Annexure – I Notes of Lesson

Linear Integrated Circuits

Unit - II
Summer, Comparator,
Differentiator, Integrator
 Summing Amplifier
 Op-amp may be used to design a circuit whose output is
the sum of several input signals. Such a circuit is called
a summing amplifier or a summer.

 Types:
 Inverting summer
 Non-inverting summer
 Inverting Summing Amplifier
 assuming that the op-amp is an
ideal one, that is, AOL = ∞.
 Since the input bias current is
assumed to be zero, there is no
voltage drop across the resistor
Rcomp and hence the non-inverting
input terminal is at ground potential.
 Applying KCL at node a,
V1 V2 V3 Vo
   0
R1 R2 R3 R f
Rf R f Rf 
 Thus the ouptut is inverted weighted  ofVinputs
Vo sum 1  V2  V3 
 R1 R2 R3 
Inverting Summing Amplifier
When R1  R2  R3  R f , wehave
Vo  V1  V2  V3 
When R1  R2  R3  3R f , wehave
 V1  V2  V3  
Vo   
 3 
Output is the average of the input signals.
R comp  Ri || R f  R1 || R2 || R3 || R f
 Non Inverting Summing Amplifier
 A summer that gives a non-inverted
sum is the non-inverting summing
amplifier
 Nodal Equation at node a is given by

V1  Va V2  Va V3  Va
  0
R1 R2 R3
V1 V2 V3
 
R1 R2 R3
wehave, Va 
1 1 1
 
R1 R2 R3
Non Inverting Summing Amplifier
Rf
Weknow ,Vo  (1  )Va , The output voltage is
R
V1 V2 V3
 
R f R1 R2 R3
Vo  (1  ) ,
R 1 
1

1
R1 R2 R3
which is non inverted weighted sum of inputs
Let R 1  R 2  R 3  R  R f / 2

then, Vo  V1  V2  V3
 Simulating Questions
 Design an adder circuit using an opamp to get the output
expression as
 V0=-(0.1V1+V2+10V3)
 Annexure – I Notes of Lesson

Linear Integrated Circuits

Unit - II
Instrumentation Amplifier
 Objectives
 Instrumentation Amplifier

 Applications
 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

 Basically it is a difference amplifier.

 It is employed to control the industrial parameters like

pressure; temperature etc.

 A transducer converts these parameters into equivalent

electrical voltage.

 This is then applied to the instrumentation amplifier,

which boosts the signal level to drive the display devices.
 Contd..
 Important Features:
• High Gain Accuracy
• High CMRR
• High gain stability with low temperature coefficient
• Low dc offset
• Low output impedance
Contd..
 Consider the basic
differential amplifier. The
output voltage is

R2
V0  (V1  V2 )
R1
 Contd..
 A1 & A2 have differential input voltage as zero.
 As all the OPAMPS are assumed to have infinite Zi ,their
i/p current is zero.
 A1 & A2 acts as voltage follower so its output,
' '
V  V2 , V  V1
2 1
 Contd..
 The voltage at the +ve input terminal of opamp A3 is
R2V1'
R1  R2
 Using superposition theorem

R2 ' R2 R2V1'
V0   V2  (1  )( )
R1 R1 R1  R2
R2 ' R1  R2 R2V1'
 V2  ( )( )
R1 R1 R1  R2
R2
 (V1'  V2' )
R1
 Contd..
 Current flowing in R, I  V1  V2
R

 At R’ of A1 , V2  V2' ' '

I , V2  V2  IR
R'
V1'  V1 ' '
 At R’ of A2 , I  , V1  V1  IR
R'

 Sub the value of I above equations,

' R'
V   (V1  V2 )  V2
2
R
'
R
V1'  (V1  V2 )  V1
R
 Contd..
 Sub the value of V1’ and V2’, in output voltage we get,

R2 ' '
V0  (V1  V2 )
R1
R2  R'  R' 
 ( (V1  V2 )  V1   (V1  V2 )  V2  
R1  R  R 
R2  2R' 
 1  V1  V2 
R1  R 
 INSTRUMENTAION AMPLIFIER USING
TRANSDUCER BRIDGE
 The bridge is initailly
balanced by a dc
supply voltage

 As the physical
Quantity changes,
resistance of the
Transducer Changes Causing an unbalance in the bridge.
 Differential voltage now gets amplified.
 Applications:
 Temperature indicator, temperature controller, light
intensity meter etc.
 Stimulating Questions
 When an instrumentation amplifier is said to be
good?