDI
ARABIA OMAN
Strait of
RED Bahrain Arabian
SEA
Gulf Oman Hormuz Iran
YEMEN ARABIAN
Qatar SEA
GULF OF
ADEN
Arabian Gulf
Fujairah Gulf of Oman
UAE
Oman
100 km
Figure 2.1 - Coast of Fujairah
2.2 Physical Geography and Oceanography
Wind
2.2.1 At the coast of Fujairah the average wind speed is from 11 to 16 meters per second
(see Figure 2.2). Winds are mainly from the northwest (winter shamal) from
December to January. South-easterlies increase their frequency from March to May
and become predominant in June to September. From September to November, the
highest frequency of north-westerlies occurs. (Van Oord, 2009).

ED10.41
15.5 16.0 15.0 15.5 15.0

16.0
13.5 14.0
Windspeed (m/s)
13.0 12.5
11.5 11.0 12.0
11.0
6.0
1.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 2.2 – Seasonal Values of the 1-minute Average Wind Speed at 10m
above sea surface for a Return Period of One Year (Van Oord, 2009).
Bathymetry
2.2.2 Figure 2.3 shows the bathymetry of the Gulf of Oman. As can be seen from this
Figure, near shore water is relatively shallow, reaching a depth of approximately 50m
about 5 km from the shore and 150m about 50 km from the shore.
FUJAIRAH
COASTLINE
Figure 2.3 – Bathymetry of the Gulf of Oman (Source: The Naval Research Laboratory Digital
Bathymetry Data Base 2-minute resolution - NRL DBDB2)

ED10.41
Tides and Current

2.2.3 Non-tidal currents in the Gulf of Oman are variable in direction with speeds of up to 1
to 1.5 knots (0.51 to 0.77 m/s). Generally the currents set westward and north-
westward along the northern shores and south-eastward along the southern shores.
Offshore Fujairah, tides are a mixture of diurnal and semi-diurnal components (Van
Oord, 2009).
2.2.4 The tidal range (vertical distance between mean high and low tide) along the Fujairah
coast is about 2m. (Pearson, 1998).
Shoreline
2.2.5 The Eastern shoreline of the UAE along the Gulf of Oman is characterized by sandy
beaches interspersed by rocky headlands and occasional mixed sand and cobble
shores. Bedrock outcrops of sedimentary rocks are common in several locations (e.g.
Khor Fakkan, Dadna, etc. – see Figure 2.4). The intertidal zone (the area between
the mean high and low tide lines) is anywhere between a few meters to more than
200 m wide. The shallow nearshore area contains mixed substrates.
Salinity
2.2.6 Salinity in the Gulf of Oman ranges from 35 - 37 ppt (Al Cibahy, 2006).
Temperature
2.2.7 Sea water temperature in the Gulf of Oman ranges from 23.1 - 25.0 oC. (Al Cibahy,
2006).

ED10.41
Dibba Dibba
Rock 1
Qidfa Water and
Power Plant
2
Fujairah Water
and Power Plant
Dadna
500m
Snoopy
Island
Al Badiyah 500m
Zubara
3 4
Khor Fakkan Fujairah Water and
Power Plant 2 (under Fujairah Port
construction)
1
2
3
Murba
Qurayya
500m
ADCOP
MOT
4
500m
5
Fujairah 5
Vopak Horizon
Terminal
Kalba
500m
Mangrove
Mangrove
Area
Area
10km
Figure 2.4 – The Fujairah Coast showing the existing Desalination and Power Plants, Port
and Oil Terminal

ED10.41
2.3 Marine Ecology
Corals
2.3.1 There are no reported coral reefs in the waters off the eastern coast of the UAE (see
Figure 2.5). However, coral communities in this area exist in patches and around
rock islands. (Foster, 2008). The most popular (with tourists) of these rock islands
are the Dibba Rock, a small rock island measuring about 4,000 m2 and Snoopy
Island measuring about 3500 m2 (see Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.6). Dibba Rock and
Snoopy Island are within the marine protected areas (MPAs) created by Fujairah's
Ruler in1995.
Source: Status of Coral Reefs in the ROPME Sea Area

(The Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea)
Figure 2.5 – Coral Reefs in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman
Dibba Rock
Snoopy Island

ED10.41
Figure 2.6 – Dibba Rock and Snoopy Island, both of which are part of MPAs in Fujairah
Mangroves
2.3.2 There are no mangroves along the eastern coast of the UAE except in Khawr Kalba
(see Figure 2.4). This mangrove habitat consisting of Avicennia marina is about 100
hectares in size (see Figure 2.7).
Figure 2.7 – Mangroves in Khawr Kalba
Seagrass
2.3.3 There are no information on the presence of seagrass meadows in waters off the
Fujairah Emirate.
Fisheries
2.3.4 The coastal and offshore waters of Fujairah support a rich and diverse fish fauna,
including many species of reef-associated fish, seasonally abundant large pelagic
species and small schooling fish (Sheppard et al. 1992). These fishes are of
substantial economic value to the people of Fujairah as they support moderate to
large local commercial and artisanal fisheries.
Protected Areas
2.3.5 A law passed by Fujairah's Ruler created the first marine protected areas (MPAs) in
the UAE 1995, which include the following:
Rul Dibba-Al Faqueet MPA (2.2 km2)
Dhadna MPA (0.1 km2)
Al Aqa MPA (0.7 km2)
Bidiyah MPA (0.58 km2)
2.3.6 These four MPAs are located between Dibba and Khor Fakkan (see Figure 2.4).
Human Activities
2.3.7 Major human activities that have potential to affect the marine environment in
Fujairah include the following:
Discharges from desalination plants; and
Loading facilities for oil and petroleum products.

ED10.41
Desalination Plant Discharges
2.3.8 Brine discharges from desalination plants along the coast of Fujairah can result to
localized increase in salinity at the point of discharge. Brine (also known as
concentrate or wastewater), which has relatively high concentration of salts, is an
integral part of the operation of desalination plants.
2.3.9 As shown in Table 2.1, there are four existing desalination plants along the coast of
Fujairah, which discharge brine into the Gulf of Oman (see Figure 2.4). Together
these plants discharge about 480,000 to 730,000 m3/day of brine with salinity of
about 60 to 70 ppt (against background salinity of about 35 to 37 ppt).
Table 2.1 - Existing Desalination Plants in the Emirate of Fujairah
Capacity
(1) Recovery 2009 Annual
Desalination Plant Rate Production
3 %
MIGD m /day (MIGD)
(2)
Qidfa MED Plant 1.5 6,820 - 75.95
(2) (3)
Qidfa II RO Plant 2 9,090 40 444.02
(2) (3)
Qidfa III RO Plant 3 13,640 35 498.66
Fujairah Water and 100 (MSF - 454,000 (MSF -
(4)
Power Plant 62.5; RO - 284,000; RO - - -
37.5) 170,000)
(1) (2)
1 MIGD (million imperial gallons per day) = 4,546 m 3; Source: FEWA website;
(3)
(http://www.fewa.gov.ae/_english/fewa/statistics/); Ahmed, 2001; (4) Source: ABB,2005
RO – reverse osmosis; MSF – multi-stage flash distillation; MED – multi effect distillation
Loading Facilities for Petroleum Products
2.3.10 Although the Emirate of Fujairah does not produce oil or gas and does not undertake
oil exploration activities, it provides oil storage and bunkering services. It is the
second largest bunkering port in the world (handling about 1 million tonnes of fuel)
and one of world’s largest ship refuelling centers. (2008 UAE Yearbook). The biggest
oil loading facility is being operated by Vopak Horizon Terminal (see Figure 2.4),
which is adjacent to the project site.

