MODULE - V

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP)

1. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory - Robert L. Boylestad and Louis

Nashelsky - 11th Edition, Pearson Education India – 10 and 11 Chapters
2. Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version - Thomas L. Floyd –
10th Edition, Global Edition – 12 and 13 Chapters
 OP-AMP

 Introduction
 Basic Operation
 Terminal Characteristics
 Negative feedback and virtual short concept
 Applications
▪ Inverting Amplifier
▪ Non-inverting Amplifier
▪ Unity Follower/Buffer Amplifier
▪ Summing Amplifier
▪ Integrator
▪ Differentiator
 OP-AMP - INTRO
 Operational amplifier or op-amp, is a very high gain differential
amplifier with a high input impedance (typically a few meg-Ohms)
and low output impedance (less than 100 Ω).
 IC 741 widely used as op-amp circuit
SYMBOL
 In General

V1, V2 → Inputs → in terms of 𝝁𝑽

Vout → Output → in terms of V
A – Open loop gain (No feedback) → in terms of 𝟏𝟎𝟔
VOLTAGE TRANSFER CURVE OF OP-AMP
 OPERATION OF OP-AMP

 Single ended operation

▪ Inverting amplifier
▪ Non-inverting amplifier

 Double ended operation

▪ Differential amplifier
 Double-ended input with double-ended output
 Single-ended input with double-ended output

 Differential-output

 Differential-input, differential-output operation

 Common mode operation

 SINGLE ENDED OPERATION

Non-inverting → I/p at + Inverting → I/p at -

 Non-inverting amplifier

Phase difference b/w input and output = 𝟎°

 Inverting amplifier

▪ Phase difference b/w input and output = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

▪ “-” sign represents the 𝟏𝟖𝟎° phase shift
DOUBLE ENDED OPERATION
 COMMON MODE

𝒗𝟎 = 𝟎

𝒗𝒅 = 𝟎

Practically, a small output signal will result in terms of mV

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
IDEAL OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS
OP-AMP IC 741 SPECIFICATIONS
INVERTING & NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER
 NEED OF FEEDBACK
 If we want to use op-amp as a amplifier, we need to use in
linear region
 But for open loop op-amp → Linear range is very short

 Control gain → F/b is required

+ Feedback
1. Positive f/b → Leads instability
2. Negative f/b → Preferred

− Feedback
 INVERTING OP-AMP

Relationship b/w input and output

CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL GROUND
 INVERTING OP-AMP

▪ Closed loop gain depends on 𝑹𝒇 & 𝑹𝟏

▪ “-” sign represents the 𝟏𝟖𝟎° phase shift
NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
NON-INVERTING OP-AMP

X
NON-INVERTING OP-AMP
 DIFFERENCE B/W INVERTING & NON-
INVERTING OP-AMP

Parameters Inv. Op-amp Non-inv. Op-amp

Input and Output 1800 Same phase (0° )
Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅1 i.e Low 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = ∞ (Very
(𝑍𝑖𝑛 ) (Depends on 𝑅1 ) High)
Application Amplifier Voltage Follower
or Buffer
𝒁𝒊𝒏 OF INVERTING OP-AMP
 𝒁𝒊𝒏 OF NON-INVERTING OP-AMP

𝑹𝒇 = 𝟎 & 𝑹𝟏 = ∞ → Circuit act as Buffer or voltage follower

 NON-INVERTING OP-AMP – BUFFER OR
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER 0R UNITY FOLLOWER
NON-INVERTING OP-AMP – BUFFER OR
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

 More than one input signal

 Output is sum of amplified input signals

 No interference between the input signals (Virtual ground)

 Additional operations: Averaging and Scaling

 Types
1. Inverting summing amplifier
2. Non- Inverting summing amplifier
 Applications
 Digital to analog converter
 Audio mixer
 Providing DC offset
INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER
INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER
INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER - ADDITION
INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER - SCALING
INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER - AVERAGING
 ADVANTAGES
 No interference
 Applications – D2A, Audio mixer etc

 Output make it + ve by adding unity gain op-amp

NON - INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER
NON - INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER…
NON - INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER…
NON - INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER…
NON - INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER…
NON - INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER…
NON - INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER…

▪ High Complexity
▪ Sources are not isolated
▪ Inverting summing
amp - preferable
PROBLEMS
PROBLEM – 1: CMRR

𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒑 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏

=𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏
 PROBLEM – 2: CMRR

What is CMRR in decibels for a typical 741C op-

amp?
The typical open-loop differential gain for the
741C is 200,000 and the typical common-mode
gain is 6.3.
 Aol 
CMRR = 20log  
 Acm 
200,000
= 20log = 90 dB
6.3
(The minimum specified CMRR is
70 dB.)
PROBLEM -3: INVERTING OP-AMP
PROBLEM -4: INVERTING OP-AMP
PROBLEM -5: INVERTING OP-AMP
PROBLEM -6: NON-INVERTING OP-AMP
PROBLEM -7: NON-INVERTING OP-AMP
PROBLEM -8:
OP-AMP BW
 PROBLEM -9: SUMMING AMPLIFIER

Inverting
PROBLEM -10: SUMMING AMPLIFIER
PROBLEM -11: SUMMING AMPLIFIER
PROBLEM -12: SUMMING AMPLIFIER -
AVERAGING
 PROBLEM -13:
SUMMING AMPLIFIER -
SCALING
PROBLEM -14: OFFSET VOLTAGE
PROBLEM -15: OFFSET VOLTAGE
 Module 5
Additional Problems on Op-amp
Part-1
Problem 1:
Assertion (A): In an op-amp circuit with negative feedback, when one input terminal of the op-amp
is grounded, the other terminal becomes a virtual ground.
Reason (R) Input impedance of the op-amp is high.
(a) Both A and B are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and B are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
Problem 2:
Assertion (A): Operational amplifier should have a high slew rate for good transient response.
Reason (R) Slew rate is the maximum rate of change of the output voltage of the operational
amplifier when a large amplitude step is applied to its input.
(a) Both A and B are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and B are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
Problem 3:
In a circuit of Op-amp, if the open loop gain is 106 and output voltage is 10 volts, the differential
voltage should be
(a) 10μV
(b) 0.1 μV
(c) 100 μV
(d) 1 μV
Problem 4:
For a given op-amp, CMRR=105 and differential gain=105. What is the common mode gain of the
op-amp?
(a) 1010
(b) 2 ˟ 105
(c) 105
(d) 1
Problem 5:
An Op-amp has a differential mode gain of 1,00,000 and a common mode gain of 25. Then common
mode rejection ratio in dB is
(a) 46 dB
(b) 72 dB
(c) 106 dB
(d) 144 dB
Problem 6:
The op-amp and the 1mA current source in the circuit of figure are ideal. The output of the Op-amp
is

(a) -2.0 V
(b) -1.5V
(c) -7.5V
(d) +1.5 V
Problem 7:
What is the gain of the amplifier circuit shown in the figure?

(a) 255
(b) 31
(c) -31
(d) -255
Problem 8:
The magnitude of the gain Vo/Vi in the inverting op-amp circuit shown is x with switch S open.
When switch S is closed, the magnitude of the gain will be?

(a) x
(b) x/2
(c) 2x
(d) 2/x
Thank You

10