Elements of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics

Mechanics: statics and dynamics, moments, stress-strain

diagram, tension, compression and bending.
Stress and Strain Relationship
 Stress
•Internal resistance offered by the material per
unit cross-sectional area is called STRESS.
F
•  = Where, F= Force, A = Cross-sectional
A
area,  = stress
Unit of Stress: Pascal = 1 N/m2
Tensile stress can be defined as the magnitude of force applied along an elastic
rod, which is divided by the cross-sectional area of the rod in a direction
perpendicular to the applied force. Tensile means the material is under tension
and that there are forces acting on it trying to stretch the material.

Stress is the force per unit area of a material, thus:

Tensile Stress = Force / Cross-sectional Area

Compressive stress is the force that is responsible for the deformation of the
material such that the volume of the material reduces. It is the stress experienced
by a material which leads to a smaller volume. High compressive stress leads to
failure of the material due to tension.

Compressive stress = Force / Cross-sectional Area

Shear stress: When an external force acts on an object, It undergoes
deformation. If the direction of the force is parallel to the plane of the object.
The deformation will be along that plane. The stress experienced by the object here
is shear stress or tangential stress.
Material properties
• Strength and stiffness of structures is function of
size and shape, certain physical properties of
material.
•Properties of Material:-
• Elasticity
• Plasticity
• Ductility
• Malleability
• Brittleness
• Toughness
• Hardness
Elasticity:
• It is the property of material from which material regains its ogginal shape after
removing applied load.

• It is the property of material from which material if we pull it and leave it, then it will
come back in its shape again, it is called Elasticity. This property is useful for materials
used in tools and machines.

E.g. steel is more elastic than rubber.

Plasticity:
• It is the property of material from which material not regains its orginal position after
removing applied load.

• It is the property of material from which if we pull but it cannot regain its original
position when leaving it, then it is called plasticity.

Eg: This property of the material is compulsory for forgings, in stamping

images on coins and ornamental work.
Ductility:
It is the property of the material that we can pull and make it into long wire form by
applying load, we call it Ductility. A ductile material needs to both strong and plastic.

e.g. The ductile material used in mild steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, tin, and
lead.

Malleability:
If we beat any metal that causes it to spread and form into a sheet form, So we call this
property Malleability. A malleable material needs to be plastic but it is not essential to
be strong.

E.g. Malleable material is used in engineering practice is lead, soft steel., wrought iron,
copper, and aluminum.
 Ductility and Brittleness
When evaluating the suitability of a material for certain manufacturing
processes or its appropriateness for a given application, the amount of
plasticity that precedes fracture, or the ductility, can often be a
significant property.

For metal deformation processes, the greater the ductility, the more a
material can be deformed without fracture.

When materials fail with little or no ductility, they are said to be

brittle. Brittleness, however, is simply the lack of ductility, and should
not be confused with a lack of strength.

Strong materials can be brittle, and brittle materials can be strong.

 Hardness
Resistance of a material to deformation, indentation, or penetration by
means such as abrasion, drilling, impact, scratching, and/or wear,

measured by hardness tests such as Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, or

Vickers.
 Toughness

Material that if we bend or twist, how much energy can absorb before it breaks is called
Toughness.

The toughness of the material has been decreased when it is heated. So Toughness is
properties that provide information about the capacity to absorb maximum energy. In
this, we suddenly impact and check how much energy is absorbed at that time.

The toughness of metal is determined by Impact testing machine.

It has a pendulum that suddenly attacks the material, and connects its maximum energy
absorbing capacity.

Impact testing has done by two types:

1. IZOD Testing
2. Charpy Testing
 Strain
•It is defined as deformation(change in length) per unit
length

• it is the ratio of change in length to original length

•Tensile strain = increase in length = 
L
(+ Ve) () Original length L

Compressive strain = decrease in length =  

P
(- Ve) () Original length L

Strain is dimensionless quantity.

  Hooke’s Law
A

E
O 
• Hooke’s Law:-
Up to elastic limit, Stress is directly proportional to strain

 =E ; where E=Young’s modulus
=P/A and  =  / L
P/A = E ( / L)
 =PL /AE
Stress-Strain Curve for Mild Steel (Ductile Material)
The stress strain diagram for a ductile material like mild steel is shown above.
The curve starts from origin ‘O’, showing thereby that there is no initial stress
or strain in the specimen. Upto point ‘A’, Hooke’s law is obeyed and stress is
proportional to strain. Therefore, ‘OA’ is a straight line. Point ‘A’ is called the
limit of proportionality. Upto point ‘B’, the material remains elastic, i.e.
removal of the load, no permanent set is informed. ‘AB’ is not a straight line.
Point ‘B’ is called the elastic limit point. Beyond point ‘B’, the material goes to
the plastic stage until the upper yield point ‘C’ is reached. At this point the
cross sectional area of the material starts decreasing and the stress decreases
to a lower value to point ‘D’, called the lower yield point. Between ‘DE’ the
specimen elongates by a considerable amount without any increase in stress.
From point ‘E’ onwards, the strain hardening phenomena becomes
predominant and the strength of the material increases thereby requiring
more stress for deformation, until point ‘F’ is reached. At point ‘F’, necking of
the material begins and the corresponding stress is called the ultimate
strength. At point ‘F’, necking of the material begins and the cross-sectional
area decreases at a rapid rate. The apparent stress decreases but the actual or
true stress goes on increasing until the specimen breaks at point ‘G’, called the
point of fracture. The fracture of ductile material is of the cup and cone type.
A member LMNP is subjected to point loads as shown
following. E= 210 GN/m2. Calculate
i. Force P necessary for equilibrium
ii. Total elongation of the bar
 Resolve forces along the axis of the
50 KN 50 KN rod:

50+500 = P+200
P= 350 KN

P Total elongation of the rod is sum of

P
section 1, 2 and 3.

Δl1= (P1 *L1)/(A1*E)=

Δl2= (P2 *L2)/(A2*E)=

200 KN 200 KN Δl3= (P3 *L3)/(A3*E)=

Total=
Thank You