Introduction to OP-AMP and its Parameters:

❑Block diagram of typical op-amp,

❑Differential Amplifier configurations,
❑DC and AC Analysis of Differential amplifier for
dual-input balanced-output configuration,
❑Current sources,
❑Current mirror.
❑level shifters,
❑Output stage.
❑Various DC and AC parameters of op-amp,
❑Ideal vs practical op-amp.
* 1
What does an AMPLIFIER do?

* 2
• What is an IC?

* 3
 Integrated Circuits

* 4
 Inside an IC

* 5
 OP-Amp is an amplifier IC

* 6
 What can you do with Op amps?
• You can make music louder when they are
used in stereo equipment.

• You can amplify the heartbeat by using them

in medical cardiographs.

• You can use them as comparators in heating

systems.

• You can use them for Math operations like

summing, integration etc.

* 7
 OP-AMP (operational
amplifier)
• An OP-AMP is an integrated circuit
(IC) used for amplification of signals.
• It is the most widely used analog IC.
• It is used in control systems,
instrumentation, signal processing
etc

* 8
 Operational Amplifier
• The Operational Amplifier or "op-
amp" is an amplifier with two inputs
and one output. One input is the
inverting input and the other is a non
inverting input.

* 9
• An OP-AMP is a direct coupled, high gain,
multistage amplifier consisting of one or more
Diff-Amp and followed by a Level Translator
and an Output Stage.

• An OP-AMP is also called versatile device as it can

amplify DC as well as AC signals

* 10
 OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS
1. Very high input impedance
2. Very high gain
3. Very low output impedance

OP-AMP is a differential,
voltage amplifier with high
gain.

* 11
 The 741 Op-amp
The most common op-amp is the 741
IC.

* 12
 Packaging
Types

(b) OPA547FKTWT (c)

TO-5 metal can
8-Leads package
(a) Op Amp 741 DIP SMT package
8-pins DIP
package Figure : Op Amp packages

* 13
 OP-AMP pins identification

741
1 8 1 8
+VCC +VCC

2 - 7 2 - 7

3 + 6 3 + 6

-VEE -VEE
4 5 4 5

a) Dot marked Package b) Notched Package

Figure 3 Op Amp pins Identification

* 14
 What are these pins?

1. Offset
Null 1 8 8. N / C
741

2. Inverting Input –VIN

2 7 7. +VCC

3. Noninverting Input 3 6 6.Output

+VIN

4 5
-VEE 5.Offset Null

Figure 4 Op Amp pins Description

* 15
 What are these pins?
• Pin 1 and Pin 5 : Offset null input, are used to
remove the Offset voltage.
• Pin 2: Inverting input (-VIN), signals at this pin
will be inverted at output Pin 6.
• Pin 3: Non-inverting input (+VIN), signals at pin
3 will be processed without inversion.
• Pin 4: Negative power supply terminal (-VEE).
• Pin 6: Output (VOUT) of the Op-Amp
• Pin 7: Positive power supply terminal (+VCC)
• Pin 8: No connection (N\C), it is just there to
make it a standard 8-pin

* 16
 Symbol of
OP-AMP +VS

-VIN -VIN

- -
V V
OUT OUT

+VIN +VIN

+ +

-VS

(a) Without power connection (b) With power connection

Figure 5 Op Amp Schematic Symbols

* 17
 Symbols for Ideal and Real
Op Amps

Op Amp uA741

LM111 LM324

* 18
 Most Op Amps require dual power
supply with common ground
Positive Supply (+15V) to pin7
Negative Supply (-15V) to pin4

+VS

-VIN
-
7
V
OUT
+VIN
+ 4

Common Ground

-VS

Figure 6 Dual Supply Voltages connection

* 19
 Some Op Amps work on single
supply also
+VS

-VIN -VIN

- -
7 V 7 V
OUT OUT

+VIN +VIN
4 + 4
+

-VS

(a) Single Positive Voltage (b) Single Negative Voltage

Figure 7 Single Supply Voltages

connection

* 20
 Advantage of dual power
supply
Using dual power supply will let the op
amp to output true AC voltage.

+15V +30V

Output 0V 30 V Output 30 V

-15V 0V

Figure 8a Op Amp powered from Dual Figure 8b Op Amp powered from Single
supply supply

* 21
 What is dual power supply?

Single Power Supply Single Power Supply

–15V Common +15V

Figure 18 Dual Power Supply

* 22
 How can you make a dual power
supply using two 9V batteries?
What is the voltage between + of first
battery and – of second battery?

* 23
 Op Amp Equivalent Circuit

vd = v 2 – v1
A is the open-loop voltage
v2 gain

v1
Voltage
controlled
voltage source
* 24
 Ideal Op Amp
Because Ri is equal to ∞Ω,
the voltage across Ri is
i2
0V. v1 = v2
v2 =0 vd = 0
V

i1 = 0

v1

* 25
The block diagram of OP-AMP is shown:

* 26
 Stages of OPAMP
•The input stage is a dual input balanced
output differential amplifier.
•This stage provides most of the voltage
gain of the amplifier and also establishes
the high input resistance of the OPAMP.
•The intermediate stage of OPAMP is
another differential amplifier which is
driven by the output of the first stage.
This is usually dual input unbalanced
output(additional gain stage).

