ET1006 Chapter 23 Part 2

Chapter 23:
Operational Amplifiers
(Part 2)
Non-inverting Amplifiers & Voltage
Followers
Coverage :
Section 22-5 (Pg 455 – 460) of textbook
1
Copyright © 2010 Tan Hua Joo & Wong WY, Singapore Polytechnic
Objectives
After completing Part 2 of this chapter, you will be
able to:
• Understand how an op amp can be configured

as an non-inverting amplifier and a voltage
follower.
• Analyse and solve problems involving non-

inverting amplifier and voltage follower circuits.
Recap : Amplifier Performance
Undistorted
Goo Output
d
Amplifier
VIN VOUT
Voltage Gain
AV
Distorted
Output
VOUT = AV VIN
Bad
3
RECAP : OP AMP in Open Loop Configuration
(No negative Feedback)
+VS +Vsaturation
-1mV
VO
+
-VS
Without negative feedback, a small input voltage

drives output to its limits and becomes non-linear
+VS
+1mV
VO
+
-VS
-Vsaturation
• With negative feedback, the closed-loop voltage gain
(Aol) can be reduced and controlled so that the op-amp
can function as a linear amplifier. 4
23-5 Basic Op Amp Configurations
• Negative feedback is one of the most useful concepts in
electronics, particularly in op-amp applications.
• Negative feedback is the process whereby a portion of the
output voltage of an amplifier is returned to the input with
a phase angle that opposes (or subtracts from) the input
signal
RECAP : OP-AMP CONFIGURATIONS WITH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• The extremely high open-loop gain of an op-amp
creates an unstable situation
 small input noise voltage amplified such that
amplifier is driven out of its linear region
 can also cause unwanted oscillations
• Open-loop gain parameter of an op-amp can vary
greatly from one device to another
• Negative feedback creates an effective reduction in gain
by taking a portion of the output and applies it back out
of phase the input
• Closed-loop gain is usually much less than the open-
loop gain and independent of it
6
RECAP : Closed-Loop Voltage Gain, Acl
• The closed-loop voltage gain

 voltage gain of an op-amp with external
feedback
• The amplifier configuration

 op-amp and an external negative feedback
circuit connecting output to the inverting
input
• The closed-loop voltage gain

 determined by external component values
and can be precisely controlled by them
7
RECAP : Effects of Negative Feedback
 Two important conditions must be remembered when we

analyse the closed-loop circuit with negative feedback:
 The input
voltages at the
inverting and
non-inverting IIN = 0
V VS
terminal are
equal. Equal
IIN = 0
i.e. V_ = V+ + VO
V+
-VS
 The input currents to both the inverting and
non-inverting terminals are zero ( ie. no input
current flowing into the op-amp).
8
Non-Inverting Amplifier
 Since the input current Rf
to the op-amp can be
considered as zero, the IIN = 0
same current that flows VS
through Rf will also flow I
V
into Ri V+
Ri + Vout
Vout = I Ri + I Rf = I (Ri + Rf )
-VS
• Due to negative feedback, Vin
V+ = V-
• Since V+ = Vin and V- = I Ri
therefore, Vin = I Ri Vout I ( Ri  R f )
Hence Acl  
Vin I Ri
9
Non-Inverting Amplifier
• The closed loop voltage gain
Rf
Acl  (1  )
for non-inverting amplifier is  Ri
 The expression is positive and this indicates that
the output signal is in-phase with the input signal.
Rf
• The output voltage is  Vout  Vin (1  )
Ri
• The input impedance Zin = extremely high
(approx. infinity)
• The output impedance Zout = extremely low

(approx. zero) 10
Rf (40kW)
EXAMPLE 23-1 Ri
V- +15V
- Vo
10kW V+
+
-15V
Vi 2 V(p-p)
 For the amplifier above :
a Determine the voltage gain, Av .
b Determine the output voltage, Vo .

c Sketch the input and output voltage waveforms
with phase relation.
d Sketch the output waveform if the value of Rf is
first changed to 90 kW and later 190 kW.
11
Rf (40kW)
Solution :
Ri
a The voltage gain, V- +15V
- Vo
Vout Rf 10kW
Acl   1 V+
Vin R1 V+o1 (Acl = 5)
-15V
40 k 5V Vi 2 V(p-p)
1 5
10 k
1V
b The output voltage,

Vo = Acl Vi Vi
= 5 x 2Vp-p
= 10 V(p-p)
12
Rf (40kW)
90 kW
d. Value of Rf is
changed to 90 kW
Ri
V- Vo2 (A cl = 10)
+15V
- Vo
10kW V+
Rf 10V
Vout +
Acl   1 -15V
Vin R1
Vi 2 V(p-p)
90 k
1  10 1V
10 k
Vo = Acl Vi Vi
= 10 (2)
= 20 V(p-p)
13
Rf 190
(40kW)
kW
d. Value of Rf is
changed to 190 kW
Ri Distortion V (Acl = 20)
V- o3
+15V
Vout Rf -
Acl   1 Vsat Vo
10kW V+
Vin R1
+
190 k -15V
1  20
10 k Vi 2 V(p-p)
1V
Vo = Acl Vi
= 20 (2) Vsat depends on
= 40 V(p-p) supply to op-amp. Vi
Output voltage forced

It is typically 1 or 2
into saturation causing volts smaller
the output waveform -Vsat
to be distorted
Distortion 14
Voltage Follower
 This is a special case of non-
inverting amplifier where: V VS
Rf = 0 and Ri = 
 Due to extremely large V+
+ Vout
voltage gain of op-amp,
differential input voltage is -VS
zero when the –ve feedback Vin
loop is closed.
• Hence V+ = Vi
• For voltage follower: Vout = Vin

• The voltage gain, Av of voltage Vout
Acl  1
follower is hence: Vin 15
Voltage Follower
 A voltage follower has the following characteristics:

 Extremely high input impedance
 Extremely low output impedance
 Capable of driving a relatively low resistive
load due to its very small output impedance
 Often used as buffer circuit to match a high
internal resistance signal source to a low
resistive load (illustration on the next slide)
16
VO
VS 9 kW
0.1Vp-p
1Vp-p 1 kW
Smaller output
voltage due to
high source
Source Load resistance
Example of an
application of a VS VO
voltage follower
VS + 1Vp-p
9 kW -VS
1Vp-p 1 kW
Output voltage
equals the
input voltage
Source Load since Vin = V17out
Summary
 With negative feedback, the op-amp can be configured as
an non-inverting amplifier and a voltage follower.
 The closed loop voltage gain for non-inverting
amplifier is
Rf
Acl  (1  )
Ri
 The output signal of a non-inverting amplifier is in-

phase with the input signal.
 For voltage follower: Vout = Vin. This means that the
voltage gain of a voltage follower is 1.
 A voltage follower is often used as buffer circuit to
match a high internal resistance signal source to a
low resistive load
18
End of Chapter 23 (Part 2)
19

ET1006 Chapter 23 Part 2

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ET1006 Chapter 23 Part 2

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Chapter 23:

• Understand how an op amp can be configured

• Analyse and solve problems involving non-

Without negative feedback, a small input voltage

• The closed-loop voltage gain

• The amplifier configuration

• The closed-loop voltage gain

 Two important conditions must be remembered when we

• The output impedance Zout = extremely low

b Determine the output voltage, Vo .

b The output voltage,

Output voltage forced

• For voltage follower: Vout = Vin

 A voltage follower has the following characteristics:

 The output signal of a non-inverting amplifier is in-

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