Experiment Title : Operational Amplifier

Subject : UEEA1313 Basic Electronics

Programme : BI

Name of Student Signature Student ID Year & Trimester

CHONG YING HANG 2001326 YEAR1/

TRIMESTER1

Date of Experiment: 1/9/2021

Name of Lecturer :

Received by:-

________________________
Lecturer
Date :
Part 1: Results

3.1 Inverting scaling amplifier

Figure 3.1
Input and output waveform (8 marks)
Input Waveform Output Waveform

0.5 V 2.5 V

0V 0V

-0.5 V -2.5 V

300 300

V p (¿)=0.5V V pp ( ¿ ) =1V
V p (out)=2.5 V V pp (out )=5 V

Calculation (6 marks)
Experimental Value
−R f
V out = V
R1 ¿
Rf −V out
=
R1 V¿
 Rf −2.5 V
=
R 1 0.5 V
Rf
=−5
R1

Theoretical Value
R f =100 k Ω
R1=20 k Ω
Rf 100 k Ω
=
R 1 20 k Ω
Rf
=5
R1

Discussion (6 marks)
An inverting scaling amplifier with negative feedback circuit have been stimulated in the
TINKERCAD stimulator as shown in figure 3.1. Since the input voltage is applied through the
negative terminal which also known as inverting terminal of the μA 741 Op-Amps. Ideally, the output
voltage waveform should be the opposite direction of the input voltage waveform. However, based on
the output waveform that obtained in the simulator, it did not show that the output waveform is
inverted after compare with input voltage waveform. This is because, two different oscilloscopes are
used to measure input voltage and output voltage waveform in this experiment and this have caused
the time of oscilloscope become non synchronized. Finally, a non-inverted output waveform is
obtained from the oscilloscope.

Rf
From the calculation, two experimental and theoretical value of is obtained. Due to inverting
R1
scaling amplifier is applied in this part of experiment, closed-loop gain, Acl can be expressed as:

V out −R f
Acl = =
V¿ R1
Rf
Therefore the can be further expressed as:
R1
Rf −V out
¿− A cl=
R1 V¿
Rf
Due to the inverted output voltage waveform, the value theoretically should be in positive
R1
sign. However due to the non-inverted output voltage waveform is obtained from the oscilloscope, the
Rf
experimental value obtained is in negative value.
R1

Percentage error
( )
Rf
R1
, %=
| Measured value− Actual Value|
| Actual Value|
×100 %
 Percentage error
( )
Rf
R1
, %=
|−5−(−5)|
|(−5)|
×100 %

Percentage error
( )
Rf
R1
, %=0 %

By assuming the output voltage obtained in the experiment is inverted, 0% percentage error of
Rf
is shown as calculation above. This can conclude that the output voltage waveform in inverting
R1
Rf
scaling amplifier circuit should be inverted in order to obtained a positive value of .
R1

3.2 Non-inverting scaling amplifier

Figure 3.2

Input and output waveform (8 marks)

Input Waveform Output Waveform

3V
0.5 V

0V 0V

-0.5 V 300 300

-3 V

V p (¿)=0.5V V pp ( ¿ ) =1V
V p (out)=3 V V pp (out )=6 V
Calculation (6 marks)
Experimental Value

( )
V out = 1+
Rf
V
R1 ¿

( )
1+
Rf
R1
=
V out
V¿

( )
1+
Rf
=
3V
R1 0.5 V

( )
1+
Rf
R1
=6

Theoretical Value

( ) (
1+
Rf
R1
=1+
100 k Ω
20 kΩ )
( ) 1+
Rf
R1
=1+5

( ) 1+
Rf
R1
=6

Discussion (6 marks)
A non-inverting scaling amplifier with negative feedback circuit is built in the TINKERCAD
simulator as shown in figure 3.2. The input voltage is applied in the positive terminal which also
known as non- inverting terminal of the μA 741 Op-Amps. From the experiment, an amplified output
voltage waveform which have same phase with input voltage waveform is obtained from the
oscilloscope. This have shown that the non-inverting scaling amplifier will not invert the output
waveform.

