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Definition
• OP-AMP
– Means operation amplification
EEE 2331 Electronics
OP-AMP
By
Manegene

Construction of OP-AMP: LM741 Block Diagram

The circuit above can be divided into four stages

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Symbol Symbol
a) Dual-inline-packaging (DIP) form
b) Pin Assignment
c) Symbol

Equivalent Circuit of an OP-AMP Operation

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Operation Operation

Operation Ideal Op Amp

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Ideal Op Amp Inverting Operation

Inverting Operation Inverting Operation

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Inverting Operation (Example) Non-Inverting Operation

Given RG =1k
RF = 9k
Vin = 100mV
Determine the circuit
currents and output voltage

Non-Inverting Operation Non-Inverting Operation (Example)

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Differential OP AMP

Difference amplifier Difference amplifier

• Since there are two inputs superposition theorem
can be used to find the output voltage. When Vb=
0, then the circuit becomes inverting amplifier,
hence the output due to Va only is
𝑉𝑜 𝑎 = − 𝑅𝑓 𝑉𝑎
𝑅1

• Similarly when, Va = 0, the configuration is a

inverting amplifier having a voltage divider
network at the non-inverting input

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Difference amplifier (Exercise)

Find vout and iout for the circuit. The input voltage
is sinusoidal with amplitude of 0.5 V.
OP-AMP application

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Negative-Feedback Negative-Feedback
• Negative-feedback is useful concept in electronics, particularly in op-
amp application.
• Without feedback is called open loop configuration.
• Negative-feedback is the process whereby a portion of the Vout of an • With feedback is called closed loop configuration.
amplifier is returned to the input with a phase that opposes the input
signal. • The gain without feedback is called open loop gain.
• The gain with feedback is called closed loop gain.
• The inverting (-) input
effectively makes the
feedback signal 180°
out of phase with the
input signal.

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Inverting Amplifiers Inverting Amplifiers

V-
I −= 0
0V

V+

 Circuit consists of an op-amp and three resistors.

 The positive (+) input to the op-amp is grounded through R2.
 The negative (-) input is connected to the input signal (via R1) and also to the
feedback signal from the output (via RF).
 The circuit is called an inverting amplifier because its voltage gain is -ve.
 This means that if the Vin is increasing or going positive, the Vout will be decreasing
or going negative, and vice versa.
Assume that amplifier operates in its linearly amplifying region.
For an ideal op-amp, Zin = ∞, implies zero current at the inverting (-)
input (I−=0).
Since I−=0, the current through R1 and RF are equal. iin = if

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Inverting Amplifiers Inverting Amplifiers

Virtual ground (0V) V− Virtual ground (0V) V−

V+ V+

No voltage drop between the inverting (-) and non-inverting (+)

V+ = 0 (ground) Vout - 0 0 - Vin
inputs. V−=V+

V− ≈ V+ (virtual equality) RF R1
The non-inverting (+) input is grounded, hence the V − = 0V.
IfRF = Vout − V−
This V − = 0V at inverting (-) input terminal is known as virtual IinR1 = V− − Vin Vout R
ground. - F
If = Iin (no current into inputs) Vin R1

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Inverting Amplifiers Inverting Amplifiers – Example 1
Determine the closed-loop voltage gain of the inverting amplifier
Virtual ground (0V) V− shown.
Rf Rf
Acl (I)  -
82 kW Ri
V+
Ri
82 kW
– -
3.3 kW
Vout 3.3 kW
Vin + = -24.8
V R
 The close-loop voltage gain (Acl): Acl  out  - F The minus sign
Vin R1
indicates inversion.

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Non-inverting Amplifiers Non-inverting Amplifiers

Circuit consists of an op-amp and three

resistors. The circuit is called a non-inverting amplifier
because its voltage gain is +ve.
The negative (-) input to the op-amp is
grounded through R1 and also to the feedback This means that if the Vin is increasing or going
signal from the output (via RF). positive, the Vout will also be increasing or
going positive.
The positive (+) input is connected to the input
signal.

