Linear Integrated Circuits and Digital Systems

(MTE 3105)

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
(Op-Amp)
REFERENCES
 Principle of Electronics (Ch. 25)- VK Mehta
 A Textbook of Electrical Technology- Volume-IV:
Electronic Devices and Circuits-By B.L.Theraja, A.K.
Theraja
 Op-amps and Linear integrated circuit technology-By
Ramakant A Gayakwad
What does an AMPLIFIER do?
 What is an IC?
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
INSIDE AN IC
OP-AMP IS AN AMPLIFIER IC
WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH OP AMPS?
 You can make music louder when they are used in stereo
equipment.

 You can amplify the heartbeat by using them in medical

cardiographs.

 You can use them as comparators in heating systems.

 You can use them for Math operations like summing,

integration etc.
OP-AMP (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER)
 It is a very high-gain, high-rin directly-coupled negative-feedback amplifier
which can amplify signals having frequency ranging from 0 Hz to a little
beyond 1 MHz. They are made with different internal configurations in
linear ICs. An OP-AMP is so named because it was originally designed to
perform mathematical operations like summation, subtraction,
multiplication, differentiation and integration etc. in analog computers.
Present day usage is much wider in scope but the popular name OP-AMP
continues.

 An OP-AMP is an integrated circuit (IC) used for amplification of

signals.
 It is the most widely used analog IC.
 It is used in control systems, instrumentation, signal processing etc
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
 The Operational Amplifier or "op-amp" is an amplifier
with two inputs and one output. One input is the
inverting input and the other is a non inverting input.
IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
When an OP-AMP is operated without connecting any resistor or capacitor
from its output to any one of its inputs (i.e., without feedback), it is said to
be in the open-loop condition. The word ‘open loop’ means that
feedback path or loop is open. The specifications of OP-AMP under
such condition are called open-loop specifications. An ideal OP-AMP (Fig.
68.3) has the following characteristics :

1. its open-loop gain Av is infinite i.e., Aν = − ∞

2. its input resistance Ri (measured between inverting and non-
inverting terminals) is infinite
i.e., Ri = ∞ ohm
3. its output resistance R0 (seen looking back into output
terminals) is zero i.e., R0 = 0 Ω
4. it has infinite bandwidth i.e., it has flat frequency response from
dc to infinity.
5. Infinite bandwidth with zero phase shift and infinite slew rate
6. Infinité Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
7. Infinite power supply rejection ratio.
Following additional points are worth noting :
1. infinte input resistance means that input current i = 0 as
indicated in Fig. It means that an ideal OP-AMP is a voltage-
controlled device.
2. R0 = 0 means that v0 is not dependent on the load
resistance
connected across the output.
3. though for an ideal OP-AMP Av = ∞, for an actual one, it
is extremely high i.e., about 106. However, it does not mean that 1
V signal will be amplified to 106 V at the output. Actually, the
maximum value of v0 is limited by the basis supply voltage, typically
± 15 V. With Av = 106 and v0 = 15 V2 the maximum value of input
voltage is limited to 15/106 = 15 μV. Though 1 μV in the OP-AMP,
can certainly become 1 V.
Virtual Ground: The concept of virtual ground arises
from the fact that input voltage νi at the inverting
terminal of the OP-AMP is forced to such a small value
that, for all practical purposes, it may be assumed to be
zero. Hence, point A is essentially at ground voltage and
is referred to as virtual ground. Obviously, it is not the
actual ground, which, as seen from Fig. is situated
below.
 OP-AMP BLOCK DIAGRAM

V+
Inverting Input
(- VIN)

Differential Voltage
Voltage Output
Output
Differential
Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier
Amplifier Output
Amplifier Amplifier

Noninverting
Input (+ VIN)

V-
Figure 1 Op Amp Block Diagram
OP-AMP HAS 3 –STAGE AMPLIFIER
CIRCUITS

 First Stage : Differential Amplifier -it gives the OP-AMP

high input impedance (resistance)
 Second Stage: Voltage Amplifier – it gives high gain
 Third Stage : Output Amplifier (Emitter Follower) –
gives low output impedance (resistance)
OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS

1. Very high input impedance

2. Very high gain
3. Very low output impedance

OP-AMP is a differential, voltage amplifier with high gain.

OP-AMP IS A DIFFERENTIAL,
VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER WITH
HIGH GAIN. WHY????
 Differential Amplifier: Because it amplifies the
difference between 2 voltages
 Voltage Amplifier: Because input and output are voltages

 High Gain Amplifier: Because the voltage gain is very

high (> 100,000)
THE 741 OP-AMP
The most common op-amp is the 741 IC.
PACKAGING TYPES

OPA547FKTWT )b( TO-5 metal can )c(

Leads package-8
Op Amp 741 )a( DIP SMT package
pins DIP package-8
Figure : Op Amp packages
OP-AMP PINS IDENTIFICATION

741
1 8 1 8
VCC+ VCC+

2 - 7 2 - 7

3 + 6 3 + 6

VEE- VEE-
4 5 4 5

a) Dot marked Package b) Notched Package

Figure 3 Op Amp pins Identification

WHAT ARE THESE PINS?

