User's Manual

FOR

OPAMP APPLICATION TRAINER

Ercel Techwologies
C-92, Sector - 63, Noida, U.P. 201309, India

Ph: 0120 -4318572, 08860106750

www.exceltechnologiesonline.in
Email: exceltechnologies.piplani@gmail.com
 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

INIRODUCTION

1opcralional nmplitier IS a multiterminal clectronic device and is used for

fication of AC & DC signal. lt is fabricated integrating a large number of linear
deiccs Basically it 1s a diffcrential amplifier.

Here onc
OPAMP is used as onc

Diftcrence amplificr
Adder & Sub tractor
Integrator
4 Differentiator
Square wave generator

oP-AMP TERMINAL
has 5 basic terminals. There
Op-amp are two input terminals, two-power supplyy
terminals and one output terminal. Other terminals provided vary with type.

For Op-amp 741, pin / & 3 are input terminals pins 4 & 7 are power supply terminals,
pin 6 is output terminals, pin 1& 5 are known as offset null terminals and pin 8 has no
connection.

POWERSUPPLY REQUIREMENT:
Op-amp 741l requires power supply of both tve and -ve polarity. Typical values are
+12V (+/-12V) and it may range from +/-5V to +/-22V. Pin 7 is applied +V and pin 4 is
applied -V

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CHARACTERISTIC:

ldeal Op-amp characteristic are given here for your reference:

Open Loop voltage gain, AoL

Input Impedance, Ri
Output Impedance, Ro
Bandwidth Bw
Zcro Offsets IE. Vo = O when V=V2 =0

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 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

COMMENTS:
It ean be concluded that:

(1) An ldeal Op-amp draws no current at both input terminal l =12 =0 as Ri =

As gain is oo, Va = (V - V2) is essentially zero for finite output :oltage.
(I1)
Output voltage Vo is independent of the current drawn from the output as R, = 0.
(11)
The output can drive and infinite number of other device.

DC CHARACTERISTIC
An ideal Op-amp.draws no current from the source. It is indepencent of temperat
But in actual case, it is not ideal. Further it draws bias current and there is offset in
output voltage etc. The non-ideal characteristic which ass error to DC output voltage is:

1. Input Bias current

2. Input Offset Current
. Input Offset Voltage
4. Thermal Drift

EXPERIMENT NO.:-1
Objective: -To perforn1s a Summing operation practical using OP- 741.

Equipment required: 1.OP-AMP trainer kit.

2.Multimeter
3.Variable Power Supply
4. Connecting Leads

between the
OP-Amp can be used as summing amplifier, depending upon the relationship
feedback resistor and the input resistors. The circuit's function can be verified by
which is obtained from Kirchoff's
examining the expression for the output voltage Vo,
current equation

la+Ib IB +IF.:
Therefore,
Va/Ra+Vb/Rb= -Vo/RF
Or
Vo (RF/Ra x Va+ RF/Rb x Vb)

2
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 OP-AMP APPLICATIONTRAINER
Ra
+Va
V R
10K
10K
+Vec
+
10K
B2=
Vi
741/35 -o Vo = VatVb
IB1 = 0

10K -VEE
10K

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect thecircuit on the OP-AMP trainer kit as
1. Connect neçessary input voltage source shown in figure above.
experiment.. (variable power supply) for
2. Set the înput voltage Va to say
performig the
3. Set the Input Voltage Vb to say 1Volts
2 Volts.
4. Using a Multinmeter measure the output
Rf are:all of same value 10K, thèn the voltage as per the equation. If the Ra, Rb and
unity. output voltage should be 3Volts as the
gain is

EXPËRIMENT NO.: 2
Objective: -To performs a Subtracting operation practical using OP- AMP.
Equipment required: - 1.OP-AMP trainer kit.
2. Digital Multimeter
3.Variable Power Supply

3
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 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

RA
W
VCC

10K

Rb -o Vo=Vb-Va

OK
310K
-VEE

or Amp can be used as sub tractor. The

output voltage of the differential
a gain ofl is amplifier with
Vo R/R (Va - Vb)