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Non-inverting Amplifiers Non-inverting Amplifiers – Example 2
Resister R1 and RF form a Determine the closed-loop voltage gain of the non-inverting
Vi=0
voltage-divider circuit amplifier in figure below.
Feedback forces Vf to be
Rf
equal to Vin. Hence, the Vin + Acl (NI)  1 
voltage across R1 is Vin Vout
Ri
since Vi ≈ 0. – Rf
82 kW
So that: 82 kW
 1
3.3 kW
Ri
3.3 kW
= 25.8
R1 v R
vin  vout Acl  out  1  F
R1  RF vin R1

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Non-inverting Amplifiers Non-inverting Amplifiers
+
V+
The output has the same The input resistance to the +
V- V+
polarity as the input. - non-inverting amplifier is
I
• a positive input signal very high. V-
• because the input current I-
produces a positive
output signal. to the amplifier is also the
input current to the op-
amp, I+, which must be
The ratio of R1 and RF determines
extremely small.
the gain.
• When a voltage is applied to the amplifier, the Vout
increases rapidly and will continue to rise until the voltage
across R1 reaches the Vin.
• Thus negligible input current will flow into the amplifier,
and the gain depends only on R1 and RF.

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Voltage-Followers / Buffer Amplifiers Summing Amplifiers If
Is a special case of the non-inverting
A summing amplifier has
amplifier, where all of the Vout is fed back
two or more inputs.
to the inverting (-) input by a straight
connection. V − = Vout V + = Vin V−=V+ Using concept of Zin = ∞ 0V
The Vout is same polarity and magnitude and virtual ground: the V-
as the input. Vout = Vin ≈ 0 and has no current
Voltage-follower has very high input impedance; very low output through it.
impedance.
For voltage-follower, the closed-loop voltage gain, Acl = 1. The current of I1, I2, I3… combine and form the total current (If),
Vout which go through Rf.
Av  1 Vout  Vin
Vin I f  I1  I 2  I 3  ...  I n

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Summing Amplifiers If Summing Amplifiers - Example
Find the output voltage of the following Summing Amplifier circuit.

0V

Vout  - I f R f
Vout  -( I1  I 2  ...  I n ) R f
The Vout will thus be the
V V V 
Vout  - IN 1  IN 2  ...  INn  R f sum of Vin1, Vin2, …,VIn,  Rf Rf 
 R1 R2 Rn  multiplied by the gain Vout  - VIN 1  VIN 2 
 R1 R2 
 Rf Rf Rf  factors, Rf/R1 , Rf/R2 …,
Vout  - VIN 1  VINn   10kW 10kW
 1
R R
VIN 2  ... 
R 
Rf/Rn respectively.
Vout  - 2mV   5mV   -45mV
2 n
 1kW 2kW 

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Summing Amplifiers Summing Amplifiers - Example
Summing Amplifier with Unity Gain: Determine the output voltage of the following Summing Amplifier
 Rf Rf Rf  circuit.
1. If R1 = R2 =…= Rf = R, then: Vout  - VIN 1  VIN 2  ...  VINn 
 1
R R2 Rn 
Vout  -VIN 1  VIN 2  .....  VINn 

If

R1 = R2 = R3 = Rf = R, then:

 Rf Rf Rf 
Vout  - VIN 1  VIN 2  VIN 3 
 R1 R2 R3 
Vout  -VIN 1  VIN 2  VIN 3 
Vout  -3V  1V  8V   -12V

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Summing Amplifiers Summing Amplifiers - Example
Summing Amplifier with Gain greater than Unity:
Determine the output voltage of the Summing Amplifier circuit.
 Rf Rf Rf 
Vout  - VIN 1  VIN 2  ...  VINn 
2. If R1 = R2 =……= R , then:
 R1 R2 Rn 
Rf
Vout - VIN 1  VIN 2  .....  VINn 
R
If
 Rf Rf 
R1 = R2 = R , then: Vout  - VIN 1  VIN 2 
 1
R R2 
Rf
Vout  - VIN 1  VIN 2 
R
10kW
Vout  - 0.2V  0.5V   -7V
1.0kW