* 27
 Stages of OPAMP
•Because direct coupling is used, the dc
voltage level at the output of intermediate
stage is well above ground potential.
Therefore level shifting circuit is used to
shift the dc level at the output downward
to zero with respect to ground.
•The output stage is generally a push pull
complementary amplifier. The output stage
increases the output voltage swing and
raises the current supplying capability of
the OPAMP. It also provides low output
resistance.
* 28
 Differential Amplifier

• Differential amplifier is a basic building

block of an op-amp.
• The function of a differential amplifier is to
amplify the difference between two input
signals.
• It has ability to reject the common mode
signal.

* 29
 Differential Amplifier Configurations
The four differential amplifier configurations are
as follow -
1. Dual input, balanced output Diff. Amp.
2. Dual input, unbalanced output Diff Amp
3. Single input balanced output Diff. Amp
4. Single input unbalanced output Diff.
Amp

* 30
 Diff-Amp
Configurations
1. If use two input signals, the configuration
is said to be dual input, otherwise it is a
single input configuration.
2. On the other hand, if the output voltage
is measured between two collectors, it is
referred to as a balanced output.
3. If the output is measured at one of the
collectors with respect to ground, the
configuration is called an unbalanced
output.
* 31
 Diff-Amp Configurations

*
DIBO DIUO 32
 Diff-Amp Configurations

SIBO SIUO
* 33
 Dual-input Balance-O/P: DC Analysis

* 34
 Dual-input Balance-O/P: AC Analysis

* 35
 Dual-input Balance-O/P: AC Analysis

Applying KVL in two loops 1 & 2

Substituting current

assuming RS1 / b and RS2 / b are

very small in comparison with RE and re‘(r'e is the
dynamic resistance of the base emitter junctions
and is inversely proportional to the DC emitter
*
15/12/2016 36
40
current. = 26mV/ IE
 Dual-input Balance-O/P: AC Analysis
The output voltage VO is given by
Vo= Vc2 - Vc1
= - Rc iC2 - (-Rc iC1)
= Rc (iC1 - iC2)
= Rc (ie1 - ie2)
Substituting ie1, & ie2 in the above
expression

* 37
 Dual-input Balance-O/P: AC Analysis

Differential Gain:

Differential I/P Resistance:

* 38
 Dual-input Balance-O/P – AC Analysis
Diff. Input Resistance:Ri2

Output Resistance:
Output resistance is defined as the equivalent
resistance that would be measured at output
terminal with respect to ground.
Therefore
RO1 = RO2 = RC (E-5)
* 39
In differential amplifier the output voltage Vo is
given by
Vo = Ad (v1 – v2)
When v2 = 0, Vo =Ad v1 and
When v1 = 0, Vo = - Ad v2
Therefore the i/p voltage v1 is called the non
inventing i/p because a positive voltage v1 acting
alone produces a positive o/p voltage Vo.
Similarly,
The voltage v2 acting alone produces a negative o/p
voltage hence v2 is called inverting i/p.
So the terminals are non-inverting and inverting
input terminal.

* 40
 Difference Amplifier Gain
1. Differential Gain(Ad ) and
2. Common Mode Gain (Ac)

• Difference mode Signal (Vd)

Vd = (v1 – v2) and
• Common mode Signal (Vc)
Vc = ½ (v1 + v2 )
In practical differential amplifier, the
output depends on both difference signal
and the common mode signal.
* 41
 Difference Amplifier Gain
For Diff-Amp the output voltage is
expressed as -
Vo = A1 v1 + A2 v2

Where A1 & A2 are the voltage

amplification from input 1(2) to
output under the condition that input
2 (1) is grounded.

* 42
 Difference Amplifier Gain
For Diff-Amp the output voltage is expressed as –
Vo = A1 v1 + A2 v2
As vd = (v1 – v2) and vc = ½ (v1 + v2 )

* 43
• Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR):
The ability of a differential amplifier to reject a
common mode signal is expressed by its
common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). It is the
ratio of differential gain Ad to the common mode
gain AC.

by Def. CMRR is given as

and

output voltage is given

as
* 44
 Biasing of Differential Amplifiers
Constant Current biasing is employed for
differential amplifier and is as shown below

* 45
 Biasing of Differential Amplifiers
•The resistance RE is replace transistor Q3.
•The dc collector current in Q3 is established
by R1,
R2, & RE. The voltage at the base of Q3 is

And IC3 is given

as

* 46
 Constant current biasing of Diff. Amp
The current IE depends upon VBE3. and VBE3 is
temperature dependent so as temp changes,
current IE will also change.
The circuit below show improvement in
thermal stability

* 47
 Constant current biasing – analysis

* 48
 Biasing of Diff. Amp - Current Mirror
Current Mirror: The circuit in which the output
current is forced to be equal to the input current,
is said to be a current mirror circuit.

