OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Rf

The most common form of

if
negative feedback with operational Ri
v-
amplifiers is illustrated by the + -
Op Amp
ii
inverting amplifier shown in Fig. 4. v in
v+ + v out

Fig. 4

As before, negative feedback and infinite open loop gain imply v  v  0 .

Since v+ = 0 (i.e. it is connected to ground), v- = 0 also. The inverting input is a
virtual ground; it is not connected to ground, but it is forced by feedback to be at
ground potential. This is an important concept in analyzing Op Amp circuits.
Because the inputs of the ideal Op Amp have very high impedance, they draw
no current, so the same current must flow in Ri and in Rf. Thus
ii  i f . (5)

Note that this is accomplished through negative feedback causing the output
voltage to drop to a sufficiently negative value that a large enough current flows to
drop all of the input voltage across R i , yielding zero voltage at the inverting input.
Since the inverting input is at ground potential (assumed to be zero volts), the voltage
drop across Ri is vin,and the voltage drop across Rf is -vout, so from Eq. (5),
vin v
  out . (6)
Ri Rf

vout R
Thus the gain of the amplifier is  f , (7)
vin Ri

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 As was mentioned earlier, a number of mathematical operations can be
performed with operational amplifiers. One of the most straightforward is addition.
Consider the circuit of Fig. 9.

R3
v3
R2 Rf
v2
R1 v
v1 -
Op Amp

v+ + vout

Fig. 9
Because the noninverting input is connected to ground, the inverting input is a
virtual ground, held at zero potential by negative feedback. Since no current flows
into the input terminal of the amplifier, the current flowing through the feedback
resistor Rf must be equal to the sum of the currents flowing in through the three
resistors, so
vout v1 v2 v3
    (11)
R f R1 R2 R3

Quite naturally, this configuration is called a voltage summer. When R1 = R2 =

R3 = Rf, we obtain vout  (v1  v2  v3 ) . (12)

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Experiment 1. Inverting Amplifier

OBJECTIVE
1. To study the operating principle of inverting amplifier.
2. To measure the input and output waveforms and the voltage gain of inverting
amplifier.

DISCUSSION
Inportant Concepts of OP AMP
1. Virtual ground (virtual short circuit)
The normal short cicuit means that the voltages appearing at two terminals are
equal and the current folwing through these two terminals is the maximum. However,
although V(-) and V(+) of the input terminals ''+'' and ''-'' of th OPA are equal, no
current will actually flow through ''+'' and ''-''. The above phenomenon is called
virtual short circuit, and is also called virtual ground as the ''+'' terminal is typically
connected to the ground in the inverting amplifier. This phenomenon is called by Z i =
 and AV =  of the OPA. Because Zi = , no current will flow into the input
terminal. Because AV = , a significant output voltage will be obtained if a negligible
Vi voltage is applied. As Vi is negligibly small, V(-) and V(+) are thus approximately
equal.
2. Open-loop gain

The open-loop gain is very large, and its ideal value is .

3. Closed-loop gain
The open-loop configuration of the OPA is not suitable for amplifier since its
open-loop gain is too large. The reason is that the excessive gain will easily cause the
output of the amplifier to be saturated. If the OPA is used as the amplifier, a negative
feedback must be added so that the gain will be controllable.

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 Various complicated circuits can be constructed by OP AMP. These circuits, no
matter how complicated it may be, are fundamentally composed of basic circuits. We
will introduce two basic circuits of OP AMP used as amplifiers inverting amplifier
circuit.
No Connection

Offset null
15 V 15 V
Output
+15 V

- + - +
8 7 6 5
To Pin 4 (-15 V ) To Pin 7 (+15 pin)
741
Top View

1 2 3 4 To Pin 1 To Pin 5
10 k
Non-inverting input (+)

-15 V
Inverting input (-)
Offset null

To -15 V

Voltage Offset Null Circuit

Fig. 15 Pin diagram of IC 741

Inverting Amplifier
The inverting amplifier circuits is shown in Fig. 16(a), and its equivalent circuit
is shown in Fig. 16(b).

(a) Practical circuit (b) Equivalent circuit

Fig. 16 Inverting amplifier
According to the concept of virtual ground, we can understand that no current
will flow into the inverting input terminal of OPA. However, because V(-) = V(+) =
0V, V0 = - IfRf and Vi = I1R1 and I1 = If
V0  If R f R
Av    f
Vi I1R1 R1

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 V0 is 1800 out of phase with Vi
This circuit is very stable since its gain is completely determined by the
feedback circuit and is independent of the characteristics of the OPA.
Example: As shown in Fig. 16, R1 = 10K, Rf = 100K, Vi = 0.5V, V0 = ?
Solution:
AV = -Rf/R1 = - 100K/10K = - 10, V0 = Vi.AV = 0.5V .(-10) = - 5V

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1. KL-22001 Basic Electricity Circuit Lab
2. KL-25007 OP Amplifier Circuit Module (2)
3. Oscilloscope

PROCEDURE
1. Set the KL-25007 Module on the KL-22001 Basic Electricity Circuit Lab, and
locate block b. Complete the connections by referring to the circuit in Fig. 17(a) and
the wiring diagram in Fig. 18. Apply +12VDC and -12VDC from Fixed Power on
KL-22001 Lab to KL-25007 Module.
2. Apply a 1KHz sinewave from the Function Generator on the KL-22001 Lab
to the input terminal IN1 (TP3). Connect oscilloscope to the output terminal OUT
(TP7).
3. Gradually increase the amplitude of sine wave so that the oscilloscope
displays maximum undistorted waveform. Measure and record the input voltage V IN1
at IN1 and output voltage VOUT at OUT in Table 1. Compare the phase relationship
between input and output waveforms and calculate the voltage gain
VOUT
Av    ___________ ; phase = _____________.
VIN1

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 4. Disconnect the input signal connections and then connect the input terminal
IN1 to ground. Using the digital multimeter, measure and record the DC level (output
offset voltage) at the output terminal OUT.
Vdc = _______________ [để lâu cho giá trị ổn định]
5. Complete the connections by referring to the circuit Fig. 17(b) and the wirring
diagram in Fig. 19. Connect VR3 to the circuit using the conecting wires.
6. Repeat step 4. If the DC level measured is not 0V, adjust VR3 (100K) so that
this level will be 0V.
7. Repeat steps 2 and 3.
8. Randomly adjust VR3 (100K), then view if the output waveform will be
changed.

Table 1

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(a) Without offset adjust (b) With offset adjust
Fig. 17 Inverting amplifier circuits

Fig. 18 Wirring diagram (KL-25007 block b)

Fig. 19 Wirring diagram (KL-25007 block b)

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CONCLUSION
In an inverting amplifier, the phase difference between input and output voltage
waveforms is 1800, and the voltage gain is determined by input resistance and
feedback resistance.