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Op-Amp Applications
Given Ra = 4kΩ. Determine the value of Rb, Rc and Rf that will
Summing Amplifiers - Example provide an output voltage of Vo = -(3Va+5Vb+2Vc).
Given Ra = 4kΩ. Determine the value of Rb, Rc and Rf that will provide an
output voltage of Vo = -(3Va+5Vb+2Vc).  Rf Rf Rf 
Vo  - Va  Vb  Vc   -(3Va  5Vb  2Vc )
 Ra Rb Rc 
Ra Rf Ra = 4kΩ
 Rf 
 
 4 K Va   3Va
Rb  
Rf  12k
Va
Rc  Rf Rf 
Vout  - VIN 1  VIN 2 
Vb  R1 R2  Vout Hence Rb = 2.4kΩ & Rc = 6kΩ
Vc

Ans: Rf =12 kΩ, Rb = 2.4 kΩ, Rc= 6 kΩ

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Summing Amplifiers Summing Amplifier Applications
Digital to Analog Converter
3. If R1 = R2 = … = R and VIN1, VIN2, … are either 0V (digital “0”) or 5V (digital
• binary-weighted resistor DAC
“1”) then the output voltage is now proportional to the number of (digital)
1’s input.

If

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Op-Amp Applications
Summing Amplifier Applications Differencing Amplifiers
Digital to Analog Converter This circuit produces an output which is proportional to the difference between the
• R/2R Ladder DAC two inputs;
Rf
R1 vout  v1 - v 2 
+ R1
v1
- RF +
+
- v out
R1 -
+ RF
v2
-

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Differencing Amplifiers Differencing Amplifiers
• The circuit is linear so we can look at the output due to each • Set v1 to zero. The output due to v2 is the same
input individually and then add them (superposition theorem). as the inverting amplifier, so:
Rf
R1 R1 vout -2  - v2
+ R1
v1 v1 = 0
- RF + RF +
+ +
- v out - v out
R1 - R1 -
+ RF
+ RF
v2 v2
- -

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Differencing Amplifiers Differencing Amplifiers
• The signal to the non-inverting output, is • The output due to this is then that for a non-inverting amplifier:
reduced by the voltage divider: Rf
v in  v1  Rf 
R1  R f v out -1   1  v in
R1 
R1 R1
+ + + + 
v1 v1
- RF v in + - RF v in +
+ +
- - v out - - v out
R1 - R1 -
RF RF
v2 = 0 v2 = 0

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Differencing Amplifiers Differencing Amplifiers
Rf
v in  v1  Rf  Rf
R1  R f vout -1   v1 vout -2  - v2
 Rf   1
R R1
 Rf  vout -1   v1
v out -1   1  v in  R1  Thus the output is:
 R1 
Rf
vout  vout -1  vout - 2  v1 - v2 
R f  R f  R1

v out -1   1   v1
 
 R 1  R1  R f  Thus the amplifier subtracts the inputs and amplifies their
difference.

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Integrators Integrators

Iin Iin
0A 0A

Vin
The basic integrator is easily identified by the capacitor in the So, the input current is: I in 
feedback loop. Ri
The input resistor (Ri) and the capacitor form an RC circuit. Negligible current at the inverting (-) input (I− = 0A), because of the
The inverting (-) input is at virtual ground (0V), so the voltage very high input impedance.
across Ri equal Vin. This makes all the Iin go through the capacitor: I C  I in

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Integrators – The Capacitor Voltage (VC) Integrators – The Output Voltage (Vout)
Since Iin is constant,
so is IC.
The constant IC
charges the capacitor
linearly, and
produces a linear
ramp voltage across
capacitor.
The +ve side of the capacitor is held at 0V by the virtual ground.
The –ve side of the capacitor (which is Vout) decreases linearly from
zero as the capacitor charges. Vout is same as the voltage on the –ve side of the capacitor.
This voltage, VC at -ve going-ramp is due to constant +ve input. When a constant +ve Vin in the form of step or pulse is applied, the
output is a negative-going ramp until the op-amp saturates at its
maximum –ve level.

