Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction/Background

One of the Philippines' must-visit locations, Central Luzon, is teeming with tourist
attractions. Aside from its undiscovered treasures, which include waterfalls, cultural
landscapes, and unspoiled wilderness, Central Luzon is a destination with something for
everyone. Visitors can go diving, hiking, birdwatching, and relaxing on the beaches. It
can also host events like the Southeast Asian Games and the hot air balloon festival.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)., Central Luzon is one of the
regions with the fastest growth in the nation The economy of the area expanded by 9.5%
alone in 2016. Due to the vibrant commercial activity in the area, it is a desirable location
for domestic and international investors looking to establish facilities.
The first component is the Pampanga Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone
(CFEZ). Almost as big as Singapore, Clark is the reconstruction of a former US airbase
in the Pampanga province, which includes the cities of Angeles, Mabalacat, Porac, and
other areas of Tarlac.

Figure 1.1 Clark Freeport

Source: Google Maps
 The numerous infrastructure initiatives, well-maintained tourism spots in and around
Pampanga, and the province's cultural legacy are anticipated to support the region's
economic growth as it develops more quickly. As mentioned earlier, the development
and linking of an infrastructure to support those and potential activities have become
imperative. It will increase revenue from tourists, open doors, and perhaps even
contribute to creating an environmentally friendly community.

1.2 Statement of the Problem (incomplete)

Before the pandemic Clark Pampanga was turning into one of our country’s major
economic corridors. But during the Covid-19 pandemic the country shut its border and
implemented travel restrictions inside and outside the country.

To further attract more visitors be it local and foreign. This study aims to propose a plan
build a Tourism Complex that will attract more visitors to boost its economic growth
more and help to develop Clark further.

1.3 Goals and Objectives of the Study

Goal
 To design a Tourism Complex that has a unique characteristics that will help
Clark to develop and promote its tourism.
Objectives
 To promote economic growth not just for the city of Pampanga.
 To provide opportunities to the local community.
 To provide spaces that regards proper space planning that will benefit the user.
 To design a tourism complex that has a unique characteristics and design that will
help promote tourism.
 To research and follow the proper guidelines provided by the authorities in
designing a Tourism Hub.
 To research an approach in providing a proper & better attraction and facility that
has unique characteristics that will promote tourism.

1.4 Definition of Terms (draft)

 CFEZ- Clark Freeport and Economic Zone
 CDC- Clark Development Corporation
 DOT- Department of Tourism
 PSA- Philippine Statistic Authority
 Economic Corridor- Economic corridors connect economic agents along a
defined geography. They provide important connections between economic
nodes or hubs that are usually cantered in urban landscapes.
1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will create a Tourism Complex that will address the problem arising from the
increasing number of local and foreign visitors. Before the Covid-19 pandemic hits us
and restricts the access of tourists to our country, Pampanga is rising to prominence as
the nation's upcoming central economic corridor. Over the past few years, it has experi-
enced tremendous growth. Property investors from both local and international players
were drawn in by this.
It will contribute to developing a proper and unique design that will adhere to DOT's ar-
chitectural standards in designing a Tourism Complex. Offer more accommodations for
guests, business, and entertainment environment. Also, this study can be a basis for stud-
ies that aim to research a Tourism Complex or related studies.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

1.7 Conceptual Framework

Chapter 2 Related Literature and Case Studies
2.1 Related Literature
2.1.1 Tourism Complex Planning
2.1.1.1 Introduction
One of the more dynamic and developing economic areas of the global economy in
the post-World War II era is tourism. It holds the fourth spot among the world's most
significant industries. However, there is still room for growth in the sector. There are
innumerable cultural, ecological, scientific, commercial, sports, and recreational sites
worldwide. It is crucial to introduce new, alluring locations as well as numerous other
tourist sites for this reason. The planning and construction of tourism complexes at the
travel locations are necessary for their introduction.
2.1.1.2 Findings
This research paper aims to examine the planning and design strategies used by
tourism complexes during the master planning process of municipalities. With the aid
of academic and professional theories, it clarifies the significance of the tourist sector.
The connection between the growth of the tourism industry and the economic
development of cities and regions is then highlighted. The primary method for
achieving this is to plan and create the tourism complexes during the first stages of the
municipality's master planning. This study recommends policies for urban land use
and locating strategies. Other deliverables in this article include innovative urban
design models and land-use regulations for regional and urban sustainable
development.
2.1.1.3 Conclusions
To provide the best possible hospitality and management for tourists, this research
emphasized the significance of the development of tourism complexes. The objective
was to improve abilities in creating tourism complexes during city master planning
while considering the requirements of the tourism industry in each region or city.
Strategic policies for developing the tourism industry were examined to serve tourists
better.
Reference
Shahraki, A.A., 2020. Planning and design techniques of tourism complexes in the
process of the city's master planning.

