Unit-V

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
(Op-amp)
 CONTENTS
 The Ideal Op-amp
 The Inverting Configuration
– The closed loop gain
– Effect of Finite open-loop gain
 The Noninverting Configuration
― The closed loop gain
― Characteristics of Non Inverting Configuration
―Difference amplifiers
 Difference amplifiers
― A Single Op-amp difference amplifier
― Adders, Subtractors, Integrators, Differentiators, Filter circuits
 Op-amp Applications
 Inverting Amplifier  Controlled Sources
 Non-inverting Amplifier  DC Mill voltmeter
 Integrator  AC Mill voltmeter
 Differentiator  Display Driver
 constant-gain multiplier  Instrumentation Amplifier
 Voltage Summing  Active Filters
(summing amplifier)
 Voltage Buffer( Voltage
Follower)
 Introduction
• An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a very high gain
differential amplifier .
• High input impedance and low output impedance.
• Typical uses of the operational amplifier are to provide
voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and polarity),
oscillators, filter circuits, and many types of instrumentation
circuits.
• An op-amp contains a number of differential amplifier stages
to achieve a very high voltage gain.
Op-amp
Amplifiers require dc power to operate.
Ideal Op-amp
1. The input impedance of an ideal op amp is supposed to be infinite.
2. The output impedance of an ideal op amp is supposed to be zero.
3. Ideal op amps will amplify signals of any frequency with equal gain, and are
thus said to have infinite bandwidth.
4. Zero common-mode gain or, equivalently, infinite common-mode rejection
5. Infinite open-loop gain A
 The Inverting Configuration
V 0
Closed-loop gain (G)=
V 1

A virtual short circuit means that

whatever voltage is at 2 will
automatically appear at 1 because of
the infinite gain A. But terminal 2
happens to be connected to ground;
thus V2 = 0 and V1 = 0. We speak of
terminal 1 as being a virtual ground—
that is, having zero voltage but not
physically connected to ground.
 The Inverting Configuration
Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain
Assuming the op amp to be ideal
except for having a finite open-loop
gain A
v v
v ( ) v ( ) 0 0

A  A
1 1

i 
R R
1
1 1

v
v ( ) 0

v v A )R
1

v  iR  (
0 0

A A R
0 1 2 2
1

v R /R
G  0 2 1

v 1  1  (R / R )
1 2 1

A
We note that as A approaches ∞, G approaches the ideal value of –R2/R1
The Non--Inverting Configuration

V
0
Closed-loop gain (G)=
V
1
The Non-Inverting Configuration
Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain

v0 1  R2 / R1
G 
v1 1  ( R2 / R1 )
1
A
We note that as A approaches ∞, G approaches the ideal value of
(1+ R2/R1)
Difference Amplifiers
Ideally the difference amplifier will
amplify only the differential input
signal VId and reject completely the
common-mode input signal Vicm
Practical circuits will have an
output voltage VO given by
V0  Ad VId  AcmVicm
where Ad denotes the amplifier
Ad differential gain and Acm denotes its
CMRR  20 log
Acm common-mode gain (ideally zero).

The need for difference amplifiers arises frequently in the design

of electronic systems, especially those employed in
instrumentation.
Difference Amplifiers A difference amplifier is one that
responds to the difference between the
V  V  V      (1)
1d 2 1
two signals applied at its input and ideally
1 rejects signals that are common to the two
V  (V  V )      (2) inputs.
2
icm 1 2

V
V V - 1d

2
1 icm

V
V V  1d

2
2 icm
A Single-Op-Amp Difference Amplifier

Determine the output

voltage VO in terms of VI1 and VI 2.
Apply Superposition Theorem,
first reduce VI2 to zero.(Grnd)

R2
V01   VI 1
R1
A Single-Op-Amp Difference Amplifier

Determine the output

voltage VO in terms of VI1 and VI 2.
Apply Superposition Theorem,
Second reduce VI1 to zero.(Grnd)

 R2  R4  R2
V02  1   VI 2  VI 2
 R1  R3  R4  R1

Make the two gain magnitudes i.e

(1+R2/R1) & (-R2/R1) are equal in
order to reject common-mode
signals.
A Single-Op-Amp Difference Amplifier
V0  V01  V02
R2
V0  (VI 2  VI 1 )
R1
R2
V0  ViD
R1
V0  Ad ViD Where Ad is differential gain
This is predicated on the op amp being ideal and furthermore
on the selection of R3 and R4.
 R2  R4  R2  R4   R2 
1     ;     
 R1  R3  R4  R1  R3  R4   R1  R2 
1 1 R R
 ; 3  1
R3 R1 R4 R2
1 1
R4 R2
Adders
Subtractors
Integrators
Differentiators
Filter circuits
A filter that provides a constant output from dc up to a cutoff frequency fOH and then
passes no signal above that frequency is called an ideal low-pass filter.

A filter that provides or passes signals above a cut-off frequency fOL is a high-pass filter,
as idealized in Fig.

When the filter circuit passes signals that are above one ideal cutoff frequency and below a
second cutoff frequency, it is called a bandpass filter, as idealized in Fig.
Filter circuits
Low-pass filter:

High-pass filter:

Bandpass filter:
Differential and Common-Mode Signals
The differential input signal VId is V  V  V      (1)
1d 2 1

The common-mode input signal Vicm is 1

V  (V  V )      (2)
2
icm 1 2

V
V V - 1d

2
1 icm

V
V V  1d

2
2 icm
 Application
The Weighted Summer

v v v
i  , i  ...., i 
1 2 n

R R R
1 2 n
1 2 n

All these currents sum together to

produce the current i, i  i1  i2 ....  in
since no current flows into the input terminals of an ideal op amp.
The output voltage VO V  0  iR  iR
0 f f

R R R 
V   v 
f
v  ... 
f
v  f

R R R 
0 1 2 n
1 2 n

The output voltage is a weighted sum of the input signals v1, v2, . .
. , vn. This circuit is therefore called a weighted summer.
Class Activity
The Weighted Summer

i  i  i ....  i
1 2 n

Find the Output Voltage?

The Non- Inverting Configuration
Input and Output Resistances

The input Resistance of this closed-loop amplifier is

ideally infinite, since no current flows into the positive
input terminal of the op amp.
The output of the noninverting amplifier is taken at the
terminals of the ideal voltage source A(v2 − v1) .
Thus the output resistance of the noninverting
configuration is zero.
The Inverting Configuration
Input and Output Resistances

v v
R   1
R 1

i v /R
1 1
1 1 1

The output of the inverting

configuration is taken at the
terminals of the ideal voltage
source A(V2 − V1) .
It follows that the output
resistance of the closed-loop
amplifier is zero
The Non- Inverting Configuration
Input and Output Resistances

The input Resistance of this closed-loop amplifier is

ideally infinite, since no current flows into the positive
input terminal of the op amp.
The output of the noninverting amplifier is taken at the
terminals of the ideal voltage source A(v2 − v1) .
Thus the output resistance of the noninverting
configuration is zero.
Application
The Voltage Follower

The property of high input impedance is a very desirable feature of

the non-inverting configuration.
It enables using this circuit as a buffer amplifier to connect a source
with a high impedance to a low-impedance load.
It is used as an impedance transformer or a power amplifier.
In such cases we may make R2 = 0 and R1 = ∞ to obtain the unity-
gain amplifier shown.
This circuit is commonly referred to as a voltage follower, since
the output “follows” the input.
In the ideal case, v0 = vI