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Integrators – The Output Voltage (Vout) Integrators – The Output Voltage (Vout)

If R = 100 kΩ

When a constant -ve Vin in the form of step or pulse is applied, the The slope of the ramp is determined by
output is a positive-going ramp until the op-amp saturates at its the RC time constant.
maximum +ve level. Vout V
The integrator can be used to change a square wave input into a  - in
triangular wave output. t RC

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Integrators - Exercise Integrators - Exercise Vout V
 - in  -25kV / s
Determine the rate of change of the Vout in response to the input The rate of change of the Vout : t RC
square wave. The Vout is initially zero. The pulse width is 200 μs.
Vin
Determine the Vout and draw the waveform. Vout  - t  -(25kV / s)(200s)  -5V
RC
Draw the waveform:
The Vout is initially zero.
The pulse width is 200 μs

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Integrators - Exercise
Beginning in position 2, the switch is thrown into position 1 and held
there for 10 ms, then back to position 2 for 10 ms, and so forth.
Determine the rate of change of the Vout. The Vout is initially zero. The
pulse width is 200 μs. Determine Vout and draw the waveform.
Integrators - Exercise
Beginning in position 2, the switch is thrown into position 1 and held
there for 10 ms, then back to position 2 for 10 ms, and so forth.

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Integrators Integrators

Since I C  I:in
The capacitive impedance:
1 1
Zc   Vin V V
jC sC I  - out  - out  - sCVout
Ri Zc 1 /sC

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Integrators Integrators

Thus, the Vout in time domain:

Vin Vout 1
 - sCVout - 1 1
Ri C 
Vout  - Vin  - Vindt
Ri Vin sCRi jRi C

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Differentiators Rf
Differentiators
R R Rf

Rin C
C Rin C
Vin – C
Vin –
Vin – Vin –
Vout
Vout
Vout + Vout
+
+ Rc +
Rc

Ideal Differentiator Practical Differentiator Ideal Differentiator Practical Differentiator

The ideal differentiator is an inverting amplifier that has a capacitor Ideal differentiator circuit has very high gain for high-frequency
in the input path, a resistor at the feedback loop. noise.
The Vout is proportional to the negative rate of change of the Vin. The practical differentiator, a small series resistor is often added to
the input to reduced high frequency gain and is less prone to noise.

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Differentiators Differentiators t1 –t2
- +
+ -
V in t0 - t1 V out
V in t0
0 0 0 t
t0 t1 t2 V out t1 t2

The differentiator does the opposite of the integrator.

Apply a positive-going ramp voltage to the input.
The voltage across the capacitor equal to Vin (VC = Vin) at all times
because of virtual ground on the inverting (-) input.
Current at the inverting (-) input is negligible (I− = 0A).
When the Vin is a positive-going ramp voltage, Vout is constant -ve.
When the Vin is a negative-going ramp voltage, Vout is constant +ve.
The Vout is constant and equal to the voltage across Rf (Vout = VRf)
because one side of the feedback resistor is always 0V (virtual
ground).

I C  I in  I R

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Differentiators t1 –t2 Differentiators t1 –t2
- + - +
+ - + -
V in t0 - t1 V out V in t0 - t1 V out
V in t0 V in t0
0 0 0 t 0 0 0 t
t0 t1 t2 V out t1 t2 t0 t1 t2 V out t1 t2

During +ve slope of the input, the capacitor is charging from the If the slope of the input increases, Vout increases.
input source. If the slope of the input decreases, Vout decreases.
The constant current through the feedback resistor is in the The amplitude of Vout is determined by:
direction as shown. V 
Vout  I R R f  I C R f I C   C C
During –ve slope of the input, the capacitor is discharging.  t 
V  V 
The current is in the opposite direction. Vout  - C CR f Vout  - in CR f
 t   t 

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Differentiators t1 –t2 Differentiators - Example
- +
+ - Determine the output voltage of the op-amp differentiator below for the triangular-
V in t0 - t1 V out wave input shown.
V in t0
0 0 0 t
t0 t1 t2 V out t1 t2

V 
Vout  - in CR f
 t  Slope of the ramp
V 
Vout  - C  R f C
 t 
 10V 
2.2kW 0.001F   -4.4V
Vout for positive-going ramp
Vout  -
 5s 

Op-Amp Applications
Comparators Comparators
The comparator is an op-amp circuit that compares two input Digital circuits respond to rectangular or square waves, rather than
voltages and produces an output indicating the relationship sine waves.
between them. These waveforms are made up of alternating (high and low) dc
The inputs can be two signals (such as two sine waves) or a signal levels and the transitions between them.
and a fixed dc reference voltage.
Comparator can be used to produce a square wave from a sine Transitions "High" dc level
wave.

