ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

No FUNCTION LINKING WORDS INDEPENDENT COMPLEX SENTENCE

To show: SENTENCE
1 TIME Since John’s employer warned Since John’s employer
him about his careless warned him about his
work. From then on,
John was more careful careless work, he has
been very careful.
When I entered the When I was entering the
building. Just then, I building, I saw an old
saw an old friend. friend.
Until Edison invented a Until Edison invented
lamp which lamp…., gas had been
conducted the chief means of
electricity. Up to this lightening.
time, gas was the
chief means of
lightening.
Before/after He decided to go Before he decided to go
into business into business himself, he
himself. Before then, had worked for many
he worked for many people.
other people.
2 CONTRAST Concecive: She spends a lot of Although she spends a
Although/eventhough money on clothes. lot of money on clothes,
Still, they never they never seem to suit
seem to suit her her.
Adversative: Some newspapers Some newspapers have
While/ whereas have no advertising no advertising at all
at all. Others, on the while others carry many
contrary, carry many advertisements.
advertisements.
3 CAUSE/REASON BECAUSE/SINCE/AS He could not take his Because he could not
wife with him. He take his wife with him,
therefore, decided he decided not to go to
not to go to the the conference.
conference.

His car was much too He decided to sell his car

small. This is why he since it is much too
decided to sell it. small.

4 RESULT So that Now I can pay back I received my pay check

what I owe you. This yesterday so that now I
is because I received can pay back what I owe
my pay check you.
 yesterday.
So+adj/adv+that He cannot pass such He is so stupid that he
an easy exam. This is cannot pass such an easy
because he is very exam.
stupid.
Such+noun+that I wanted to stay That hotel has such a
longer in that hotel. beautiful view that I
The reason is that it wanted to stay longer.
has a beautiful view.
So+many/ She moved to There were so many
much+noun+that another place. This is guests at home that she
because there were moved to another place.
many guests at
home.
5 PURPOSE In order that They want to finish In order that they can
the building at a finish the building at a
scheduled time. For scheduled time, they
this purpose, they work night and day.
are working night
and day.

He wanted to save a In order that he could

few dollar. For this save a few dollar, he
purpose, he walked walked to work
to work everyday everyday.

Exercise:

1. The government has imposed a 40 percent tariff on imports of raw materials. This is why
Indonesian cable manufacturers are facing difficult times.
Because the government has imposed a 40 percent tariff on imports of raw materials,
Indonesian cable manufacturers are facing difficult times.

2. A lot of harmful incidents have recently happened in society. This is because sophisticated
technological devices are very vulnerable to electromagnetic devices.
Sophisticated technological devices are so vulnerable to electromagnetic devices that a lot of
harmful incidents have recently happened in society

3. The company needed more capital to finance the new toll-road project. For this purpose, the
company has issued bonds amounting to Rp1 billion.
In order that the company could get more capital to finance the new toll-road project, the
company has issued bonds amounting to Rp1 billion.
In order to finance the new toll-road project, the company has issued bonds amounting to Rp1
billion.
4. Private investors in real estate are competing to build new resort areas. This is because tourism
in the Asia-Pacific region has been growing very rapidly.
Tourism in the Asia-Pacific region has been growing so rapidly that private investors in real
estate are competing to build new resort areas.

5. The company has just installed facsimile machine for its offices. Up to this time, it used courier
services to send documents to its branches all over the country.
Until the company installed facsimile machine for its offices, it had used courier services to send
documents to its branches all over the country.