2.1.2 Contribution of Architecture to tourist’s experience

2.1.2.1 Introduction
Via architecture, a region's cultural and geographic diversity can be expressed. Due to
the development of technology and the global economy, the tourism industry has been
expanding quickly over the past few decades. Since the beginning, tourism has been
associated with architecture, an undisputed wellspring of history. Architecture has a
significant role in drawing visitors worldwide to famous sites and other beautiful
locations.
 2.1.2.2 Findings
Incorporating exciting encounters, architecture creates a sensuous connection to
individuals. Luxurious hotels, cafes, museums, shopping centers, and other attractions
are architecture for a tourist. They can identify a place by its architecture and
communicate this to others, enticing them.
Spatial structure and spatial behavior are interdependent. Architecture assists various
activities which make tourists experience light and sound, materials, enclosures, heat
and ventilation, titillating all the senses and engaging the mind towards aesthetics and
many other aspects of a structure.
2.1.2.3 Conclusions
Design is responsible for making every place worth visiting, from cathedrals to
aquariums and from roads to bridges. Visitors engage with the on-site physical
aspects and profoundly understand the building. Consequently, there is a chance for
architects to produce communicative designs. It is untrue that postmodern tourists
have an insatiable need for knowledge, particularly in the form of signs, symbols, and
cultural capital. Every vacation memory is a vibrant, active visual journey. What, after
all, do scenic photos and postcards depict? Architecture.
Reference
Asmita Kothari 2021. Contribution of architecture to tourists' experience. RTF | Re-
thinking The Future.
2.1.3 Current Trends in the Small Hotel’s Social and Functional Structure Organization
2.1.3.1 Introduction
(A A Badavi and V M Molchanov 2020) The modern tourism industry is a complex
diversified education with a developed structure, formed using the uniqueness of
tourist complexes and applied technologies, determined by the specific
organizational and legal, socio-economic conditions, as well as the resource base. The
main component of the tourism industry are the collective means of tourist
accommodation, they are the ones who make the main contribution to the final
economic result of the entire industry.
2.1.3.2 Findings
According to the A A Badavi and V M Molchanov. The primary main factors
determining the architectural typology of small hotels were previously attributed by
purpose, location, capacity, and the residents’ population. Among the secondary
typological characteristics of small hotels, were attributed as historical prototype, type
of building, type of food, and service level. Also, most researchers, managers and
economists note a pronounced segmentation of the target audience of the small hotels’
consumers into the separate categories according to any specific criterion. Thus, in
each type of small hotel, it is possible to select the target segment as the main segment
in the differential marketing strategy implementation, in order to satisfy the needs of
the client and offer him the optimal solution to problems.
 2.
1.3.3 Conclusion
In conclusion, it is feasible to state that the findings of architects, researchers, and
managers were important in identifying the primary elements affecting the typology
of small hotels and emphasizing the crucial types of small hotels. coincide,
establishing their scientific validity. The distribution of types of small hotels
according to their specialization is thus the basic basis for creating a typology of small
hotels in diverse fields of study. The foundation for developing the consumer models
for the primary types of small hotels is the specialization of small hotels, based on the
distribution of small hotels' consumers' target segments. Since small hotels make up
the majority of the industry's supply base, they are always taken into consideration
when choosing the target sector for their consumer base.
Reference
 Badavi, A.A. & Molchanov, V.M., 2020. Current trends in the small hotels’ social
and functional structure organization.
2.1.4 Tourism by design: An analysis of architectural tourism and its influence on urban design
from 1997 to 2007
2.1.4.1 Introduction
The primary objective of this study was to examine the potential long-term use of
signature architecture as a catalyst for urban redevelopment by reviewing proposals
for new downtown projects in several Western United States cities and through the
relevant literature. Additionally, an online survey gathered data on visitor motivations