ED10.41
3.0 PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE MARINE WATER AT THE PROPOSED
DISCHARGE POINT FOR THE MOT PRODUCED WATER
3.1 Physical Geography and Oceanography
Wave
3.1.1 Figure 3.1 shows the monthly values of significant wave height (Hs) at depths of 56m
and 15m, respectively at the proposed MOT produced water discharge point area. As
can be seen from the figure, the highest average wave height of 2m and 1.8m at 15m
and 56m, respectively occur during the winter months. Hs is the average significant
wave height of the 1/3 highest waves.
2.5
at depth of 56m
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
2.0 at depth of 15m
1.7
Wave Height (m)
1.6 1.6
1.8 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.8
1.5 1.4 1.3
1.6
1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5
1.0 1.3
1.3
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.5
0.0
Figure 3.1 – Significant Wave Height (Hs) at depths of 15m and 56m Offshore
of the MOT Site (Van Oord, 2009)
Current
3.1.2 Surface current offshore of the MOT site varies from 0.5m/s to 0.7m/s as shown in
Figure 3.2. Current direction is to the west or northwest as mentioned earlier.
0.8
Current Speed (m/s)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 3.2 – Seasonal Values of Surface Current (Van Oord, 2009)

ED10.41
Bathymetry
3.1.3 Figure 3.3 shows the bathymetry offshore of the MOT site. As can be seen from this
Figure, water depths near the MOT site gradually increase reaching a depth of 50
meters about 5km from the shoreline and 100m at about 15km away from the
shoreline.
5m
100m
10m
30m 50m
MOT 20m
Port of
Fujairah
Source: Blue Chart Atlantic v9
Figure 3.3 – Bathymetric Map of Marine Water Near the MOT Site
Marine Water Quality

3.1.4 The following discussion of the marine environment at the project site is based on the
results of the baseline survey conducted by URS as part of the ADCOP EIA
[ADCOP-UR-IP-RP-0011-08, Rev C dated 14.07.2008] (URS, 2008). The survey was
conducted by URS to establish water and sediment quality and to characterize
benthic and pelagic ecology. The survey locations are shown in Figure 3.4.

ED10.41
S8
S9
S5
S8
S1 S2 S4
S7
S3
MOT
Site
Vopak
2500m
Figure 3.4 – Environmental Baseline Survey Locations (URS, 2008)
3.1.5 The general water quality at the project site is typical for the Gulf of Oman. The range
and average values of the general water quality parameters are shown in Table 3.1
and Table 3.2. In general there was little variation in water quality between sites or
with varying depths. (URS, 2008).
3.1.6 The Recommended Ambient Marine Quality Standards for Abu Dhabi Emirate
(AWQOs) were not exceeded at or near the project site except for the following water
quality parameters: nitrate, ammonia and zinc. As there are no existing FEA (now the
Ministry of Environment and Water) or Fujairah Municipality guideline or standards on
ambient marine water quality, the survey results were compared with those of the
Abu Dhabi Emirate.
3.1.7 The nitrate concentration at all locations, which ranged from 1.2 to 1.4 mg/l exceeded
the 0.095 mg/l nitrate EAD’s AWQO. The ammonia AWQO (0.004mg/l) was
exceeded in sampling station S9, although ammonia was not detected in the other 8
sampling stations. The concentration of zinc was above the 0.01 mg/l AWQO in 7 out
of the 9 stations.
Table 3.1 – General Water Quality, In-Situ Measurement Results
Value
Parameter Average
Range
Salinity (ppt) 35.97 – 37.53 37.06
o
Temperature ( C) 22.97 – 23.59 23.4
pH 8.50 – 8.76 8.67
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 6.36 – 6.92 6.71
Total dissolved solids (mg/l) 35.40 – 36.39 36.30
Source: ADCOP EIA, URS, 2008

ED10.41
Table 3.2 – General Water Quality, Results of Laboratory Analysis of Samples
Parameters PQL* Range Average

Metals Arsenic 0.01 ND** -
Cadmium 0.001 ND -
Chromium 0.0025 ND -
Hexavalent Chromium 0.1 ND -
Copper 0.0044 ND – 0.008 -
Lead 0.01 ND -
Mercury (µg/L) 0.001 ND -
Manganese 0.03 ND -
Nickel 0.02 ND -
Selenium 0.2 ND -
Zinc 0.002 0.008 – 0.088 0.023
Hydrocarbons Oil and grease 1.3 ND -
GRO C5-C10 0.05 ND -
DRO C11-C28 0.1 ND -
Heavy C28+ 1 ND -
Nutrients Nitrate 0.01 1.2 - 1.4 1.3
Nitrite 0.02 0.02 - 0.03 0.02
Ammonia 0.005 ND -0.08 -
Others TSS 10 ND -
32,384 – 33268
TDS 10
33,488
COD 1 ND -
BOD 2 ND -
Chlorine 0.1 ND -
Sulphate 1 2,793 – 3,000 2,940
Fluoride 0.05 1.5 1.5
*PQL (Practical quantifiable limit) – detection limit of the laboratory using the specified test for a
particular analyte
**ND – below the detection limit (PQL)
Sediment Quality
3.1.8 Sediments at the survey area are mainly fine sand with silts and clay. Sediment grain
size varies from silts and clays to coarse sand and gravel.
3.1.9 Marine sediments analytical results (see Table 3.3) were compared to the Australian
National Disposal Guidelines for Dredged Material (Environment Australia 2002)
screening levels, in the absence of local specific criteria. The criteria levels specified
in these guidelines are largely based on biological-effects related guidelines
developed from a continent-wide database in North America. These guidelines are
often used as international reference criteria for marine sediments. The concentration
of nickel of all sediments samples was found to exceed guideline values. The nickel
values were not indicative of natural levels in the region and may be attributed to
pollution from oil tankers and other industrial processes in the area.

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Table 3.3 – Marine Sediment Analytical Results
PQL* Screening Range Average

Parameters
(mg/kg) Level** (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Heavy metals Aluminum 7.9 - 2,462 - 5,339 3,651
Arsenic 1.2 20 ND*** -
Cadmium 0.5 1.5 ND -
Chromium 0.95 80 29-81 57
Copper 1.4 65 3.8 - 5.7
Lead 1.8 50 ND -
Nickel 0.5 21 133 - 378 264
Zinc 0.23 200 7.2 - 11.6 9.1
Hydrocarbons GRO C5-C10 0.25 - ND -
DRO C11-C28 0.5 - ND -
Heavy C28+ 2 - ND -
Phenols (µg/kg) 1.5 - ND -
BTEX (µg/kg) 4-6 - ND -
Others Total Organic Carbon
0.1 - 3.1 - 8.1 5.7
(wt %)
*PQL (Practical Quantifiable Unit) is the detection limit of the laboratory using the specified test for a particular analyte.
**Screening Level – National Ocean Disposal Guidelines for Dredged Material, Environment Australia, May 2002
***ND – None detected.
3.2 Marine Ecology
3.2.1 The following discussion is based on the results of the baseline survey conducted by
URS as part of the ADCOP EIA [ADCOP-UR-IP-RP-0011-08, Rev C dated
14.07.2008] (URS, 2008). The survey, aside from establishing water and sediment
quality and characterizing the benthic and pelagic ecology, also included
observations of ecological communities such as seagrass, coral, invertebrates, fish
and marine mammals. The survey locations are shown in Figure 3.4
3.2.2 The benthic substrate at the survey area consists of bare sand mixed with shell
fragments. The seabed was entirely devoid of any macro-benthic features (e.g. coral
or rock outcrops, seagrass or oyster beds). However, it was evident that molluscs,
crustaceans and echinoderms were abundant on the seabed (see Figure 3.5).
3.2.3 The analysis of the nine infaunal samples (see Table 3.4) collected as part of the
survey showed a total of 273 individuals of 56 different taxa (i.e. a minimum of 56
different species) of polychaete worms, crustaceans and molluscs. This shows that
the infauna has relatively high diversity (considering a minimum number of 56
species for only 273 individuals). The number of individuals (about 30 per sample) is
close to the mean for infauna samples in Qatar and UAE (URS, 2008).