Based on the non-inverting scaling amplifier that applied in this experiment, the closed-loop
A
gain, cl can be expressed as:
V out Rf
Acl = =1+
V¿ R1

Both theoretical and experimental value of 1+ ( )

Rf
R1
which also known as closed-loop gain, Acl

obtained from the calculation are the same. Which the closed-loop gain is 6.

( )
Percentage error 1+
Rf
R1
, %=
| Measured value− Actual Value|
| Actual Value|
×100 %

( ) || ||
Percentage error 1+
Rf
R1
, %=
6−6
6
× 100 %

( )
Percentage error 1+
Rf
R1
, %=0 %
 ( )
Therefore, it can be concluded that the experimental and theoretical value of 1+
Rf
R1
obtained are the same.
3.3 Buffer amplifier (unity gain voltage follower)

Figure 3.3
Input and output waveform (8 marks)
Input Waveform Output Waveform

0.5 V 0.5 V

0V 0V

-0.5 V -0.5 V
300 300

V p (¿)=0.5V V pp ( ¿ ) =1V
V p (out)=0.5 V V pp (out )=1 V

Illustration of buffer amplifier purposes (6 marks)

Buffer amplifier which also known as unity gain voltage follower is a type of non-inverting
amplifier with a voltage gain of 1. Therefore, if 5 V is supplied into the buffer amplifier, 5 V voltage
are detected as an output voltage. The main purpose of buffer amplifier is to reduce the loading effects
of a circuit without disturbing it. According to ohm’s law, when a circuit have a low impedance, it will
draw huge amounts of current through the circuit and result in huge amounts of power drawn by the
power source. Hence, it will lead to a high disturbance of particular circuit. By applying the buffer
amplifier, small amounts of current are drawn from the power source due to the high impedance of
μA 741 Op-Amps. Besides that, the output signal will be the same with the input signal due to there is
no feedback resistor in the circuit.
Discussion (6 marks)
A buffer amplifier circuit with negative feedback is built up in TINKERCAD simulator as
shown in figure 3.3. Since the input voltage is applied through the positive terminal which also known
as non-inverting terminal of μA 741 Op-Amps. Therefore, the output voltage waveform obtained in the
simulator is said to be in same phase compare to the input voltage waveform applied to the circuit.
Besides, from the output waveform it has shown clearly that the output peak voltage is same with the
input peak voltage which is 0.5 V. Therefore, the closed-loop gain, Acl can be calculated as

V out
Acl =
V¿
0.5 V
Acl =
0.5 V
Acl =1
Based on the calculation above, it can be concluded that the circuit is a unity gain voltage follower
circuit.
3.4 Summing amplifier

Figure 3.4
Input and output waveform (8 marks)
Input Waveform ( v ¿ ¿ ¿1∧v ¿2 ) ¿ Output Waveform

6V
0.5 V

0V 0V

-0.5 V
300 300
-6 V

V p (¿ 1)=0.5 V V pp (¿ 1)=1 V
V p (¿ 2)=0.5 V V pp (¿ 2)=1 V
V p (out)=3 V V pp (out )=6 V

Calculation (6 marks)
Experimental Value
Peak amplitude of v out =3 V

Theoretical Value

Peak amplitude of v out =−( Rf

R1
Rf
V ¿ 1+ V ¿ 2
R2 )
 Peak amplitude of v out =− ( 100 kΩ
20 k Ω
(0.5 V )+
100 k Ω
100 k Ω
(0.5 V ) )

Peak amplitude of v out =−3 V

Discussion (6 marks)
A summing amplifier circuit with negative feedback is built up in the TINKERCAD simulator as
shown in figure 3.4. Since the both input voltage v ¿1 and v ¿2 is applied into the negative terminal which
also known as inverting terminal of the μA 741 Op-Amps. Therefore, the output voltage waveform
should be inverted compared to the input voltage waveform. However, the output voltage waveform
shown in the oscilloscope of the simulator is in the same phase with input voltage waveform. This is
because, two different oscilloscopes are used to measure input voltage and output voltage waveform
and the time of oscilloscopes cannot be synchronized. Hence the output voltage waveform shown in
the oscilloscope is non-inverted.