That is, Vo = Vb - VNa

Thus the output voltage Vo is equal to the voltage Vb

terminal minus the applied to the non-inverting
voltage Va applied to the inverting terminal;
as sub tractor. hence the circuit is called

PROCEDURE:
. Connect the circuit on the OP-AMP trainer kit
2. Connect necessary shown in figure above.
as
input voltage source (variable power supply) for performing the
experiment.
3. Set the Input voltage Va to say 3Volts
4. Set the Input Voltage Vb to say 1 Volts.
Using a
Multimeter measure the output voltage as per the equation. Since all the
resistances are of same value say.10K, the gain is
should be 3-1 =2Volts
unity, then the output voltage

EXPERIMENT NO.: -3
Objeetive: -To performs an integration Operation using OP- 741

Equipment required: 1.0P-AMP trainer kit.

2.0sciloscope
3:Function generator.

Brief theory: - In an integrator circuit, the input and feedback components are resister &
capacitor respectively. The virtual ground equivalent circuit shows that an expressiqn for

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 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

the voltage, between input and

output can be divided in terms of current 1, from
lupa
output.
The Capacitive impedance can
berexpressed as

Xc=1/jo=l/sC

Where s=jois in the laplace notation. Solving for Vo/Vi

yield
=Vi/R=-Vo/1/sC=-sCVo

Vo/Vi-1/sCR
The expression carn be written in time domain as
Vo-1/RC Vi (t). dt
The above equation show that when we select value of R
scale factor för given values is =10kQ and C =
0.01 uf then

= -1000

RC(1Ok2)(0.01 jut)
Means the output is steeper ramp voltage. we can change the value
of
changing the valuë of the R and C, and observe the waveform for thesescaling
values.factor by
0.1uf

1OK

10k O Vo
Vi .

PROCEDURE:
1 Connect the circuit on the OP-AMP, trainer kit as shown in below figure.
2 Connect neçessary input voltage source (function generatór) for performing the
experiment.
3 Set.the Input frequency to 500. Hz

4 Set the output yoltage of the function generator to the level of 5V or so

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 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER
Connect the oscilloscope in the output for
6 Change the value of R and C observing the output waveform.
observe the output waveform. (for changing the value of scaling factor) and.then

The input and output waveforms for the

Integrator are shown below.
INPUT:
When the input signal is Vi = ?

OUTPUT:
The output signal respective to input is Vo=t
3

AA
EXPERIMENT NO:-4
Objective: -To performs a differentiator practical using OP- 741.
Equipment required: -
1.0P-AMP trainer kit.
2.0sciloscope
3.Function generator.
Brief. theory: - In a differentiator circuit the input and feedback components are
capacitor:& resistor respectively. The virtual ground equivalent circuit show that an
expression for the vóltage between input and output can be divided in terms of current I1,
frominput to output: The output voltage is differentiated input voltage.
Inideal case (lgnoring the series resistance R1 while calculating the std. equation)

Using kichoffs law .".

We have at node Vri

Ic-Ir, (kirchoffs current law)
Cd(Vn-Vi)=Vo-Vn

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 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

dt R
Then the output voltage is
Vo (1)=RC dvi ()
dt
Where the scaling fnctor is -RC
This is the stanidard equation for the differentiator.

1OK

Ir

R1
0.01t
m
OK

Vii Vo

.'
PROCEDURE: -,
Connect the circuit on the OP-AMP trainer kit as shown in below figure.
2 Cornnect necessary input voltage source (function generator) for performing the
experiment.
3 Set the Input frequency to 500 Hz
Set the output: voltage of the fünction generator to the level of 5V or sq
5 Connect the oscilloscope-in the output for observing the output waveform.
Change the value of R and C (for changing the value of scaling factor) and then
observe the. output waveform.
.

The input and output waveforms for the differentiator are shown below.

INPUT:
When the input 'signal is Vi =Ft

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 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

OUTPUT:

The output signal respective to input is Vo=2t

EXPDRIMENT NO.: 5
OP- AMP.
Objective: -To performs an Inverter Amplifier operation practical using
:

Equipment required: - 1.0P-AMP trainer kit.