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Sand cast of burrowing Polychaete worm
Mounds of sand deposited by burrowing crustaceans
Echinoderm – Astropecten sp. Stomatopod – Mantis shrimp
Gastropod – Cypraea sp.
Figure 3.5 – Seabed Feature and Invertebrates at the Project Site (Source: ADCOP EIA, URS, 2008)

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Table 3.4 – Summary Result of Infaunal Samples Analysis
Description
Diversity No. of Individuals
Total Infauna High Average
(56 taxa) (273 individuals or about 30 per location)
Polychaete Fairly high Fairly low
worms (18 families) (144 individuals)
Crustaceans Fairly high Low
(13 taxa) (39 individuals)
Molluscs Moderate Low
(18 species) (17 individuals)

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4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
4.1 Sensitivity of the Marine Environment at Eastern Coast of the UAE
4.1.1 Table 4.1 present a summary of the physical and biological condition of the Gulf of
Oman in the Eastern coast of the UAE. Some coral communities exist in patches and
around rock islands, the most important of which have been declared as MPAs.
Mangrove habitat is also present in a relatively small area in Khawr Kalba near the
Omani boarder. The rich and diverse fish fauna in the coastal and offshore waters of
Fujairah supports moderate to large local commercial and artisanal fisheries. Aside
from these, there are no other sensitive marine ecological features identified in the
area.
Table 4.1 – Physical and Biological Features of the Gulf of Oman off the Coast of the UAE
Aspect Description
Bathymetry Near shore water is relatively shallow, reaching a depth of
about 50m about 5 km from the shore and 150m about 50
km from the shore
Shoreline Sandy beaches interspersed by rocky headlands and
occasional mixed sand and cobble shores
Current 1 to 1.5 knots (0.51 to 0.78 m/s)
Tides Tidal range is about 2m
Salinity 35 - 37 ppt
Temperature 23 - 25oC.
Corals No coral reefs. Coral communities exist in patches and
around rock islands
Mangrove Absent in most of the coastal areas. Present in a relatively
small area in Khawr Kalba near the Omani boarder
Seagrass No information on the presence or absence of seagrass
meadows
Major potential Brine discharges from desalination plant; Oil spill or leakage
sources of pollution from storage and loading facilities
4.2 Sensitivity of the Marine Environment at the Project Site
4.2.1 There are no sensitive marine ecological features (corals, seagrass or mangroves) at
the project site. The results of the marine baseline assessment indicate that the
ecological habitats at the project site were not deemed to be rare or particularly
ecologically significant in a regional or international setting (URS, 2008).
4.2.2 The general marine water quality at the project site is typical of the Gulf of Oman with
no exceedances of pertinent ambient marine water quality standards except for
nitrate, ammonia and zinc. Results of sediment samples analysis also showed
compliance with relevant standards, except for nickel, which may be attributed to
pollution from oil tankers and industries in the area.

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5.0 REFERENCES
ABB. Performance Monitoring & Optimization - Fujairah Water and Power Plant.
2005.
Ahmed, Mushtaque, Walid H. Shayyab, David Hoey, Juma Al-Handaly Brine

disposal from reverse osmosis desalination plant in Oman and the United Arab
Emirates. Desalination 133, 135-147. 2001.
Al Cibahy, Ashraf and Thabit Al Abdesalaam. The Status and Management of Coral
Reefs in the United Arab Emirates. Paper presented during the EWS-WWF
Marine Conservation Forum, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. September 11-
14, 2006.
Aspinall, Simon. United Arab Emirates.

http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/EMIRATES.pdf
Braunwieser, Manfred and Richard L. Stover. The New Qidfa and Al Zawrah SWRO
Plants Plant Design and Performance with PX Pressure Exchanger
Technology. 02 May 2010.
FEWA (Federal Electricity & Water Authority).

http://www.fewa.gov.ae/_english/fewa/statistics/
Foster, K.A., J.G Foster, C. Tourenq, M.K. Shuriqi. Spatial and temporal recovery
patterns of coral reefs within the Gulf of Oman (United Arab Emirates) following the
2007 cyclone disturbance. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef
Symposium. 7-11 July 2008.
Maghsoudlou, Abdolvahab, Peyman Eghtesadi Araghi, Simon Wilson and Oliver Taylor,
David Medio. Status of Coral Reefs in the ROPME Sea Area (The Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea), Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008.
Pearson, Walter H., Saif M. Al-Ghais, Jerry M. Neff, C. Jeffrey Brandt, Katherine
Wellman, Thomas Green. Assessment of Damages to Commercial Fisheries and
Marine Environment of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates, Resulting from the Seki Oil
Spill of March 1994: A Case Study. Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural
Environments. Yale F&ES Bulletin (Bulletin 103). 1998
Purnama, Anton Purnama and H.H. Al-Barwani. Spreading of brine waste

discharges into the Gulf of Oman. Desalination 195, 26–31. 2006.
Sanza, Miguel Angel Sanza, Véronique Bonnélye and Gerardo Cremer. Fujairah
reverse osmosis plant: 2 years of operation. Desalination 203, 91–99. 2007.
Van Oord. Metocean Design Criteria – Fujairah (ADCOP Document No. C006-24-88-
24-6071) Rev. B dated 20/07/2009.
URS. Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline Environmental Impact Assessment [ADCOP-UR-
IP-RP-0011-08, Rev C dated 14.07.2008]. 2008.

