EMT 283

ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS II

CHAPTER 1:
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
 INTRODUCTION
 Op-amps (amplifiers/buffers in general) aredrawn
as a triangle in a circuit schematic
 There are two inputs
inverting and non-inverting
 And one output
 Also two power connections +V, -V ◼ Two Power Supply
+V ◼ +V : Positive PS
◼ -V : Negative PS
2− 7
inverting input 6 ◼ One Output Terminal
output
non-inverting input + ◼ Two Input Terminal
3 4
◼ Inverting input
-V ◼ Non-inverting input
OP-AMP PACKAGING (DIP)
V+
2 7
inverting input − 6
output
non-inverting input +
3 4
V−

LM 741 Top View

HISTORY

0.60 inches

1964:The First Linear IC 1965: A Best-Seller

The μA702 Op-Amp The μA709 Op-Amp
12 Transistors 14 Transistors
Designer: Bob Widlar Designer: Bob Widlar
HISTORY (CTD.)
 After Widlar left Fairchild, Dave Fullagar continued op-
amp design and came up with the uA741 which is the
most popular operational amplifier of alltime.
 This design’s basic architecture is almost identical to
Widlar’s 309 op-amp with one major difference: the
inclusion of a fixed internal compensation capacitor.
 This capacitor allows the uA741 to be used without any
additional, external circuitry, unlike its predecessors.
 The other main difference isthe addition of extra
transistors for short circuitprotection.
 This op-amp has a gain of around 250,000
WHAT IS OP-AMP?
 Inexpensive, efficient, versatile, and readily available
building blocks for many applications

 Amplifier which has :

▪ Very large open loop gain
▪ Differential input stage
▪ Uses feedback to control therelationship
between the input and output

 Performs many different “operations”

▪ Addition/Subtraction
▪ Integration/Differentiation
▪ Buffering
▪ Amplification
▪ DC and ACsignals
WHERE IS OP-AMP USED?

Many applications including

▪ To provide voltage amplitude changes
(amplitude and polarity)
▪ Comparators
▪ Oscillators
▪ Filters
▪ Sensors
▪ Sample and Hold
▪ Instrumentation Amplifier
Example 1

Example 2
 WORKING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Outer op am diagram.
In most cases only the two inputs and the output are
shown for the op amp. However, one should keep in
mind that supply voltage is required, and a ground.
The basic op am without aground is shown below.

V1
Ro
_ V1
Ro Vo
Vd Ri +
+ _
AVd
V2
Vd Ri AVd Vo
+
V2 _

model of the op amp, Working circuit diagram of op amp.

with respect to the symbol
STAGES OF OP-AMP
1) INPUT STAGE

 Provides differential input for the op-amp

 Provides dc gain

 Has very high input impedance,

▪ Draws negligible input current
Enables user to utilize ideal Op-Amp
equations for circuit analysis
2)GAIN STAGE
 Provides the “gain” of the amplifier
 Gains up the differential signal from inputand
conveys it to the output stage
3) OUTPUT STAGE
 Delivers current to the load
 Very low impedance output stage,
▪ To minimize loading the output of the op-amp
 May have short circuitprotection
INPUTS OF OP-AMP
 Two Input terminals :
1. Positive Input (Non-Inverting)
2. Negative Input (Inverting)
 Can be used in threedifferent “input” modes:
1A) SINGLE ENDED:
INVERTING MODE
 Non-inverting input is grounded (connected to
mid-supply)
 Signal is applied to the inverting input

 Output is 180º out of phasewith input

1B) SINGLE ENDED:
NON-INVERTING MODE
 Inverting input is grounded (connected tomid-
supply)
 Signal is applied to the non-inverting input

 Output is in phase with theinput

2) DIFFERENTIAL INPUT MODE
 Both input terminals are used
 Input signals are 180º out of phase

 Output is in phase with non-invertinginput

3) COMMON INPUT MODE
 Both input terminals are used
 Input signals are in the same phase,frequency
and amplitude
 Output is 0 (signalcancel)

0V
OP-AMPS : 741

practical op-amps: 741

Note the pin connections for the IC
OP-AMPS : 741

 Op-Amps require power

 741 requires plus and minus15V
 Others may require only positive or

both positive and negative voltages

 Output voltage is limited to

 Usually filter capacitors are connected to power

to reduce noise
SCHEMATIC OP-AMP 741
IC IDENTIFICATION
 ICs come in many
types of
packages. We will
use the 8-pin,
dual-in-line or DIP
package
 Note the other
offset nulling
circuit
WILL BE CONTINUE..

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