2. Digital Multimeter
3.Variable Power Supply
.

Op-Amp can be used as Inverting amplifier.

In Inverting amplifier only one ihput is
terminal is grounded. The
applied and second input is grounded. le non-inverting and is'
the
A4
180 degrees amplified by gain
output. voltàgeis oue of phase with the input by
Rf/R1
vóltage is, Vo=-A(V1) where A
=

So the output

R=20K

AA
RI = 10K

Vo-AV

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 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit on the OP-AMP trainer kit as shown in figure above.
2 Connect necessary input voltage source (variable power supply) for performing the
experiment.
3 Set the Input voltage VI to say 1.5 Volts
4 Using a Multimeter measure the output
here is 2 ie A=2, then the output' voltage voltage
as per the
should be -3Volts equation. Since
as Vo - A Vi the gain

EXPERIMENT NO.:6
Objective: -To performs a Non Inverter Amplifier operation practical using OP-
AMP.

Equipment required:- 1.0P-AMP trainer kit.

2. Digital Multimeter
3.Variable Power Supply

Op-Amp can be used as Non Inverting amplifier. In Inverting amplifier only one input is
applied and the second input is grounded. le inverting terminal is grounded. The output
voltage is in phase with the input ánd is amplified by gain A

So the output voltage-is, Vo= A (V1) where A = Rf/ R1

M
R=20K

RI= 10K

Vo =AVi
Vi 10K

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 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the cirçuit on the OP-AMP trainer kit
5 Conneot necessary input as shown in figure above.
voltage source (variable
experiment. power supply) for performing the
Set the Input voltage V1 to say 1.5 Volts
Using a Multimeter measure the
here is 2 ie A=2 then the output output voltage as
, per the equation. Since the gain
voltage should be 3Volts as Vo =
A Vi

EXPERIMENT NO.: -1
Objective: To
performs an Square wave generator
AMP. operation practical using OP-
Equipment required:. 1.0P-AMP trainer kit.
2. Digital Multimeter
3.Variable Power Supply

Brief theory: Square wave outputs are

in the saturated region. That is the output generated when the op-amp is forced to operate
of the
between positive saturation +Vsat (=+Vcc) and op-amp is forced to swing
,

repetitively
resulting in the negative saturation
square -wave output. One such circuit is shown in - Vsat (=- VEE),
square waye generator is also called a free figure 8-21(a). This
of the op-amp running or a stable multivibrator. The output
in this.circuit will be in positive or
whether the differential voltage Uid is negative or negative saturation, depending on
positive, respectively.
at the instant the dc supply
Assume that the voltage across capacitor C is zero volts
voltages +Vcc and -VEE are
voltage. at the inyerting terminal is zero initially. At the applied:
This means that the
same instant,
however,
voltageVi at the non-inverting terminal is a very small finite vale that is f function of the
the
outpüt offset voltageVooT and the values of Ri and R2 resistors. Thus the differential
input.yoltage Uid.is equal to the voltage Vi at the non-inverting terninal. Although very
small,'voltage VI .will start to drive the op-amp into saturation. The op-amp's output
voltage at negativë saturation -Vat, the Voltage Vi across Ri

..

!0
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 OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER

The
op-amp s. output voltage at positive saturation -Vat, the Voltage V1 across K

Ri
R Ri+ R2 (-Vsat)

Ri
.Vi (+ Vsat)
Ri+ R2

T : 2RCIn 2R1 + R2
R2

2RC In [(2RI+
R2)/R2]
.
..

Equation (8-26) indicates that the frequency of the output Fo is not.only a function of'the
RC time constant but also of the relationship between R1 and R2. For example, If R2, =
1.16R1, Equation (8-26b) becómes

Fo
2RC

V2 R
w
0.05uF 10k2
+Vcc

Vid
R1 V. 741/351 O vo

10k2
V-VEE
R2

10k

ii
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 OP-AMP APPLiCATION TRAINER

PROCEDURE
1Conneci.the cireuit on the OP-AMP trainer kit as shown in figure above.
2. Connect the oscilloscope in the outpu.
3observe the output waveform on CRO.

Qut put wave form is shown below:-

2
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