and perceptions of signature architecture. This dissertation aims to suggest future
directions for urban planning and the deliberate inclusion of distinctive architecture in
the design process.
2.1.4.2 Findings
Architourism has matured from single gem-like buildings to buildings incorporated in
larger urban plans. Tourism as a legitimate motivation for designing a building, and
the changes in building function indicate a public interest in the architecture as
opposed to the purpose the building was designed for. Architectural tourism, as
discussed below, is not necessarily new, but the public fascination for contemporary
and ground-breaking buildings designed by big-name architects (and the resulting
economic and image boost a city can receive from tourism visitation) has set this
recent wave of architecturally motivated tourism apart from much of what has been
designed and built in the Twentieth Century. It is not a phenomenon limited to first-
tier cities in the most developed nations, but signature architecture can be placed in
large or small cities with startling effects.
The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of tourism motivations for
architectural tourism and answer questions related to architecture as a distinct form of
tourism. Tourism, like geography, has several roots, and it can also be considered a
spatial science with physical and human characteristics of a location being primary
motivations for public visitation, the basis for business marketing and often the
subject of academic research studies. Planning for tourism (decidedly used here to
mean planning as opposed to creating artificial tourism environments) often affects
the urban design of a city. Geography also supports various types of movement and
concepts of movement have more than one overlap with tourism. In general, there has
been a movement of populations from rural areas to urban areas, and architourism, as
defined in this research, is an urban phenomenon.
2.1.4.3 Conclusion
To provide information about visitor attitudes regarding architectural tourism
destinations. This study is a broad-based, exploratory study to provide initial
information regarding the characteristics of architectural tourists and to identify
information sources for architectural tourism. This information will be useful to
tourism developers and planners, academic researchers, city policy makers, architects,
journalists, and funding agency of major civic projects. As earlier stated, the study
will serve as a foundation for continued research on architectural tourism.
Reference
 Christopher, S.G.B., 2008. Tourism by design: An analysis of architectural tourism
and its influence on urban design from 1997 to 2007,
2.1.5 Architectural Design Features with the Approach of Social Interactions in the Tourist
Complex
2.1.5.1 Introduction
Since its introduction in numerous international addresses in 1960, the idea of
sustainable development has been broadly defined by the United Nations' World
Commission on Environment and Development (Broutland Commission). According
to this theory, sustainable development includes three pillars of environmental,
economic, and social sustainability. But, unlike both environmental and economic
dimensions, there are few studies that have focused on the social dimension of
sustainability, and it seems that this social dimension of sustainability has been
neglected.
2.1.5.2 Findings
According to the researcher of Bonab branch, Islamic Azad University , Bonab, Iran,
the success rate of urban spaces by using human presence in space is proportional. In
fact, architecture should seek to increase social interaction and solidarity of the
people. But what we face today in most urban areas is reduction of relations and
social participation of people in these spaces. From an objectivist and material
perspective, urban space is a ground to create social relations and promote civil life in
the society. Recreational activities can be one of the most important to create urban
space for social interaction and promote cultural society. Consistency and durability
of social relationships and social interaction depends on its quality and quantity.
Social stability plays an important role in finding solutions to social interaction and
can create a sustainable way of life in a community. Social stability in fact is non-
physical part of sustainable architecture. Satisfying human needs, improving the
quality of life, and using all his capabilities in improving the situation are the
purposes of social sustainability. Feeling comfort and security and convenience in the
tourism complex is most effective factors that can be make the actual participation of
citizens in such a space.
Tables Showing experts with an approach improving social interactions:

Figure: Experts with an approach improving social interactions

Source: Architectural Design Features with the Approach of Social Interactions in the Tourist Complex
 2.1.5.3 Conclusion
Social stability is the stability of a branch of the environmental and economic
dimensions of stability have received little attention. In the architectural design, little
research has focused on this aspect of sustainability. This article is an overview of the
principles and indicators of social stability in society and a string of three criteria:
social interaction, social security, and social sustainability in architecture architectural
identity development index states. It should be noted that social factors are affecting
stability on time. Meanwhile, providing an overall approach and strategy for their
improvement at any specific time and place is unique. In addition, these solutions
must be flexible and adaptable to fit their requirements. Participatory design process
may be a good choice for design for social stability. Finally, it is hoped that attention
and use of environmental ideas outlined in this paper such as the design and
improvement of urban public spaces, attendance, and participation of people in urban
public spaces such as tourism complexes can achieve the goals provided the ideal city.

Reference
Architectural Design Features with the Approach of Social Interactions in the Tourist
Complex
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.924.5251&rep=rep1&type=pdf

2.1.6
2.1.6.1 Introduction
In the topic of municipal master planning, this essay examines the planning and
design strategies used for tourism complexes. With the support of academic and
professional theories, it first clarifies the significance of the tourist sector. The
connection between local economic growth and the expansion of the tourism sector is
then highlighted. The novel aspect of this work is the integration of thorough regional
and urban planning with tourism business planning. This can be accomplished by
including the planning and design of the tourism complexes in the municipality's first
master plan. This study report makes recommendations for urban land-use regulations
and mapping methods. Other handouts in this paper include models of centralized and
symmetric urban planning and land-use regulations for regional and urban sustainable
development. Engineers, planners, and urban and regional development students can
benefit from the research's findings.
2.1.6.2 Findings
This study examines the views of scholars on the topic of strategic planning for
tourism, the principles of location for tourism complexes, and their architectural and
landscape design methods under the characteristics of each region.
2.1.6.2.1 Strategic Tourism Planning
The goals of the tourism industry must be pertinent to the characteristics,
capacities, and potentials of each country and place (Pred, 2017; Hjalager &
von Gesseneck, 2020). Some common strategies will be suggested as universal
policies for all regions in accordance with academic recommendations and
workshop experiences. First, following the COVID-19 pandemic, all tourist
complexes must have preventative, treatment, and care facilities that follow
the most recent World Health Organization guidelines. Therefore, it is
essential to establish a tourism industry through plans that are knowledge-
based and proficient. The growth of tourism necessitates ongoing international
collaboration. International, regional, national, and local tourist groups will
work together.
For preparing, for successful planning of spaces and destinations, the designer
shall address the following three questions: Where are we? Where do we go?
How do we get there?
2.1.6.2.2 The Location of the Tourism Complexes
The location is important in providing tourists with goods and services.
Economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics all incorporate
the location theory. It tackles what, where, and why of economic activity.
Scholars like Richards believed that locating theory assumes that firms choose
locations that maximize their profits (Richards, 1962)
In the area of agriculture in 1826, Van Thanon developed location theory.
Lenhard developed the theory regarding where an industry is in 1882 and
1885, according to Marchionatti. In 1909, Alfred Weber introduced this
theory's scientific foundation to the field (Marchionatti, 2020). Later, central
place theories were added to it by Crystaller and Loch. The location theories
aimed to reduce production costs. Behavioral and upbeat attitudes also
developed during the industrial era. A systematic attempt to unify the two
prior theories was made toward the conclusion of the 1960s decade. At that
time, the planners sought a location for the manufacturing facility that would
yield the most earnings. There are four main categories of location theories:
cost minimization, market analysis, maximization, and maximizing: Cost
minimization, market analysis, maximization, and maximization of revenues.
This illustrates variables that affect the location of tourism complexes.
 Figure: Experts with an approach improving social interactions
Source: Tourism Development Technique in the Urban Master Plan

