ACTM-3207

Lecture-1
1. Fundamentals of database management system,
2. Essential Resources

Answers
Database
A database is a collection of related data which represents some aspect of the real world. A database
system is designed to be built and populated with data for a certain task.

Database Management System

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to define, manipulate, retrieve
and manage data in a database. A DBMS generally manipulates the data itself, the data format, field
names, record structure and file structure. It also defines rules to validate and manipulate this data

Some popular DBMS system software:

 MySQL
 Microsoft Access
 Oracle
 PostgreSQL
 dBASE
 FoxPro
 SQLite
 IBM DB2
 LibreOffice Base
 MariaDB
 Microsoft SQL Server etc.

Application of DBMS
1. Banking
2. Airlines
3. Universities
4. Telecommunication
5. Finance
6. Sales
7. Manufacturing
8. HR Management
Four Types of DBMS systems are:

1. Hierarchical database
2. Network database
3. Relational database
4. Object-Oriented database

Hierarchical DBMS
In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree-like structure. Data is Stored Hierarchically
(top down or bottom up) format. Data is represented using a parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical
DBMS parent may have many children, but children have only one parent.

Network Model
The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents. It helps you to address the
need to model more complex relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-many relationship. In this
model, entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through several paths.

Relational model
Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest. This model is
based on normalizing data in the rows and columns of the tables. Relational model stored in fixed
structures and manipulated using SQL.

Object-Oriented Model
In Object- oriented Model data stored in the form of objects. The structure which is called classes which
display data within it. It defines a database as a collection of objects which stores both data members’
values and operations.

Entity-Relationship Model
Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is based on the notion of real-world entities and relationships among
them. While formulating real-world scenario into the database model, the ER Model creates entity set,
relationship set, general attributes and constraints.
ER Model is best used for the conceptual design of a database.
ER Model is based on −
 Entities and their attributes.
 Relationships among entities.
These concepts are explained below.

Entity − An entity in an ER Model is a real-world entity having properties called attributes.

Every Attribute- is defined by its set of values called domain. For example, in a school database, a
student is considered as an entity. Student has various attributes like name, age, class, etc.
Relationship − The logical association among entities is called relationship. Relationships are mapped
with entities in various ways. Mapping cardinalities define the number of association between two
entities.

Mapping cardinalities −
1. one to one
2. one to many
3. many to one
4. many to many
Relational Model
The most popular data model in DBMS is the Relational Model. It is more scientific a model than others.
This model is based on first-order predicate logic and defines a table as an n-ary relation.
Figure: Inventory System