Design with Linear Integrated Circuits

Experiment No: 1

To Measure Parameters of

Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP)

 Experiment No. 1
1. Aim: To measure different parameters of operational amplifier (OP-AMP).
● Input offset and bias current,
● Offset voltage,
● Offset voltage adjustment,
● Slew rate,
● Power bandwidth.

2. What you will learn by performing this experiment?

● To learn the different parameters of operational amplifier (OP-AMP).

● To measure the different parameters of operational amplifier (OP-AMP).

● To simulate OP-AMP circuits using PSpice software.

3. Apparatus:
Table 1: List of apparatus and components required.

Equipment Details
Sr. No. Equipment Specification Quantity
1. Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, Dual DC 1
2. Cathode Ray Oscillator 30MHz, dual trace CRO 1
0-2 MHz,0-20V (Sine,
3. Function Generator 1
Triangular, Square wave form )
4. Digital Multimeter 1
5. Desk top Multimeter. 1
Component Details
Sr. No. Component Specification Quantity
Operational Amplifier
1. IC 741 1
OPAMP
2. Resistors 100Ω ,1kΩ,100 kΩ Each 2
3. Potentiometer 10 kΩ,22mm 1
4. Connecting wire 23mm hook-up wire 1set

5. Bread-Board 1
4. Theory:
The semiconductor device used to perform the mathematical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, differentiation and integration, is called an
operational amplifier (OP-AMP). The OP-AMP is a multi-stage, direct coupled, high
gain negative feedback amplifier consists of differential amplifiers, level translator and
an output stage. It is available in integrated circuits (IC). In an OP-AMP a negative
feedback is used to get required voltage gain.

i. Input Offset Voltage (VIO)

Small voltage needed to be applied between INV and NI terminals to get zero
output voltage. Ideally it should be 0 V (CM operation). Output Offset Voltage

ii. Input bias current of OPAMP (IB)

Input bias current is defined as average of currents entering the input terminals
of an OP AMP. Typically, these currents are of the order of nano amperes. Let
IB1 and IB2 be the currents entering the input terminals of an OP-AMP the input
bias current is given by

I B1  I B2 
IB 
2

iii. Inputs offset currents of OPAMP (IIO)

Offset current is defined as difference of bias currents entering the input
terminals of an OP AMP. Typically, these currents are of the order of nano
amperes. Let IB1 and IB2 be the currents entering the input terminals of an OP-
AMP the input bias current is given by

I F  I B1  I B2 

iv. Output offset voltage of OPAMP

Output offset voltage is defined as OP-AMP output voltage when both the input
terminal voltages of the OP-AMP are grounded. Universal balancing techniques
with potentiometers are often used to balance offset voltages.

v. Slew rate of OPAMP (S.R.)

It is the maximum rate at which output can change in an OP-AMP. It is one of
the major limitations in an OP-AMP. It is expressed in volt/µsecond. The output
gets distorted if the rate at which output changes exceeds slew rate.

dV
S
dt

5. Diagrams for Operational Amplifier:

Following diagrams can be used to understand working of OP-AMP.
 i) IC 741 pin diagram (Fig.1),
ii) OP-AMP Symbol (Fig.2),

iii) Basic Block Diagram of OP-AMP (Fig.3),

iv) Functional Block diagram of OP-AMP (Fig.4).

Fig. 1: Pin Diagram of OP-AMP. Fig. 2: Symbolic Representation of OP-AMP.

Fig. 3: Basic Block Diagram of OP-AMP.

Fig. 4: Functional Block diagram of OP-AMP.

Characteristics of Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP)
Table 2: Characteristics of OP-AMP.
Sr.No. Characteristics of OPAMP Ideal Practical

1 Input resistance (Ri) ∞ (Infinity) 106to 1012 ohm

2 Output resistance (RO) 0 75 ohm

3 Voltage gain(AV) ∞ 105 to 108

frequency of
4 Unity Gain Bandwidth (B.W.) ∞
an input signal

5 Common Mode Rejection Ratio(CMRR) ∞ 90dB

6 Slew rate (S.R) ∞ 0.5 to 90 V/u

7 Input offset voltage (VIO) 0 0

8 Output offset voltage (VOS) 0 0

9 Output voltage swing (VP-P) ±VCC +15V

10 Input bias current (IB) 0 50nA to 400nA

11 Input offset current (IIO) 0 |𝐼𝐵+ − 𝐼𝐵 −|

12 Frequency range ∞ 1Mhz

6. Circuit Diagram:
i) Input bias current and input Offset Current of op amp
VCC

100K
A

IB1
741 VO

IB2 B
100K

VEE

Fig. 5: Input bias current and input offset current.

