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ANALOG ELECTRONIC
II
CHAPTER 2:
OP-AMP APPLICATIONS &
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Content
1. Op-amp Application
Introduction
Inverting Amplifier
Non-inverting Amplifier
Voltage Follower / Buffer Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
Differencing Amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator
Comparator
Summary
2. Frequency Response
Op-amp Application
Introduction
Op-amps are used in many different applications. We
will discuss the operation of the fundamental op-amp
applications. Keep in mind that the basic operation
and characteristics of the op-amps do not change —
the only thing that changes is how we use them
Inverting Amplifier
V-
V+
V-
V+
Vin V
V Vout RF
R1
V 0
Vin
Vout RF
R1
Vout RF
Av
Vin R1
Inverting Amplifier
Currents and voltages in the inverting op-amp
Inverting Amplifier - Example
Design an inverting amplifier with a specified
voltage gain.
Specification: Design the circuit such that the
voltage gain is Av = -5. Assume the op-amp is
driven by an ideal sinusoidal source, vs = 0.1sin wt
(V), that can supply a maximum current of 5 µA.
Assume that frequency w is low so that any
frequency effects can be neglected.
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Circuit consists of an op-
amp and three resistors.
The negative (-) input to
the op-amp is grounded
through R1 and also to
the feedback signal from
the output (via RF).
The positive (+) input is
connected to the input
signal.
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Input current to op-
amp is very small.
No signal voltage is
created across R2 and
hence V vin
V V so it follows
that;
V vin
Non-Inverting Amplifier
I 0soRF and R1
carry the same
current. Hence vout is + +
V
related to V through a V
-
voltage-divider I
-
relationship
R1
V vout
R1 RF
R1
vin vout
R1 RF
vout RF
Av 1
vin R1
Non-Inverting Amplifier
The output has the same
polarity as the input,
a positive input signal produces
a positive output signal. +
+
The ratio of R1 and RF V
determines the gain. V
-
-
When a voltage is applied to I
the amplifier, the output
voltage increases rapidly and
will continue to rise until the
voltage across R1 reaches the
input voltage. Thus negligible
input current will flow into the
amplifier, and the gain depends
only on R1 and RF
Non-Inverting Amplifier
The input resistance to
the non-inverting
+
amplifier is very high V
+
current to the I
-
Vout Vin
Vout
Av 1
Vin
Summing Amplifier
The inverting amplifier
can accept two or more
inputs and produce a
weighted sum.
Using the same
reasoning as with the
inverting amplifier, that
V ≈ 0.
The sum of the currents
through R1, R2,…,Rn is:
V1 V2 Vn
iin ...
R1 R2 Rn
Summing Amplifier
The op-amp adjusts if
itself to draw iin
iin
through Rf (iin = if).
Vout iin R f
Rf Rf Rf
V1 V2 ... VN
R1 R2 RN
The output will thus be the sum of V1,V2,…,Vn,
weighted by the gain factors, Rf/R1 , Rf/R2 ….., Rf/Rn
respectively.
Summing Amplifier
Special Cases for this Circuit:
1. If R1 = R2 =……= R then:
Rf
Vout VIN 1 VIN 2 ..... VINn
R1
if
iin
Summing Amplifier
2. If R1 = R2 = … = R and VIN1, VIN2, … are either 0V
(digital “0”) or 5V (digital “1”) then the output
voltage is now proportional to the number of (digital)
1’s input.
if
iin
Summing Amplifier - Application
Digital to Analog Converter
- binary-weighted resistor DAC
Summing Amplifier - Application
Digital to Analog Converter
- R/2R Ladder DAC
Differencing Amplifier
This circuit produces an output which is proportional
to the difference between the two inputs
R1 Rf
+ v out v1 v 2
v1 R1
- RF +
+
- v out
R1 -
+ RF
v2
-
Differencing Amplifier
The circuit is linear so we can look at the output due
to each input individually and then add them
(superposition theorem)
R1
+
v1
- RF +
+
- v out
R1 -
+ RF
v2
-
Differencing Amplifier
Set v1 to zero. The output due to v2 is the same as the
inverting amplifier, so
R1 Rf
v out 2 v2
v1 = 0 R1
RF +
+
- v out
R1 -
+ RF
v2
-
Differencing Amplifier
The signal to the non-inverting output, is reduced by
the voltage divider:
R1 Rf
+ v in v1
v1 + R1 R f
- RF v in +
+
- - v out
R1 -
RF
v2 = 0
Differencing Amplifier
The output due to this is then that for a non-inverting
amplifier:
R1 Rf
+ + v out 1 1 v in
v1 R1
- RF v in +
+
- - v out
R1 -
RF
v2 = 0
Differencing Amplifier
Rf
v in v1
R1 R f
Rf
v out 1 1 v in
R1
R f R f
v out 1 1 v1
R R R
1 1 f
Rf
v out 1 v1
R1
Differencing Amplifier
Rf Rf
v out 1 v1 v out 2 v2
R1 R1
Thus the output is:
Rf
v out v out 1 v out 2 v1 v 2
R1
Thus the amplifier subtracts the inputs and amplifies
their difference.