Due to the non-inverted output voltage waveform formed in the oscilloscope, the output voltage
obtained is in positive sign. However, theoretically the value of output voltage should be negative due
to the negative feedback in the circuit. Hence, by considering the output waveform is inverted and the
output voltage is negative the percentage error of output voltage can be calculated as:

|Measured value−Actual Value|

Percentage error ( v out ) ,%= × 100 %
| ActualValue|
|−3−(−3)|
Percentage error ( v out ) ,%= ×100 %
|−3|
Percentage error ( v out ) ,%=0 %
These can be concluded that the theoretical and experimental output voltage value are same and the
output voltage of these experiment should be negative. Besides, the output voltage waveform also
should be inverted.
3.5 Integrator amplifier

Figure 3.5.1

Figure 3.5.2
Input and output waveform (8 marks)
Square wave
Input Waveform Output Waveform

15V

0.5 V

0V 0V

-0.5 V

-15 V

Zigzag Wave
Input Waveform Output Waveform

13.5 V

0.5 V

0V 0V

-5 V

-0.5 V

Calculation (6marks)
Experimental Value (Square wave)
V p ( ¿ ) =0.5 V V pp ( ¿ ) =1V
V p ( out )=15 V V pp (out )=30 V

Experimental value (Zigzag wave)

V p ( ¿ ) =0.5 V V pp ( ¿ ) =1V
V p ( out )=9 V ( withan offset of + 4 V ) V pp (out )=18 V
Theoretical Value (Square wave)
d V p (out) −V p (¿)
=
dt Ri C
−V p (¿)
dV p (out)= dt
RiC
500 μs
−1
∫ dV p(out) =
Ri C
∫ V p(¿) dt
0 μs
500 μs
−1
V p (out)=
(1.5 k Ω)(4.7 nF) 0 μs
∫ 0.5 V dt
−1
V p ( out )= ( 0.5 V ) t ¿tt =500
=0 μs
μs

( 1.5 k Ω )( 4.7 nF )
−1
V p ( out )= ( 0.5 V ) (500 μs )
( 1.5 k Ω )( 4.7 nF )
V p ( out )=−35.46 V

Theoretical Value (Zigzag wave)

1. Triangular wave equation

Linear equation 1
( x 1 , y 1 ) =(250 μs , 0 .5V )
( x 2 , y 2 ) =(0 μs , 0 V )

y− y1 =m ( x−x 1 )
y 1− y 2
y− y1 = ( x−x 1)
x1−x 2
0.5−0
y−0.5= ( x−250 μ )
250 μ−0
0.5
y−0.5= ( x−250 μ )
250 μ
y=2000 x
V p (¿ 1)=2000 t

Linear equation 2
( x 1 , y 1 ) =(250 μs , 0 V )
( x 2 , y 2 ) =(50 0 μs , 0.5 V )

y− y1 =m ( x−x 1 )
y 1− y 2
y− y1 = ( x−x 1)
x1−x 2
0.5−0
y−0= ( x−250 μ )
250 μ−500 μ
−0.5
y= ( x−500 μ )
250 μ
y=−2000 x +1
V p (¿ 2)=−2000 t +1
 2. Output Voltage
d V p (out) −V p (¿)
=
dt Ri C
−V p (¿)
dV p (out)= dt
RiC
250 μs 500μs
−1
∫ dV p(out) =
Ri C
∫ V p ( ¿ ) dt + ∫ V p(¿) dt
0 μs 250μs
250 μs 500 μs
−1
V p (out)=
Ri C
∫ 2000 t dt + ∫ −2000 t dt
0 μs 250 μs

Discussion (6 marks)

Total: /100 marks