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Annex 2 – Methodologies and Data Analysis
Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology
Environmental Impact Assessment involves the systematic identification and

analysis of the potential environmental impacts of a project, in order to determine
the significance of such impacts and the need for mitigation measures. The output
from the process is the EIA Report. The EIA Report documents the assessment
methodology and findings, together with details of how any identified significant
impacts will be managed during the life cycle of the project. Key information
requirements for the EIA include, an evaluation of the current status of the
environment in which the project is to be developed (environmental baseline),
project description and construction and operational details on the proposed
development, including all environmental releases (waste generation, emissions to
air, etc).
This EIA study was carried for the accidental oil spill in the event of MBC
separation, as an addendum to ADCOP Project EIA (July, 2008). MBC is a device
to use to mitigate excessive load and surge pressure which could lead to significant
oil spill during offshore loading of crude oil.
The general objectives of the Addendum EIA are to:

Determine the environmental impacts associated with the accidental oil
spill in the event of MBC separation during offshore loading; and
Recommend mitigation measures, where appropriate, in order to
eliminate, or minimize, the environmental impact of such event.
The EIA has been carried out in accordance with Fujairah Municipality/UAE
regulatory requirements. In particular, it had been carried out in accordance with
the Federal law No.24 of 1999 and associated Executive Orders and the Fujairah
Municipality’s document “Guidelines for EIA Report; Format for Submission of
Environmental Impact Assessment Reports”.
The methodologies used for the different aspects of the EIA are in accordance with
best international practice, including relevant Environmental Guidelines and
standards and international and regional conventions to which the UAE is a party.
The EIA process comprised a number of distinct but interrelated stages which are
carried out in a logical sequence as follows:
Collection and review of available information on the project and the
environment in which it is to be developed.
Consultation and scoping exercise.
Review of regulatory requirements.
Review of existing and available environmental baseline data.
Assessment of impacts and significance.
Development of mitigation requirements.
Formulation of environmental management and monitoring plans.
Preparation of draft and final EIA/EIS Reports.
The process is shown schematically in figure below.
CONSULTATION PHASE
PROJECT INITIATION
ENGINEERING PROJECT DEFINITION

INFORMATION
SCOPING STUDY
REGULATIONS
ESTABLISH ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
IMPACT PREDICTION
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
MITIGATION MEASURES
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND

MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
CLIENT’S
COMMITMENT PREPARATION OF EIA REPORT
SUBMISSION OF EIA REPORT TO EPDA
The EIA Process
The principal tasks carried out to complete the EIA were:

Kick off meeting with CPECC and other involved parties;
Review of all available engineering/operational information on the project;
Review all available baseline environmental information on the project;
Assessed the likely impacts of the proposed activities;
Assessed the significance of the identified impacts of the proposed activities;
Identified mitigation requirements to eliminate or, where this is not possible, to
minimize significant impacts;
Prepared an outline environmental management and monitoring plan; and
Prepared EIA Report lieu
Assessment of Impacts
The approach to the assessment of environmental impacts had been based upon
the quantification of changes in the receiving environment likely to be caused by the
proposed activities, followed by an assessment of the overall significance of these
changes, compared with the baseline condition.
An oil spill modelling exercise had been carried out to study the fate of oil spill. The
result of this modelling was used to assess the significance of impacts that the
event could pose to receiving marine environment.
The environmental significance had been judged in relation to applicable

national/international environmental standards, including Fujairah Municipality’s
environmental regulations and/or where appropriate, international/World Bank/IFC
guidelines/standards.
ABUDHABICRUDEOIL
PIPELINEPROJECT
(ADCOP)
ADDENDUMEIA

MODELLINGTHEFATEOFPRODUCEDWATER
FROMADISCHARGEPIPEINFUJAIRAHCOASTAL
WATERSINTHEUNITEDARABEMIRATES
DomeOilfieldEngineering&ServicesLLC
September,2009
GEMS – GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING SERVICES
Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC 2 September, 2009

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Table of Contents
DomeOilfieldEngineering&ServicesLLC ............................................................................ 1
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Study Objectives ............................................................................................... 8
1.2 Study Method .................................................................................................... 9
2 Hydrodynamic Modelling ............................................................................ 10
2.1 Bathymetry ...................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Tides 11
2.3 Meteorological Forcing .................................................................................... 11
3. Brine Discharge Modelling ......................................................................... 14
3.1 Dilution Processes .......................................................................................... 14
3.2 Investigation of the Outfall Scenarios .............................................................. 16
3.3 Discussion of Plume Dispersion Results ......................................................... 16
3.3.1 Continuous Release ............................................................................ 16
3.3.2 Release over 7 hours every 24 hours ................................................. 17
3.4 Recommendation ............................................................................................ 17
4. References ................................................................................................. 27
Appendix A: Ocean Current Modelling - GCOM3D ............................................ 28
Appendix B: Discharge Plume Modelling with PLUME3D .................................. 30
Appendix C: Ocean Modelling Publications (to 2003) ........................................ 31
Table of Figures
Figure 1: The location of the proposed outfall site (D1) and the three single point
mooring loadout sites (SPM1,2,3) associated with the ADCOP Main Oil
Terminal at Fujairah. ........................................................................................ 6
Figure 2: The location of the three produced water outfall sites (D1, D2 and D3) which
were 500m, 250m and 20m off the MOT seawall respectively......................... 7
Figure 3: GCOM3D surface current predictions in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of
Oman showing the complicated circulation and model verification locations. 12
Figure 4: Nested GCOM3D grid in the region of the loadout terminals at Fujairah. ....... 13
Figure 5: The regions within which the reject waters from outfall site D1 released
continuously are diluted at least 25 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month
simulation. ...................................................................................................... 18

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Figure 6: The regions within which the reject waters from outfall sites D2 released
simulation. ...................................................................................................... 19
simulation. ...................................................................................................... 20
simulation. ...................................................................................................... 21
simulation. ...................................................................................................... 22
continuously are diluted at least 55 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month.
simulation. ...................................................................................................... 23
Figure 11: The regions within which the reject waters from outfall site D1 released over 7
hours are diluted at least 55 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month simulation.24
hours are diluted at least 55 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month simulation.25
hours are diluted at least 55 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month. ................ 26
Table of Tables
Table 1: Discharge Scenarios and Locations investigated. ....................................... 5
Table 2: Discharge Parameters, Regulator Limits and Required Dilutions ................ 8

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1. Introduction
Global Environmental Modelling Services (GEMS) has been commissioned by DOME to

supply environmental modelling services to examine the fate of produced water
discharged offshore from the seawall of the Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Project (ADCOP) Main
Oil Terminal (MOT) on the coast of Fujairah north of the Port of Fujairah (see Figure 1).
The ADCOP pipeline originates from Habshan in Abu Dhabi, which is presently the
collection centre for the bulk of Abu Dhabi's onshore crude oil production. The onshore
pipeline is approximately 370km long and terminates at the MOT in Fujairah for export
through offshore SPM loading facilities.
The Scope of Work for this study requested that two discharge scenarios be simulated at
a location approximately 500 metres off the shoreline as shown in Figure 2. In addition
GEMS was requested to consider whether the discharge could be closer to the MOT
seawall, or even discharged at the seawall. To provide some answers to these tasks the
scenarios set out in Table 1 were investigated.
Table 1: Discharge Scenarios and Locations investigated.

Location Distance Discharge Discharge
from Rate 1 Rate 2
Shoreline
D1 500 metres 15m3/hr for 50m3/hr for

24hr 7hr

24hr 7hr

24hr 7hr
The work has been undertaken using two sophisticated numerical computer models:
1) The GEMS 3D Coastal Ocean Model (GCOM3D) to simulate the complex three-
dimensional ocean currents off Cape Preston; and
2) The GEMS 3D Plume Dispersion Model (PLUME3D) to simulate the mixing of the
produced water with the ambient seawater.

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Figure 1: The location of the proposed outfall site (D1) and the three single point
mooring loadout sites (SPM1,2,3) associated with the ADCOP Main Oil Terminal
at Fujairah.

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Figure 2: The location of the three produced water outfall sites (D1, D2 and D3)
which were 500m, 250m and 20m off the MOT seawall respectively.