"Low" dc level

Comparators are most commonly used in digital applications.

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Comparators : Zero-Level Detection Comparators : Nonzero-Level Detection

Inverting (-) input is grounded to produce a zero level. (a). To detect +ve and –ve voltages, a fixed reference voltage (VREF)
Non-inverting (+) input is connected with input signal voltage. source is connected to the inverting (-) input.
When the sine-wave is +ve, the output is at its maximum +ve (b). Using a voltage divider to set the reference voltage (VREF).
constant level.
When the sine-wave across 0, the amplifier is driven to its opposite VREF 
R2
 V  +V is the +ve op-amp
dc supply voltage.
state and the output goes to its maximum –ve constant level. R1  R2
(c). Using a Zener diode to set the reference voltage (VREF = VZ).

Comparators : Nonzero-Level Detection Comparators : Example

V REF
V in 0 t

+V out (max)
V out 0 t
-V out (max)
As long as Vin is less than VREF, the Vout remains
Comparator at the maximum –ve
Waveforms
Vout.
When the Vin exceeds the VREF, the Vout goes to its maximum +ve Vout.

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Comparators : Solution Comparators : Example

The reference voltage is set by R1 Each time the input exceeds
and R2 as follows: +1.63V, the Vout switches to its
+14V.
VREF 
R2
 V 
R1  R2 Each time input goes below
+1.63V, the Vout switches back to
1.0kW
VREF   15V  its -14V level.
8.2kW  1.0kW
VREF  1.63V

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Comparators
Remember that the comparator is configured in open-loop, making
the gain very high.
This makes the comparator very susceptible to unwanted signals
(noise) that could cause the output to arbitrarily switch states.
Comparators: Output Bounding
Some applications require a limit to the output of the comparator
(such as a digital circuit).
The output can be limited by using one or two zener diodes in the
feedback circuit.
This process of limiting the output range is called bounding.

D1 D2
V in R i +V Z 2 + 0.7 V
0
0

-V ZZ12 - 0.7 V

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Comparators Applications Comparators Applications
Over-Temperature Sensing circuit Analog-to-Digital
(A/D) Converter

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Controlled Sources The practical circuit can be built using an op-amp as shown
Op-amp can be used to form various types of controlled sources. below: (a). using the inverting (-) input.
An Vin can be used to control an Vout or Iout. (b). using the non-inverting (+) input.
Or, an Iin can be used to control an Vout or Iout.

Controlled Sources: (1) Voltage-controlled Voltage Sources

An ideal form of a voltage source whose Vout is controlled by Vin.

Vout  kVin
Vin kVin Vout The Vout is seen to be dependent
 Rf   Rf 
on the Vin (times a scale factor k). V0   - V1 V0  1  V1
 R1   R1 

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Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Controlled Sources: (2) Voltage-controlled Current Sources Controlled Sources: (3) Current-controlled Voltage Sources
An ideal form of circuit providing an I0 controlled by an Vin. An ideal form of a voltage source controlled by an Iin.

I 0  kV1 V0  kI1

The Iout is dependent on the Vin. The Iout is dependent on the Vin.

A practical circuit can be built as follow: A practical form of the circuit is built as follow:

V1
I0   kV1
R1 V0  - I1 RL  kI1
The Iout through RL controlled by
the V1.

Op-Amp Applications Op-Amp Applications

Controlled Sources: (4) Current-controlled Current Sources Summary
An ideal form of a circuit providing an Iout dependent on an Iin. The summing amplifier’s output is the sum of the inputs.
An averaging amplifier yields an output that is the average of all
I 0  kI1 the inputs.
The scaling adder has inputs of different weight with each
contributing more or less to the input.
Integrators change a constant voltage input to a sloped output
A practical form of the circuit is as follow: Differentiators change a sloping input into a step voltage
I 0  I1  I 2 proportional to the rate of change.
IR The op-amp comparator’s output changes state when the input
I 0  I1  1 1 voltage exceeds the reference voltage.
R2
 R1 
I 0  1   I1  kI1
 R2 

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