Offset Null .1
1 8 N / C .8
741

Inverting Input –VIN .2

2 7 VCC+ .7

Noninverting Input .3 3 6 Output.6

+VIN

VEE- 4 5
Offset Null.5

Figure 4 Op Amp pins Description

http://www.quia.com/pp/200743.html
WHAT ARE THESE PINS?
 Pin 1 and Pin 5 : Offset null input, are used to remove the
Offset voltage. [The input offset voltage is a parameter defining the
differential DC voltage required between the inputs of an amplifier, especially an
operational amplifier (op-amp), to make the output zero (for voltage amplifiers, 0
volts with respect to ground or between differential outputs, depending on the
output type)]
 Pin 2: Inverting input (-VIN), signals at this pin will be
inverted at output Pin 6.
 Pin 3: Non-inverting input (+VIN), signals at pin 3 will be
processed without inversion.
 Pin 4: Negative power supply terminal (-VEE).
 Pin 6: Output (VOUT) of the Op-Amp
 Pin 7: Positive power supply terminal (+VCC)
 Pin 8: No connection (N\C), it is just there to make it a
standard 8-pin
 offset voltage can be defined as the slight amount of
voltage that appears at the output when the voltage
differential (ΔVIN) between the input pins is 0 V.
Because of high gain provided by 741 Op-Amp, even
slight differences in voltages at the inverting and non-
inverting inputs, caused due to irregularities in
manufacturing process or external disturbances, can
influence the output. To nullify this effect, an offset
voltage can be applied at pin1 and pin5, and is usually
done using a potentiometer.
OFFSET NULL ADJUSTMENT
(PRACTICAL)
 VO V
VS+

N/C

8 7 6 5

A741

1 2 3 4

VS-

VIN = 0

Figure 22 Offset Null adjustment

 INTERNAL SCHEMATIC & WORKING OF IC 741
A standard 741 operational amplifier is made up of a circuit containing 20
transistors and 11 resistors.
INTERNAL SCHEMATIC & WORKING OF IC 741
 Inverting and non-inverting inputs are connected to two NPN transistors, Q1 & Q2
respectively. Both the transistors behave as NPN emitter followers, with their
outputs fed to a pair of PNP transistors Q3 & Q4, which are configured to function
as common-base amplifiers. This configuration isolates both the inputs and
prevents possible signal feedback that might occur.
 Voltage swings at the inputs of Op-Amp can influence the current flow in the
internal circuit and it might go beyond the active operation range of any transistor
in the circuit. In order to prevent that from happening, two current mirrors are
used.
 Transistor pairs Q8, Q9 and Q12, Q13 are arranged to form the two current mirror
circuits. The transistors Q8 and Q12 are the controlling transistors, which sets the
emitter base voltage of the other transistor in the corresponding pair.
 This voltage is controlled precisely down to fractions of millivolts in order to
allow only the required amount of current to flow. The first current mirror formed
by Q8 & Q9 are coupled to the input circuit and the second current mirror formed
by Q12 & Q13 are coupled to the output circuit.
INTERNAL SCHEMATIC & WORKING OF IC 741
 A third current mirror formed by the transistors Q10 & Q11 acts as a high-
impedance connection between the input circuit and negative of the power
supply. It provides a reference voltage without loading the input circuit and
sets the slight base bias current required by the PNP transistors at the input
common-base amplifier circuit.
 Transistor Q6 along with resistors 4.5 KΩ and 7.5 KΩ form a voltage level
shifter circuit, which drops the voltage from input amplifier circuit by 1V
before it is sent to the succeeding circuit. This is done to prevent signal
distortions at the output amplifier stage.
 Transistors Q15, Q19 & Q22 are configured to work as a class A amplifier and
the transistors Q14, Q17 & Q20 form the output stage of the 741 Operational
Amplifier.
 To balance any irregularities at the input differential circuit, transistors Q5, Q6
and Q7 are used to form an arrangement that takes in two inputs (Offset
null(+), Offset null(-)) and balances both the inverting and non-inverting
inputs accordingly.
 A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through
one active device by controlling the current in another active
device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant
regardless of loading. The current mirror is used to provide bias
currents and active loads to circuits.
 compensation capacitor (30 pF): frequency compensation is a
technique used in amplifiers, and especially in amplifiers
employing negative feedback. It usually has two primary goals:
To avoid the unintentional creation of positive feedback, which
will cause the amplifier to oscillate, and to control overshoot
and ringing in the amplifier's step response.
SYMBOL OF OP-AMP
VS+