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1.1 Study Objectives
The major objectives of the produced water outfall studies were to:
1) Carry out detailed simulations of the dispersion of two discharge configurations

at three locations; and
2) Determine whether the dilution characteristics for each outfall scenario complied
with Fujairah Municipality guidelines.
The desalination plant will routinely discharge approximately 360 m3 per day of produced
water through an open pipe without the use of a diffuser. The discharge characteristics
provided by the client are summarised in Table 2 together with the Fujairah Municipal
guidelines and the required dilutions of the discharge to meet these guidelines.
Table 2: Discharge Parameters, Regulator Limits and Required Dilutions

Oil Fe TDS
Parameters pH
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
Discharge Maximum 8 70 110 124,578
Discharge Minimum 6 5 1 53,013
Discharge Average 7 24 7 78,760
Fujairah Municipality Sea

Discharge Limit 15 2.0 1,500
6 to 9
above above above
(assumed to apply within
background background background
100 metres of the outfall)
Assumed Background 7 0 0 40,000

Value
No. Of Dilutions Required

for Average Value to be 0 1 4 25
within Limit
No. Of Dilutions Required

for Maximum Value to be 0 5 55 55
within Limit

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The comparison of the components of the produced water with Fujairah Municipal
guidelines in Table 2 shows that the brine in the reject waters represents the major
component requiring dilution. To satisfy the guidelines, the average TDS concentration
needs to be diluted at least 25 times and the maximum TDS content needs o be diluted 55
times.
1.2 Study Method
The study method undertaken for this study included:
x Digitising the bathymetry in vicinity of Fujairah Port and the MOT from marine
charts;
x Digitising the MOT seawall into the bathymetric grids;
x Running the GEMS 3D Coastal Ocean Model (GCOM3D) to simulate the complex
3D ocean currents for 12 months off Fujairah;
x Setting up the discharge configurations;
x Running the GEMS PLUME3D model to simulate the dispersal of the brine
discharge for each outfall scenario (3 outfall locations x 2 discharge rates);
x Detailed analysis of the dilution characteristics over 12 months of each outfall

scenario;
x Development of a technical report.

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2 Hydrodynamic Modelling
The tidal range at the Port of Fujairah is just less than 3 metres and the region is
influenced by the dynamics of the tidal propagation through the Straits of Hormuz into the
Arabian Gulf.
Information on the currents, tides and waves in the region of Fujairah was obtained from a
report prepared by BMT Argoss in 2009 (BMT, 2009).
Due to the complexity of the oceanography of the Arabian Gulf and regions of the Gulf of
Oman near the Straits of Hormuz, it is necessary to simulate the entire region in order to
capture the main physical oceanographic effects (particularly the propagation of the tides).
To model the hydrodynamics in the vicinity of the loadout terminals the ocean circulation
must be simulated accurately with a well-verified system.
The GEMS 3D Coastal Ocean Model (GCOM3D), has a proven record for modelling
ocean currents in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and has been validated
extensively in many locations around the world. In previous work with the United States
Navy Research Laboratories GCOM3D was verified at a large number of locations in the
Arabian Gulf with a high level of accuracy.
GCOM3D (Hubbert 1993, 1999) is a freely scalable and relocatable model which
calculates water currents on a regular grid (in the x and y directions) and uses a z-
coordinate vertical-layering scheme. That is, the depth structure is modelled using a
varying number of layers, depending on the depth of water, and each layer has a constant
thickness over the horizontal plane. This scheme is used to decouple surface wind stress
and seabed friction and to avoid bias of current predictions for a particular layer caused by
averaging of currents over varying depths, as used in sigma co-ordinate and “depth-
averaged” model schemes.
GCOM3D has been used in a wide range of ocean environmental studies including
prediction of the fate of oil spills, sediments, hydrotest chemicals, drill cuttings, produced
formation water and cooling waters as well as in other coastal ocean modelling studies
such as storm surges and search and rescue.

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For this study, GCOM3D was run for one full year (2005) over the entire Arabian Gulf and
the Gulf of Oman, driven by winds, atmospheric pressures and tides (see Figure 3).
Higher resolution modelling of the currents in the region of Fujairah was then carried out
on the grid shown in Figure 4.
2.1 Bathymetry
Bathymetry for the Arabian Gulf/Gulf of Oman model grid was derived from the GEMS
global and Arabian Gulf databases. The high-resolution grids in the region of the Fujairah
were derived by digitisation of bathymetric charts.
2.2 Tides
Tidal constituent data for the region was extracted from the GEMS gridded global tidal
database, set up over the last 12 years with high resolution tidal modelling by GEMS.
2.3 Meteorological Forcing
The meteorological forcing is critical to the outcomes of the study. The best ocean current
model in the world will produce the wrong results if the winds are not accurate. It is worth
noting that even if winds measured on the site are used to drive the ocean model the
errors in wind driven currents can be quite large due to the fact that:
a) these winds are only accurate at the site; and

b) the currents at the site of interest are not just driven by the local wind but are
also a result of currents driven by remote winds flowing into the area.
For the modelling of ocean currents therefore, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology
(BoM) global forecast model (GASP – Global Assimilation and Prognosis) winds were
used.

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Figure 3: GCOM3D surface current predictions in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of
Oman showing the complicated circulation and model verification locations.

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Figure 4: Nested GCOM3D grid in the region of the loadout terminals at Fujairah.

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3. Brine Discharge Modelling
3.1 Dilution Processes
The dilution of produced water from a submerged outfall can be considered in two distinct
phases, near-field and far-field dilution.
The initial, near-field dilution of the reject waters is a function of several parameters
including:
x The physical properties of the discharge;
x The momentum flux of the discharge velocity, which induces entrainment of the
surrounding ambient fluid;
x The speed (and direction) of the receiving waters; and
x The design of the diffuser.
Far-field mixing and dilution rely on the ambient conditions of the receiving waters (tidal
and wind driven currents, wave induced turbulence and thermodynamic gradients) to
induce horizontal and vertical mixing.
Unlike a positively buoyant plume, which will rise to the surface, the denser (negatively
buoyant) brine plume will sink to the bottom of the sea bed. While both plumes will
undergo similar near-field mixing processes of entrainment induced by momentum flux,
buoyant plumes experience more mixing in the far-field than dense plumes, as buoyant
plumes ultimately reside at the surface where the actions of turbulent mixing due to winds
and waves are more pronounced.
At the far-field, dense plumes are at the sea bed where mixing occurs only due to bed
velocities, baroclinic flows and turbulent mixing down from the surface, which are typically
less energetic than the processes closer to the surface.
Therefore, it is important that diffuser designs for outfalls focus on achieving the best
possible dilution in the near-field and not rely on far-field dilution.
Simulation of this process can be carried out in three ways:

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a) The use of near field dilution algorithms which define the near-field dilution
achieved by different discharge/diffuser configurations;
b) The use of specific near-field CFD (computational fluid dynamics) sub-models
such as the US EPA CORMIX and PLUMES models to define the behaviour of the reject
flow in the first few metres from the outlet; or
c) Undertake laboratory studies with scaled down models of diffusers to measure
initial dilution under a range of receiving water conditions. A relationship can then be
determined which can be used in far-field modelling to define the initial dilution.
The GEMS 3D Plume dispersion model (PLUME3D) simulates the near field as in (a)
above.
As discussed earlier, bathymetric grids were developed with data for the MOT seawall
included.
The hydrodynamic model GCOM3D was run for a 12 month period, on the corrected
bathymetric grid, from January to December 2005.
The GEMS PLUME3D model was then run for each of the outfall scenarios. Since
PLUME3D is a lagrangian plume model it does not run on a grid and therefore is not
limited by issues of grid resolution and can simulate the release of material from small
apertures.
Grid resolution does however become an issue when analyzing the output of PLUME3D
to produce results such as dilution contours. To distinguish the influence of separate
diffuser ports, and to accurately analyse the near-field dilution, the results need to be
analysed on a 3 D grid with very small horizontal (typically 1 metre) and vertical (typically
0.1 to 0.5m) spacings.
As a result of the required dilutions established in Table 2, the analysis for this
study focussed on determining the regions within which the produced water were
diluted 25 and 55 times to account for the required dilution if average or maximum
values are considered respectively.

