Experiment#9

To study the performance of Operational Amplifier (OP-Amp) and its frequency response.

9.1 Aim:

To testify the characteristics of OP-Amp

To observe the frequency response of OP-Amp
To study the Open and Close Loop OP-Amp
To study OP-Amp as a night switch

9.2 Apparatus:

1. OP-Amp 741
2. Oscillator
3. Oscilloscope
4. Connecting wires
5. Bread board trainer
6. Resistors (1K, 15K)

9.3 Theory:
Operational amplifiers, commonly referred to as op-amps, are electronic devices that amplify and process
analog signals. They are widely used in various applications, including signal conditioning, amplification,
filtering, and mathematical operations.
Op-amps typically consist of multiple transistors and passive components integrated onto a single chip.
They have two input terminals, an inverting (-) and a non-inverting (+) terminal, and one output terminal.
The output voltage of an op-amp is a scaled and inverted version of the voltage difference between its
input terminals.
One key characteristic of op-amps is their high open-loop gain, which means they can amplify small input
voltage differences to a much larger output voltage. This high gain makes op-amps suitable for precision
and low-noise applications.
Op-amps have a wide range of configurations, such as inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers,
summing amplifiers, difference amplifiers, and integrators. These configurations are achieved by
connecting external resistors and capacitors to the op-amp terminals.
Op-amps operate based on feedback, where a portion of the output signal is fed back to the input,
allowing for precise control and manipulation of signals. This feedback can be negative (reducing the
gain) or positive (increasing the gain) depending on the application.
Overall, op-amps are essential building blocks in analog circuit design, providing versatility, high gain,
and precision in amplification and signal processing tasks.
9.4 Modes:

 Open loop Operational Amplifier

 Close loop Operational Amplifier

9.5 Open Loop Operational Amplifier:

9.5.1 Apparatus:

1. OP-Amp 741
2. Oscillator
3. Connecting wires
4. Bread board trainer
5. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

9.5.2 Circuit diagram:

Case 1: Open Loop Inverting Amplifier Case 2: Open Loop Non-Inverting Amplifier

Case 3: Open Loop Amplifier with both inputs high

9.5.3 Procedure:

1. Assemble the circuit as shown in the above diagram.

2. Provide input to the inverting or non-inverting terminals.
3. Provide +Vcc and –Vcc to terminal 7 and 4 pin respectively.
4. Observe the characteristics of OP-Amp with varying the terminal values.
5. For case 4 connect the CRO and oscillator.
6. Observe the frequency response and tabulate the readings.

9.5.4 Observations and calculations:

As we are using OP AMP 741 so

Case 1: Vout= -13.4V
Case 2: Vout= Max
Case 3: Vout= 0V

9.5.5 OP-Amp as a Night Switch:

9.5.7 Circuit diagram

Figure 9.1 Op amp as night switch

9.5.9 Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above diagram.

2. Connect the LED with terminal 6 and ground its other end.
3. The LED will glow in dark and will not glow in night.
4. Observe the characteristics and tabulate the readings
9.5.10 Observations:

Night Switch will be OFF during HIGH Light Intensity.

Night Switch will be ON during LOW Light Intensity.

9.6 Closed Loop Operational Amplifier

9.6.1 Apparatus:

1. OP-Amp 741
2. Oscillator
3. Connecting wires
4. Bread board trainer
5. Oscilloscope
6. Resistors (1K, 15K)

9.6.2 Circuit diagram:

Figure 9.2: Close Loop Inverting OP-Amplifier Figure 9.3: Close Loop Non-Inverting OP-Amplifier

9.6.3 Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above diagram.

2. Connect the inverting terminal with input voltage.
3. The output voltage will be equal to negative of input voltage into the gain.
4. For the non-inverting operational amplifier, connect the non-inverting terminal with
input voltage.
 5. The output voltage will be equal to input voltage into the Gain

9.6.4 Observations and Calculations:

 For Inverting Operational Amplifier:

V¿
Current through R 1=I 1=
R1
−V 0
Current through R 2=I 2=
R2
Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law
I1 = I2
V ¿ −V 0
=
R1 R2
V 0 −R 2
=
V ¿ R1
V 0 −R2
Gain= Av= =
V¿ R1
V 0=−V ¿ A v
The output voltage for inverting operational amplifier is -9.76 and the gain is 1

 For Non-Inverting Operational Amplifier:

−V ¿
Current through R 1=I 1=
R1
−V ¿ −V 0
Current through R 2=I 2=
R2
Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law
I1 = I2
−V ¿ −V ¿ −V 0
=
R1 R2
V0 R2
=1+
V¿ R1
V0 R2
Gain= Av= =1+
V¿ R1
V 0=V ¿ A v
The output voltage for inverting operational amplifier is +9.3 and the gain is 2.