Procedure
● Input bias current
a) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.5.
b) Measure the voltage at point A & point B.
c) Note down readings in observation table.
d) Calculate input current IB1 and IB2.
e) Calculate input bias current and input offset current.

● Output offset voltage:

a) Measure output voltage Vo.
b) Find out input offset voltage from given formula.
Observation Table:
Table : Observation and calculation of input bias and input offset current of OP-AMP.
Voltage Input Bias Input Offset
Voltage
at point IB1 (A) IB2 (nA) Current (IB) current (IF)
at point B
A (nA) (nA)

IB=(IB1+IB2) /
(VA) mV (VB) mV (VA) / R1 (VB) / R2 IB1-IB2
2

2.9mV 2.8mV 2.8x10−6 2.8x10−6 2.8x10−6 0.1x10−6

ii) Output offset Voltage

Circuit diagram:

Fig.6: Output offset voltage measurement.

iii) Circuit diagram for Offset Null Adjustment.

100K

VCC

100Ω
A

IB1
741 VO

IB2 B
100Ω

VEE

100K

Fig. 7: Offset null measurement

Procedure:
To Null the offset voltage
a) Connect the circuit on bread-board as shown in Fig.7
b) Connect the potentiometer between pin 1 & 5 of IC 741.
c) Adjust the potentiometer till output voltage (VO) becomes zero.

Observation:
As per the above given procedure potentiometer (12kΩ) is adjusted to get the
output voltage to be 0V.
Resistance between pin no. 1 and 4 is 3.16 kΩ and pin 4 and 5 is 9.2kΩ

iv) Circuit Diagram for Slew rate and Power Bandwidth

Fig. 8: Slew rate and power bandwidth measurement.

Procedure:
 a) Connect the circuit on bread-board as shown in Fig.8.
b) Apply the square wave input of frequency 10 kHz and peak-to-peak amplitude
(Vp-p ) of 10 V to inverting terminal of IC 741.
c) Observe the input and output waveform.
d) Measure change in output voltage (V) & change in time (T) for output
waveform.
e) Note down readings in observation table.
f) Calculate slew rate using given formula.
g) Plot input and output waveforms on graph paper with proper scale.

Power bandwidth:
a) Apply the square wave input of 10V peak-to-peak amplitude (Vp-p) to inverting
terminal of IC 741.
b) Observe the output waveform which is square wave.
c) Increase input frequency until the square output becomes triangular &
amplitude starts decreasing.
d) Note down the frequency at which the amplitude of output voltage starts
decreasing is higher cut off frequency (fH).
e) For IC 741, lower cut off frequency (fL) =0.
f) Calculate power bandwidth = fH - fL = fH

Calculation:

Gain of non inverting amplifier = 1+Rk/Rv=1+100x103/1000= 1001

o/p offset voltage=13.04/1001=13.02mV
Power BW kh=23.56Khz
Ideal values=0.5V/Ms
o/p voltage o/p offset voltage
18.04V 18.02V
11.20V 11.18mV

For Slew rate

Output Voltage: Reading from CRO for change in Output Voltage
 Time period and frequency: Reading from CRO for change in time and power
bandwidth,

Slew rate

Change in output voltage: (V) in (V) =9.6V

Change in time (T) in ( S) =30µs

S.R. = V/ms = 9.6v/30μs = 0.32 V/µs

Power Bandwidth
fH= Input frequency at which square output becomes triangular & amplitude starts
decreasing = 23.56 kHz (reading from function Generator or CRO)

fL= Lower cut off frequency = 0 Hz for IC 741

B.W. = (fH- fL) = fH- 0 = fH =23.56 kHz ((reading from function Generator or CRO)

Observation Table:
Table : Practical values for different parameters of OP-AMP.
Input Applied is frequency of 10kHz and amplitude of 10VP-P
Sr. No. Change in Change in
Slew rate Power Bandwidth
output voltage time

(V) in (V) (T) in (µS) S.R. in V/S B.W. = (fH- fL) kHz

1 4.8X2=9.6 30 0.32 23.56

7. Plots / Graphs:
Draw the graph for Slew rate, i.e. Change in output voltage vs. change in time.
8. Result and Discussion: (It should be specific)

Table 8: Comparative results.

Sr. No. Characteristics of OP-AMP Ideal IC 741 Practical

1 Input bias current (IB) 0 200nA 280mA

2 Input offset current (IIS) 0 500 nA 100nA

3 Input offset voltage (VIO) 0 6mV 12mV

 4 Slew rate (S.R.) ∞ 0.5V/μS 0.32

5 Power bandwidth ∞ 5.7KHz 23.56KHz

9. Conclusion:
Thus, we have measured the different parameters of opamp .