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3.2 Investigation of the Outfall Scenarios
The analysis of the results produced for the outfall scenarios by the GCOM3D/PLUME3D
models from a simulation of the outfalls operating over a period of 12 months are shown in
Figures 5 to 13.
Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the regions within which the reject waters from outfall sites D1,
D2 and D3, when released continuously, are diluted at least 25 times for 50 to 99% of the
12 month simulation.
Figures 8, 9 and 10 show the regions within which the reject waters from outfall sites D1,
D2 and D3, when released continuously, are diluted at least 55 times for 50 to 99% of the
12 month simulation.
Figures 11, 12 and 13 show the regions within which the reject waters from outfall sites
D1, D2 and D3, when released for 7 hours out of every 24 hours, are diluted at least 55
times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month simulation.
3.3 Discussion of Plume Dispersion Results
The comparison of the components of the reject waters with Fujairah Municipal guidelines
in Table 2 showed that the TDS in the produced water represented the major component
requiring dilution. To satisfy the guidelines, the average brine concentration needs to be
diluted at least 25 times and the maximum brine content needs o be diluted 55 times.
3.3.1 Continuous Release

The results of the dispersion studies for the continuous release of the produced water
indicates that:
x At all three discharge locations the produced water are diluted 25 times within 100
metres of the outfall at least 99% of the time;
x At all three discharge locations the produced water are diluted 55 times within 100
metres of the outfall at least 95% of the time whilst the 99% dilution region is close
to 100 metres from the outfall at all three discharge sites;

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3.3.2 Release over 7 hours every 24 hours

The results of the dispersion studies for the release of the produced water over a 7 hour
period every day indicates that:
x If the complete 24 hour period is taken into account then for at least 16 hours a
day there is no significant concentrations of the produced water in the ocean
because one hour after the release has ceased the reject waters are highly
dispersed.
x For the 7 hours of discharging however the concentrations of produced water in
the vicinity of the outfall are higher than for the continuous release due to the
higher discharge rate.
x The higher discharge rate over a shorter period causes the 99% dilution region to
exceed 100 metres at all three discharge locations;
x However at all three discharge locations the produced water are diluted 55 times
within 100 metres of the outfall at least 95% of the time.
3.4 Recommendation
Based on the above results it is most likely that the number of dilutions of both the
average and maximum produced water components required to satisfy Fujairah Municipal
guidelines can be achieved by discharging continuously from a pipe with an outfall located
20 metres off the MOT seawall.
Shorter term releases of larger flows from this location can still satisfy the Fujairah
Municipal guidelines at least 95 % of the time.

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continuously are diluted at least 25 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month simulation.

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Figure 6: The regions within which the reject waters from outfall sites D2 released

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continuously are diluted at least 55 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month.
simulation.

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over 7 hours are diluted at least 55 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month simulation.

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over 7 hours are diluted at least 55 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month simulation.

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over 7 hours are diluted at least 55 times for 50 to 99% of the 12 month.

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4. References
BMT Argoss (2009): MetOcean Design Criteria, Fujairah.

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Appendix A: Ocean Current Modelling - GCOM3D
For studies of hydrodynamic circulation and sea level variation under ambient and
extreme weather conditions, GEMS have developed the GEMS 3D Coastal Ocean Model
(GCOM3D). GCOM3D is an advanced, fully three-dimensional, ocean-circulation model
that can determine horizontal and vertical hydrodynamic circulation due to wind stress,
atmospheric pressure gradients, astronomical tides, quadratic bottom friction and
ocean-thermal structure. GCOM3D is fully functional anywhere in the world using tidal
constituent and bathymetric data derived from global, regional and local databases. As
the model is fully three dimensional, output can include current data at any or all levels in
the water column.
GCOM3D (Hubbert 1993, 1999) calculates water currents in both the horizontal and
vertical planes. The model operates on a regular grid (in the x and y directions) and uses
a z-coordinate vertical-layering scheme. That is, the depth structure is modelled using a
varying number of layers, depending on the depth of water, and each layer has a constant
thickness over the horizontal plane. This scheme is used to decouple surface wind stress
and seabed friction and to avoid bias of current predictions for a particular layer caused by
averaging of currents over varying depths, as used in sigma co-ordinate and “depth-
averaged” model schemes. GCOM3D is also formulated as a freely scalable and
relocatable model and nesting to any number of levels is supported in order to suit the
hydrodynamic complexity of a study area. The three-dimensional structure of the model
domain, tidal conditions at the open boundaries, and wind forcing are defined for each
model application by extraction of data stored in gridded databases covering a wider
geographical area of interest. A full description of the model physics is provided in
Hubbert (1999).
GCOM3D may be operated as a barotropic model, for applications where tidal and wind
forcing are dominant, or as a fully baroclinic model, where temperature and salinity
structure exerts a significant effect on water flow.
Sometimes it is important to take non-tidal, non-wind driven flows into account in the
modelling process, in the absence of full thermodynamic fields for barotropic modelling. In
order to achieve this GEMS has obtained historic satellite data (seven years) from CSIRO,
which enables the derivation of geostrophic currents (excluding tide and local wind).

ED 09.63
These data can be assimilated into GCOM3D to incorporate the geostrophic currents as
well as the local tidal and wind driven currents. This is the approach adopted by GEMS in
the new Australian Search and Rescue system, based on ocean currents from GCOM3D,
developed for AUSSAR in Canberra.
GCOM3D has been used in a wide range of ocean environmental studies including
prediction of the dispersion of a wide range of discharges, the fate of oil spills, sediments,
hydrotest chemicals, drill cuttings, produced formation water and cooling waters as well as
in other coastal ocean modelling studies such as storm surges and search and rescue.
GCOM3D was also the ocean model used in the last two attempts by Australia to win
back the America’s Cup.
GCOM3D has been extensively tested by oil companies and Government Authorities in
Australia and has been the backbone of plume dispersion and oil spill risk assessment
studies for the past 12 years.
GCOM3D is now the ocean model used in the Australian Search and Rescue System in
Canberra where it has been found the to be extremely reliable around the Australian
coastline through extensive verification in real-time search and rescue operations and
with drifting SAR buoys.
The United States Navy has also purchased GCOM3D to form part of its high resolution
ocean forecasting system and has also carried out extensive testing of the model
throughout the world’s oceans.