VIN- VIN-

- -
VOUT VOUT

VIN+ VIN+

+ +

VS-

Without power connection )a( With power connection )b(

Figure 5 Op Amp Schematic Symbols

MOST OP AMPS REQUIRE DUAL
POWER SUPPLY WITH COMMON
GROUND
Positive Supply (+15V) to pin7
Negative Supply (-15V) to pin4

VS+

VIN-
-
7
VOUT
VIN+
+ 4

Common Ground

VS-

Figure 6 Dual Supply Voltages connection

SOME OP AMPS WORK ON SINGLE
SUPPLY ALSO
VS+

VIN- VIN-

- -
7 VOUT 7 VOUT

VIN+ VIN+
4 4
+ +

VS-

Single Positive Voltage )a( Single Negative Voltage )b(

Figure 7 Single Supply Voltages connection

ADVANTAGE OF DUAL POWER SUPPLY

Using dual power supply will let the op amp to output true
AC voltage.

15V+ 30V+

Output 0V Output
V 30 V 30

15V- 0V

Figure 8a Op Amp powered from Dual supply Figure 8b Op Amp powered from Single supply
OP-AMP CONFIGURATIONS

No Feedback )a( Negative )b( Positive )c(

(open loop Feedback Feedback
comparator circuit)
Figure Types of Feedback
FEEDBACK
 No feedback : Open loop (used in comparators)
 Negative feedback : Feedback to the inverting input
(Used in amplifiers)
 Positive feedback : Feedback to the non inverting input
(Used in oscillators(
OP AMP AS A COMPARATOR (COMPARES 2
VOLTAGES AND PRODUCES A SIGNAL TO
INDICATE WHICH IS GREATER)

VO
VS+
VS+

VIN  –VIN+
VIN–
VO
0 VIN = –VIN+

VIN+
VIN  –VIN+

VS–
VS–

Comparator Circuit )a( Comparator Output )b(

APPLICATIONS OF COMPARATORS

 Analog to digital converters (ADC)

 Counters (e.g. count pulses that exceed a certain voltage
level).
 Cross Over Detectors
OP-AMPS WITH NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
The two basic amplifier circuits with negative feedback are:
 The non-inverting Amplifier.
 The inverting Amplifier
(Note: Negative feedback is used to limit the gain)
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
 The input signal is applied to the non-inverting input
(+VIN). The output is fed back to the inverting input
through resistor RF.

 R  RF 
VO   IN  VF
 R IN  R1 RF

V R
A NI  O  1  F
VF R IN
;Where VIN VO
VO = Output voltage
Vin= Input voltage= Vf
ANI = Noninverting Gain

Figure 11 Closed-Loop Noninverting Amplifier Circuit

PROBLEM:
 Calculate the gain of a non inverting amplifier if Rin=3K
and Rf=30K. If Vin=4mV, calculate the output voltage.
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
 The input signal is applied through a series input resistor
RI to the inverting input. Also, the output is fed back
through RF to the same input. The noninverting input is
grounded.

R 
VO    F  VIN
 R IN  RIN RF

VO R 
AI   -  F 
VF  R IN  VIN

;Where VO
VO = Output voltage
VIN = Input voltage
AI = Inverting Gain
EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK APPLICATIONS:
A) INVERTING AMPLIFIERS
1.Summing Amplifier
2.Differentiator
3.Integrator
B) Non Inverting Amplifiers
1. Voltage Follower
SUMMING AMPLIFIER (ADDER) : THE INPUTS ARE ADDED AND THE SUM IS
INVERTED . IF ALL RESISTORS ARE OF EQUAL VALUE, THEN
VO = -(V1 + V2+ V3)

R1 RF

V1

R2

V2
VO
R3

V3

0V

Figure 14 Summing Amplifier

INTEGRATOR (THE INPUT IS
INTEGRATED WITH RESPECT TO
TIME)

VIN VO

Figure 15 Inverting Op-Amp as Integrator

DIFFERENTIATOR (THE INPUT IS
DIFFERENTIATED WITH RESPECT TO TIME)

VIN VO

Figure 16 Inverting Op-Amp as Differentiator

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER (NON
INVERTING)
 It is a non inverting amplifier with gain=1
 So the output is the same as input.

VO

VIN

Figure 17 Voltage Follower

POSITIVE FEEDBACK IS USED IN
OSCILLATORS
 Astable Multivibrator (Relaxation Oscillator)

C1 R1

VO

R2

R3

Figure 13 Astable Multivibrator