2.1.6.2.3 Design of Tourism Complexes

The design of tourism complexes consists of three parts, the process of spatial
planning and design of tourism complexes, tourism complexes requirements of
policies, planning an attractive tourism complexes, and the variables in
designing tourism complexes.
2.1.6.3 Conclusion
This study examined the value of tourism complexes in delivering top-notch
hospitality and administration. During the city master planning process, we improved
our abilities in the creation of tourism complexes. We also intended to consider the
development's impact on the tourism sector. To create a guideline for our case studies,
we therefore examined the strategic policies of tourism development. The strategies
for locating suitable sites (locations) to construct tourism complexes were then
researched. The practical methods of this study in the Chabahar case studies showed
the connection between delivering top-notch tourist services and the socioeconomic
and physical growth of destinations.
Reference
Authors, A., |, A.A.S. contributors Abdol Aziz ShahrakiAbdol Aziz Shahraki Ph.D.,
Tourism development techniques in the urban master plan. Taylor & Francis
2.1.7 Accessible Tourism the Tourism without Barriers in Architecture and Tourism Design
2.1.7.1 Introduction
(Eko Nursanty, 2013) Today, people with disabilities can travel to almost any part in
the world and the world wants to be explored. Trips to foreign countries or even
continents are more and more offered as “barrier-free”. There are several realizations
of issues emerge immediately. People with access requirements are often frustrated
with the lack of facilities that would make travel planning and traveling easier.
2.1.7.2 Findings
Accessible tourism includes Barrier-free destinations:
 Barrier-free destinations: infrastructure and facilities
 Transport: by air, land, and sea, suitable for all users
 High quality services: delivered by trained staff
 Activities, exhibits, attractions: allowing participation in tourism by everyone
 Marketing, booking systems, websites, and services: information accessible to
all
Accessible tourism is about making it easier for all people to enjoy tourism
experiences, many people have access needs, whether related to physical condition.
The research also aims to:
 Define the term disability in the context of tourism
 Examine the experience of disabled customers on the tourism stage
 Examine and clarify the interrelated attitudes and behavioural patterns
between four different groups involved in the service process within the hotel
restaurant setting (management, front-line staff, customers with the disabilities
and able-bodied customers)
 An overall objective of the research is to assess and examine the encounters of
disabled customers on the tourism stage
2.1.7.3 Conclusion
 Accessible tourism is a form of tourism that involves collaborative process
between stakeholders that enables people with access requirements, including
mobility, vision, hearing, and cognitive dimension of access, to function
independently and with equity and dignity through the delivery of universally
designed tourism products, services, and environments.
 Travel as a metaphor for the journey of self-knowledge also resonates with the
metaphor of recovery as a journey of experiencing healing that moves the self
beyond the stasis of depression. In this study women draw upon gendered
discourse to articulate their recovering identity in relation to travel experiences
in three major ways.
 Travel as narrative of escape from gendered expectations of home, travel as a
pleasurable form of risk taking and travel as quest for a purposeful identity
beyond deficit and depression. However, the specifics of universal design
within tourism require quite detailed approaches to understand the way spaces
and places are used. An understanding of the nuances of universal approaches
 for accessible tourism is a necessary precursor to any move to operationalise
the concept for the tourism industry.
 Any work that seeks to establish the nuances of universal design in relation to
tourism is important because of the conceptual state of the current literature.
Yet in related fields such as architecture, universal design is a well-developed
body of knowledge, which is used to create enabling environments for all
types of embodiments (Baucom & Grosch, 1996)
Reference
Nursanty, E., 2014. Accessible tourism the tourism without barriers in architecture
and Tourism Design. Academia.edu.
Chapter 3
3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the research techniques used for this study in detail. It includes
details about the participants, such as the study's criteria, their backgrounds, and the process
used to select them. This explains why the researcher chose and used the research design for
this study. After that, the researcher discusses the data collection and methodologies.
3.2 Research Focus
The focus research is to design a Tourism Complex that will address the problem
arising from the increasing number of visitors. As it has an airport catering to domestic and
foreign flights, visitors will undoubtedly flood the city more now that the country’s travel
restrictions due to the pandemic are now lifted.
3.3 Data Collection
3.3.1 Reasons for the Increase in Guests
3.3.1.1 Visitor Arrivals
Before the Covid-19 pandemic for three years in a row the most frequent
visitors are from South Korean (119,861), followed by Chinese nationals
(81,794), and Americans (54,148).

Figure 3.1 Visitor Arrivals

Source: CDC 2019 Annual Report June

3.3.1.2 Events

Events can be held inside Clark. Just in 2019, 210 events were handled by the
TPD, which brought in 339,592 attendees. Comercio Central, a lifestyle weekend
bazaar co-organized by MultiAction Creative Production and CDC, drew 478,700
visitors. Other events that drew crowds include the 30th SEA Games, 10th Clark
Animo Run, 10th Horse Festival, Color Manila Runs, Clark Heroes Run, Clark Music
Run, and the most recent is the Clark Aurora Fest 2022.
3.3.1.3 Meetings and Conventions

As a top location for MICE (meetings, incentives, conventions, exhibits, and

events), Clark attracted 322,459 domestic attendees and 183 foreign attendees to
1,648 events.

3.3.1.4 Management of Social Media Pages that Increase Fan Base

The Facebook page consistently outperformed expectations regarding social

media measures like impressions. With the help of different pages of establishments
such as parks, hotels, and many more, Clark continues to be known.
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According to Noemi B. Julian, manager of the Clark Development Corporation's

tourism and promotions division. In 2021, Clark saw 640,353 tourist arrivals, or around
77.22 percent of all visitors to the province of Pampanga. Visitor arrivals increased by
more than 84 percent compared to last year's period, as more than a million tourists
flocked to Clark from January to June 2022.
As Clark grows into a business city and is overrun with tourists and entertainment,
the issue will inevitably be noticeable.