ED 09.63
Appendix B: Discharge Plume Modelling with PLUME3D
PLUME3D is a lagrangian random walk far-field plume dispersion model which obtains
oceanic conditions from GCOM3D and includes 3D plume dispersion algorithms for
modelling the far-field behaviour of a wide variety of discharge materials including
sediments, sewerage, thermal discharges, oils and chemicals, accounting for processes
such as dispersion and dissolution, under defined release conditions (quantity, rate etc).
Near-field dilution of discharges is either taken from laboratory data, near-field dilution
models (such as the USA EPA models CORMIX and PLUMES) or estimated internally
from algorithms which provide only an approximation to the near-field dilution.
This model was the first 3D plume model to be used in Australia for the Geelong Ocean
Outfall Study in 1984. The oil spill prediction model, OILTRAK3D, is a sub-model of
PLUME3D.
PLUME3D uses predictions from GCOM3D to provide the ocean conditions into which the
discharge is released. The lagrangian nature of the model allows the discharge plume to
be simulated throughout the water column taking into account the effects of natural
processes such as surface waves, horizontal diffusion and dispersion. The model is free
from numerical diffusion problems (such as experienced by Eulerian models) because it is
not run on a grid.
The plume model can be used stochastically to simulate a large number of random events
over time or can be used for specific case studies in a deterministic mode.
PLUME3D can model the behaviour of a variety of constituents within a single release
volume given information on the density and other physical and chemical parameters.
The model reports mass and concentration levels on the water surface, on shorelines, in
the sediments or through the water column. Where multiple constituents are involved, the
model can report the distribution of each constituent individually. Horizontal and vertical
cross-sections are also available to better illustrate the three dimensional distributions
GCOM3D and PLUME3D also produce Windows and Arc-GIS compatible graphic output
that can be readily incorporated into Word documents or GIS systems (for integration with
other spatial information for emergency spill response planning).

ED 09.63
Appendix C: Ocean Modelling Publications (to 2003)
Hubbert, G.D., Leslie, L.M. and Manton, M.J. (1990). A storm surge model for the Australian region.
Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 116, 1005-1020.
Hubbert, G.D., Holland, G.J., Leslie, L.M. and Manton, M.J. (1991). A real-time system for forecasting
tropical cyclone storm surges. Wea. and Forc. 6, pp 86-97.
Hubbert, G.D. (1991). Numerical modelling for coastal engineering and environmental studies, Part 1:
Tropical cyclone storm surges and waves. Proc. 10th Australasian Coastal and Ocean
Engineering Conference, Auckland, N.Z.
Hubbert, G.D. (1991). Numerical modelling for coastal engineering and environmental studies, Part 2:
Mesoscale meteorology, ocean currents and temperature. Proc. 10th Australasian
Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference, Auckland, N.Z.
McIntosh, P.C. and Hubbert G.D., (1992). Ocean winds for marine modelling and forecasting. Aust.
Met. Mag. June, 1992
Hubbert, G.D. (1993). Modelling continental shelf flows along the New South Wales coast with a fully
three dimensional ocean model. Proc. 11th Australasian Coastal and Ocean
Engineering Conference, Townsville, Australia.
Hubbert, G.D. (1993). Oil spill trajectory modelling with a fully three dimensional ocean model. Proc.
11th Australasian Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference, Townsville, Australia.
Davidson, J., Hubbert, G.D., Bergin, M., Woodcock, F. and Morrison, R. (1993). A study of storm
surges at Mackay. Proc. 11th Australasian Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference,
Townsville, Australia.
Smith, B.L., Martin, J. and Hubbert, G.D. (1994). Environmental studies for a permit wide drilling
program in a sensitive marine environment. APEA Journal pp 672 - 681.
Hubbert, G.D. and Smith, S.L. (1994). Storm Surge Inundation Verification During the 1939 Tropical
Cyclone at Port Hedland. Proceedings of PACON '94, Townsville, Australia.
Hubbert, G.D., Oliver, S.E. and Smith, S.L. (1994). Cargill Salt Storm Surge Inundation Study.
Bureau of Meteorology, Special Services Unit Report.
McInnes, K.L. and Hubbert, G.D. (1996). Climate Change and the Coastal Zone. Part I: Severe
Storms and Storm Surges along Australia’s Southern Coast. Journal of Climate Change
Hubbert, G.D. and McInnes, K.L. (1996). Climate Change and the Coastal Zone. Part II: Inundation
Modelling in Port Phillip Bay. Journal of Climate Change
McInnes, K. L. and Hubbert, G.D. (1996): Extreme events and the impact of climate change on
Victoria’s coastline. Report to the Environment Protection Authority (Vic) and
Melbourne Water. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research and Global
Environmental Modelling Systems. EPAV Publication No. 488. 69pp.
Hubbert, G.D. (1996). High resolution Storm Surge Study for the Cargill Salt Levee Redevelopment.
GEMS Report.

ED 09.63
Hubbert, G.D. and K.L. McInnes, (1999): A storm surge inundation model for coastal planning and
impact studies. Journal of Coastal Research. 15, 168-185.
Hubbert, G.D. and K.L. McInnes, (1999): Modelling storm surges and coastal ocean flooding. In:
‘Modelling coastal sea processes’, Ed. B.J. Noye, World Scientific Publishing Co.,
159-187.
McInnes, K. L., and Hubbert, G. D. (2001). The impact of eastern Australian cut-off lows on
coastal sea level. Meteorological Applications, 8 (2): 229-244.
McInnes, K. L., Hubbert, G.D., Oliver, S., and Abbs, D. J. (2000). Storm tide return periods
and 1974 floodwater modelling: for Gold Coast City Council. Aspendale, Vic.: CSIRO
Atmospheric Research. 45 p.
McInnes, K.L. and Hubbert, G.D. 2001: The impact of eastern Australian cut-off lows on coastal
sea levels. Meteorological Applications, 8, 229-243.
McInnes, K.L., D.J. Abbs, Hubbert G.D., and Oliver, S.E., 2002: A Numerical Modelling Study of
Coastal Flooding. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 80, 217-233.
McInnes, K. L., Hubbert, G. D., and Oliver, S. (2002). Evaluating the storm surge threat for Pacific
Island countries. In: Abstract volume 9th National AMOS Conference, University of
Melbourne (AMOS Publication, 18). [Melbourne]: AMOS. p. 57.
McInnes, K. L., Hubbert, G. D., (2003). A Numerical modelling study of storm surges in Bass
Strait. Australian Meteorological Magazine. Volume 52, No. 3. September 2003.
McInnes, K.L., Walsh, K.J.E., Hubbert, G.D., Beer, T. (2003). Impact of Sea-Level Rise and
Storm Surges on a Coastal Community. In: Natural Hazards, 30: 187 - 207, 2003.
Nott, J. & Hubbert, G.D., (2003): Comparisons between topographically surveyed debris lines and
modelled inundation levels from tropical cyclones Chris and Vance, and their
geomorphic impact on the sand coast. Australian Meteorological Magazine.
(accepted)

ED 09.63
Response to Item No. 7 of the Minutes of Meeting – MOT Produced Water – Fujairah Municipality
(08 June 2010)
Subject:
x It was agreed that the discharge point location will be selected to ensure that the mixing
zone does not intersect with the shoreline.
x FM requested further study of the disposal line length. The study shall propose an optimised
discharge point considering the minimisation of any potential environmental impact, based
on dispersion/mixing modelling, and considering any other technical requirements.
x Based on this study FM shall confirm the final discharge point.
Response:
The main consideration in determining the discharge point location is that “the mixing zone does not
intersect with the shoreline.” Hydrodynamic modelling for the most probable worst case scenario of
produced water discharge (TDS concentration of 124,000 mg/l at a continuous rate of 15 m3/hr)
shows that the mixing zone will include an area of about 100m radius from the point of discharge as
shown below (the same as Figure 6.5 to 6.7 of the Addendum EIA submitted to FM).
As can be seen from the figure, the mixing zone will not be reaching the original shoreline even
when the discharge is 20m from the reclaimed shoreline. However, at this discharge location the
TDS plume can reach the reclaimed shoreline.
Therefore, if the intention is for the TDS plume not to reach the original shoreline, the 20m
discharge location (from the reclaimed shoreline) is sufficient as shown by the results of the
hydrodynamic modelling. However, for the TDS plume not to reach the reclaimed shoreline, the
discharge location should be 100m.
TDS dispersion at a continuous produced water eischarge rate of 15m3/hr and TDS concentration of 124,000
mg/l at various discharge point locations: (A) 500m; (B) 250m and (C) 20m.
(A) 500m from reclaimed shoreline (B) 250m from reclaimed shoreline (A) 20m from reclaimed shoreline
Original
shoreline
100m radius mixing zone
Reclaimed
shoreline
N
Annex 3 – References
List of references
1. Dome International LLC, Palm Water Environmental Impact Assessment