* 49
Biasing of Diff. Amp - Current Mirror

and

* 50
 Level Shifter

* 51
 Need and Types of Level Shifter
1. Because of the direct coupling the dc level rises
from stage to stage.
2. This increase in dc level tends to shift the
operating point of the succeeding stages
3. It will limit the output voltage swing and may
even distort the output signal.
4. To shift the output dc level to zero, level
translator circuits are used.
5. An emitter follower with voltage divider is the
simplest form of level translator
6. Some times Vbe multiplier as level shifter is also
*
used. 52
• Need and Types of Level
Shifter

* 53
 Types of Level
Shifter

* 54
 Output Stage
1.The output stage is
generally a push pull
complementary amplifier.
2.The output stage provides a
low output resistance and
fairly high current load
capabilities.

* 55
 Output Stage

* 56
 Output Stage –Equivalent Ckt

* 57
 OP-AMP Parameters
An ideal OPAMP would exhibit the
following electrical characteristic-
1.Infinite voltage gain - Ad
2.Infinite input resistance - Ri,
3.Zero output resistance - RO,
4.Zero output voltage when input
voltage is zero,
5.Infinite bandwidth,
6.Infinite common mode rejection ratio,
7.Infinite slew rate.
* 58
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
1. Input Offset Voltage:
Input offset voltage is defined as the
voltage that must be applied between the
two input terminals of an OPAMP to null or
zero the output.

* 59
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
2. Input offset Current:
The input offset current Iio is the
difference between the currents
into inverting and noninverting
terminals of a balanced amplifier.
Iio = | IB1 – IB2 |

* 60
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
3. Input Bias Current:
The input bias current IB is the average of
the current entering the input terminals of
a balanced amplifier i.e.

IB = (IB1 + IB2 ) / 2

* 61
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
4.Voltage Gain:
. Ratio of amplified output
voltage of an op-amp to the
differential input voltage applied to
inputs of an op- amp.
• It is also referred as LARGE
SIGNAL VOLTAGE GAIN
• Av=Vo/Vid

* 62
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
5. Common Mode Rejection Ratio
(CMRR):
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential
voltage gain Ad to the common mode voltage
gain Acm

CMRR = Ad / Acm.

* 63
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
6. Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio:
(SVRR/PSSR)
SVRR is the ratio of the change in the input offset
voltage to the corresponding change in power supply
voltages. This is expressed in m V / V or in decibels,

SVRR can be defined as

SVRR = dVio / Dv

Where
dV is the change in the input supply voltage and
dVio is the corresponding change in the offset
voltage.
* 64
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
7.Output voltage Swing:
it is the maximum unclipped peak to peak
output voltage that an OPAMP can produce.
This also indicates the values of positive and
negative saturation voltages of the OPAMP.
The output voltage never exceeds these
limits for a given supply voltages +VCC and
–VEE.

8.Output Resistance: (RO)

RO is the equivalent resistance that can be
measured between the output terminal of
the OPAMP and the ground.
* 65
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
9. Slew Rate:
Slew rate is defined as the
maximum rate of change of
output voltage per unit of time
under large signal conditions
it is expressed in volts / micro
secs.

* 66
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
10.Input Offset Voltage Drift:
The input offset voltage drift is the ratio of the
change in input offset voltage to change in
temperature and expressed in m V /° C.

Input offset voltage drift = (dVio / dT)

11.Offset Current Drift:

Similarly, input offset current drift is the ratio
of the change in input offset current to the
change in temperature.

Input offset current drift = ( dIio / dT)

* 67
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
12. Gain Bandwidth Product:
The gain bandwidth product is the bandwidth
of the OPAMP when the open loop voltage
gain is reduced to 1.

* 68
 Def of OP-AMP Parameters
13.Output Offset Voltage
• Voltage appearing at the output of op-amp
whenever both the input terminals are
connected to ground.
• Smaller the value of Voo, better the
performance of op-amp
• Voo can be nullified using external
compensation circuit (consisting of variable
resistor)
* 69
 Typical Op Amp
Parameters
Parameter Variable Typical Ideal
Ranges Values
Open-Loop A 105 to 108
Voltage
∞
Gain
Input Ri 105 to 1013
Resistance Ω
∞ Ω

Output Ro 10 to 100 Ω 0Ω
Resistance
Supply Vcc/V+ 5 to 30 V N/A
Voltage -Vcc/V- -30V to 0V N/A

* 70
 How to Find These
Values
• Component Datasheets
– Many manufacturers have made these
freely available on the internet
• Example: LM 324 Operational Amplifier

* 71
* 72
 dB
•Decibels Since P = V2/R
10 log (P/Pref) or 20 log (V/Vref)

In this case:
20 log (Vo/Vin) = 20 log (A) = 100
A = 105 = 100,000

* 73
* 74