Integrator
1 1
The capacitive impedance: X c
jC sC
Integrator
Vout 1
Vin sCRi
Integrator
V in V out
- +
0 + - 0
t0
t
t0 t1 t2 t0 - t1 t1 t2
V in
0 V out
Differentiator
The differentiator does the opposite of the integrator
in that it takes a sloping input and provides an output
that is proportional to the rate of change of the input.
Note the capacitor is in the input circuit.
The output voltage can be determined by the formula
below:
R dVin
Vout Vin RC
1 dt
j C
Comparator
The comparator is an op-amp circuit that compares
two input voltages and produces an output indicating
the relationship between them.
The inputs can be two signals (such as two sine
waves) or a signal and a fixed dc reference voltage.
Comparators are most commonly used in digital
applications.
Comparator
Digital circuits respond to rectangular or square
waves, rather than sine waves.
These waveforms are made up of alternating (high
and low) dc levels and the transitions between them.
"Low" dc level
Comparator
Example:
Assume that the digital system is designed to perform
a specific function when a sine wave input reaches a
value of 10 V
Comparator
V ref + Comparator
V
-
Digital
Variable
system
voltage +
source -
V
Comparator
With nonzero-level +V
detection the voltage
divider or zener diode R
sets the reference
voltage at which the V Z
-
op-amp turns goes to V out
the maximum voltage +
level.
V in
V REF
V in 0 t
+V out (max)
V out 0 t
- V out (max)
Comparator Waveforms
Comparator
Remember that the comparator is configured in open-loop,
making the gain very high. This is open-loop configuration.
This makes the comparator very susceptible to unwanted
signals (noise) that could cause the output to arbitrarily switch
states.
Comparator
If the level of the pulse must be less than the output of a
saturated op-amp, a zener-diode can be used to limit the
output to a particular voltage. This is called output bounding.
Either positive, negative, or both halves of the output signal
can be bounded by use of one or two zener diodes
respectively
D1 D2
V in R i +V Z 2 + 0.7 V
0
0
-V Z 2 - 0.7 V
Comparator - Application
Over-Temperature Sensing circuit
Comparator - Application
Analog to Digital Converter
Summary
The summing amplifier’s output is the sum of the inputs.
An averaging amplifier yields an output that is the
average of all the inputs.
The scaling adder has inputs of different weight with
each contributing more or less to the input.
Integrators change a constant voltage input to a sloped
output.
Differentiators change a sloping input into a step voltage
proportional to the rate of change.
The op-amp comparator’s output changes state when the
input voltage exceeds the reference voltage.
Frequency Response of Op-amp
The “frequency response” of any circuit is the
magnitude of the gain in decibels (dB) as a function
of the frequency of the input signal.
The decibel is a common unit of measurement for the
relative magnitude of two power levels. The
expression for such a ratio of power is:
Power level in dB = 10log10(P1/P2)
Note: A decibel is one-tenth of a "Bel", a seldom-
used unit named for Alexander Graham Bell,
inventor of the telephone.
Frequency Response of Op-amp
The voltage or current gain of an amplifier expressed in dB is
20 log10|A|, where A = Vout/Vin.
The frequency response of an op-amp has a low-pass
characteristic (passing low-frequency signals, attenuating
high-frequency signals).
Gain (log scale)
A -3 dB point
fc Freq (Hz)
Frequency Response of Op-amp
The bandwidth is the frequency at which the power
of the output signal is reduced to half that of the
maximum output power.
This occurs when the power gain A drops by 3 dB. In
Figure shown before, the bandwidth is fc Hz.
For all op-amps, the Gain*Bandwidth product is a
constant.
Hence, if the gain of an op-amp is decreased, its
operational bandwidth increases proportionally.