Study of Plant Discharges to Open Sea, Palm Jumeirah, July 2008.
2. Land-Based Produced Water Treatment, PDH Engineer Course No.O-2001
3. Assessment of Impacts to the Marine Environment, Catalina López

Sagástegui and Enric Sala, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, August 2006
4. URS. Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline Project (ADCOP). Environmental Impact
Assessment (ADCOP-UR-IP-RP-0011-08), Rev: C. July 2008
Annex 4 – PWTP Process Description
Client: CPECC
Project: Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline
MOT Project
PRODUCED WATER Description: Oily Water & Produced Water
Treatment Systems
SYSTEM DESCRPITION Contract No.: P-ADCOP-ME-081
SPEC Job No.: 10033
System Description
MOT produced water treatment system consists a series of equipments to remove oil from
the influent. The maximum flow rate of the produced water from the downstream of the
intermediate produced water tanks to each system is 15 m3/hr. ICSS will automatically
detect excess amounts oil and prevent filling of the produced water tanks in upset condition,
above 400 ppm oil in water.
The fully redundant produced water treatment system is designed to treat maximum 1000
ppm oil content in water and meet maximum allowable 5 ppm oil (free and dissolved) in
water outlet. Oil in water analyzer (24-84-AT/AE-2400-02) at system inlet header will
monitor influent oil content and energize imminent alarm when oil content is over 800 ppm.
The primary equipment is CPI separator, and free oil is removed. Treated water from CPI
separator is collected in treated water collection sump. Treated water transfer pumps are
low shear progressive cavity pumps and transfer water to the secondary equipment, induced
air flotation unit. Oil in water analyzer (24-84-AT/AE-2400-03) on the pump discharge
header will monitor the performance of CPI separator.
Approximate 40 ppm of liquid organic polymer is injected prior to the flotation unit to break
emulsion. A slip stream of water from IAF water outlet is re-circulated and pumped to the
educator header. Water pumped through educators draws in blanket air and creates tiny
bubbles at the bottom of the IAF tank. Sludge attaches to bubbles and rises to the top. Air
operated diaphragm pump transfers sludge out of IAF tank for disposal. The estimate for the
sludge quantities from the produced water treatment facility is approximate 16 kg/hr.
Produced water disposal pumps transfer the treated water out of the system. Redundant oil
in water analyzers (24-84-AT/AE-2400-03 & 24-84-AT/AE-2400-04) at disposal pump
discharge header will monitors oil content and alarm over 5 ppm condition. During normal
operation, the pneumatic actuated system shutdown valve will be opened, and pneumatic
actuated recirculation valve will be closed. In the event of oil content at water outlet is over 5
ppm, system shutdown valve will be closed, and recirculation valve will be opened. The
produced water over oil content limit will be transferred back to CPI separator feed header.
Redundant TDS conductivity analyzers at disposal pump discharge header to monitor water
TDS.
Each IAF unit is to be controlled and monitored by a PLC based local control panel. Local
control panels are connected to ICSS via communication protocol Modbus TCP/IP. The oil
in water analyzer readings and pump status are available for remote monitoring in control
room.
SPECENERGYDMCC
10thFloor,FortuneTower,JumeirahLakeTowers,SheikhZayedRoad,Dubai,UAE.
Tel:+971(4)4389542Fax:+971(4)4389543

Eia Abudabi

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ABU DHABI CRUDE OIL PIPELINE PROJECT

Addendum EIA for Disposal of

EPC CONTRACTOR CONSULTANT

China Petroleum Engineering Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC

Document No: 30-99-90-2809 Rev. 2 Date: 13 July 2010 Cover Page

ANNEX 1 – DATA ON EXISTING ENVIRONMENT .............................................................. 55

ADCO - Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations

1.1.1 China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Corporation (CPECC) is currently

1.2 Project Description

Produced Water Generation

Parameters MAX MIN AVE

pH 7.9 6.3 6.99

Significant Environmental Impacts

1.3.10 As discussed, produced water generated at the MOT is planned to be discharged at

Hydrodynamic and Dispersion Modelling of Proposed Discharge

Modeling Discharge Location from

1.3.13 To satisfy regulatory requirements, i.e. to meet Fujairah Municipality’s limit of

2.1 Project Title and Project Proponent

2.1.1 China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Corporation (CPECC) is currently

International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC)

China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Corporation (CPECC)

2.2 EIA Consultants

Dome Oilfield Engineering & Services LLC

 Dr. Donato dela Cruz (Project Manager and Principal Environmental

 Neri R. Rieza Jr. (Environmental Engineer)

 Dr Graeme Hubbert (Oceanographer, GEMS)

2.3 Project Rationale

2.3.4 The EIA report is further organized as follows:

Chapter 1 – Executive Summary

3.2 Federal Environmental Law

Federal Law No. 24 of 1999

Chapter 1 – Development and the Environment

Chapter 2 – Protection of Water Environment

Chapter 3 – Soil Protection

Federal Law No. 23 of 1999

Relevant Federal Regulations

Regulation for the Assessment of Environmental Effects of Installations

Federal Regulation for the Protection of the Marine Environment, 2001

3.3 Regional/International Conventions and Protocols

4.1.2 The main components of the ADCOP pipeline system are:

4.2 Statement of Need

4.2.1 The development of ADCOP project is considered to be of major importance to the

4.3 Concept and Phases

MOT Tank Farm

FUTURE STORAGE TANKS

FIGURE 4.1 MOT TANK FARM PLOT PLAN

Crude oil for

FIGURE 4.2 MOT OPERATIONAL PROCESS FLOW

4.3.5 Table 4.1 presents the tank farm design capacity.

Total Working Storage Volume 8 MMbbl

Working Volume (per tank) 1 MMbbl

Tank Diameter 110m

Offshore Loading Installations

FIGURE 4.3 SINGLE POINT MOORING FACILITY’S LOCATION

4.4 Location, Scale & Scheduling of Activities

FIGURE 4.4 PROJECT LOCATION

4.5 Project Status

4.6 Waste Streams and Emissions

CRUDE OIL STORAGE TANKS (1 MMbbl each)

Produced Water Pipe Header (Maximum Flowrate = 360m3/day)

FIGURE 4.5 PRODUCED WATER GENERATION AT MOT

TABLE 4.2 EXPECTED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MOT PRODUCED WATER

Parameters MAX MIN AVE

Dr. Donato dela Cruz (Project Manager and Principal Environmental

Neri R. Rieza Jr. (Environmental Engineer)

Dr Graeme Hubbert (Oceanographer, GEMS)