NCHRP 12 97 LRFD Guide Specification For PRestressing Concrete Elements Using FRP Materials Abdeldjilel Belarbi

NCHRP 12-97
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
Guide Specification for the Design of Concrete

Bridge Beams Prestressed with CFRP Systems
Abdeldjelil Belarbi, PhD, PE

belarbi@uh.edu
AASHTO T-6 (FRP Composites)

Spokane, WA
June 13, 2017
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Research Program
3. Analytical Research Program
4. Draft of Design Guide Specifications

2
5. Draft of Material Specifications
6. Concluding Remarks
Two centuries of technological breakthrough
In structural concrete
Major FRP Technical Committees
3
1824 1867 1933

J. Aspdin J. Monier E. Freyssinet
Portland Reinforced Prestressed

Cement Concrete Concrete
1900s
FRP Composites
FRP in Civil Engineering Applications
1960s
FRP in Bridges, was it a dream or a vision?
Leonhardt (1964) ‐ in his “Prestressed Concrete ‐

Design and Construction” stated that Freyssinet
first mentioned the use of glass fibers or plastics
for prestressing in 1938:
4
”Some day, glass fibres or plastics will be used as
tendons for prestressing. This idea was first
mentioned by Freyssinet in 1938. In the U.S.A.,
investigations are already in progress in this
connection...
Prestressed Bridges account for 27% of the US bridge inventory
Wood,3.7% Other, 0.6%
PC, 27% RC, 40%
5
Steel, 29%
Source: www.FHWA.DOT.GOV
Project Objective
To develop a proposed guide specification, in

AASHTO LRFD format, for the design of
concrete beams prestressed with CFRP
systems for bridge applications for both
6
pretensioning and post-tensioning.

Project Deliverables
 Design Guide Specifications (under review)

 Material Specifications (under review)
 Final Research Report (in progress)
7
 Design Examples (in progress)

Major Research Tasks
Experimental Research Analytical Research

Program Program
8
Numerical Simulations
CFRP Properties
& FEM Modeling
Small-scale Prisms Parametric Study &

Reliability Analysis
Large-scale Girders
Material Used: CFRP
CFRP Bars Seven-Wire CFRP Cables

99
Diameter: 0.5 in Diameter: 0.6 in Diameter: 0.76 in

Elastic Modulus: 20,900 ksi Elastic Modulus: 22,500 ksi Elastic Modulus: 22,800 ksi
Tensile Strength: 255 ksi Tensile Strength: 340 ksi Tensile Strength: 377 ksi
Values as provided by the manufacturer

Material Used: CFRP Anchorages
Potted and Socket Type Anchorage
10
Potted type: for tension and Socket type: for relaxation tests
harping tests and post-tensioning
wedge
Fabrication
CFRP Expansive materials

Bar: commercially available
Cable: proprietary material
obtained from manufacturer
Steel pipe
Material Used: CFRP Anchorages
Wedge and Sleeve Anchorage
wedge wedge
Buffer sleeve sleeve

material
Buffer
CFRP Cable material CFRP Bar
11
All components provided by the

Fabrication wedge
manufacturer
CFRP
Cable
Step 1:Applying buffer material Step 2:Assembling the fixture Step 3: Applying required pressure
CFRP
Bar
Material Used: CFRP System
CFRP System = FRP Bars/Cables + Anchors + Couplers
Couplers
12
CFRP Bar CFRP Cable
Pre-tensioning application Post-tensioning application
Couplers
Bar: Developed by Research Team
Cable: Provided by Manufacturer
Material Used: Concrete, Grout, and Duct
 Concrete for Beams and Prisms
Strength: 9-12 ksi
Self-consolidating concrete
13
 Grout for Bonded PT

Strength: 15 ksi
 Duct for PT
Material Used: Steel Reinforcement
 Stirrups for Girders
Diameter: , , in
Elastic modulus: 29,000 ksi
Nominal yield strength: 60 ksi
 Reinforcement for Deck

Diameter: 0.6 in
14

Tensile strength: 60 ksi
 Steel Prestressing for Guide Cable and Prestressing

Diameter: 0.6 in
 Spiral Reinforcement for Prisms and PT End Zones

Diameter: ⁄ in
Material Tests: CFRP System
 CFRP Mechanical and Physical Properties
 CFRP Harping Properties

15
 CFRP Prestress Relaxation Losses

CFRP Mechanical and Physical Properties

 Cross-Sectional Properties (Af)
 Fiber Volume Ratio (Vf)
 Glass-Transition Temperature (Tg)
 Moisture Absorption
16
 Tension Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Rupture Strain (fpu, Ef,

pu)
 Test Procedures
 Test Results
 Applicable Design Guide Specifications/Material Specifications
CFRP Mechanical and Physical Properties:
Cross Sectional Properties, Af
Purpose
To determine the cross-sectional area of CFRP cable and bars to be used for the
calculation of the modulus of elasticity (Ef) and tension strength (fpu).
Test Specimen:
17
Process
• Determined by the immersion method
• This method is based on an average area that include all 2 inch
the sand coating and protective layers
• Manufacturers may provide a lower value for Af to No. of Tests:
exclude the coating layers (effective area ) 3/CFRP Type
Test Standard:
ASTM D792*
ASTM D7205
Results
CFRP Cable CFRP Cable CFRP Bar
Sample
∅ 0.6 in ∅0.76 in ∅ 0.5 in
Average Test Values (in2) 0.226 0.380 0.232
Manufacturer’s Values (in2) 0.180 0.289 0.196

18
Difference (%) 20% 24% 18%
Consequences
• Improper calculation of area (Af) affects the determination of Ef and fpu
• Design calculations using these Ef and fpu will be affected, accordingly
• However the Prestress force will not be affected
AASHTO Material Specifications (Draft)
2.5.4—Prestressing CFRP Types and Sizes

 The prestressing CFRP can be utilized in two forms: bars or cables.
Only CFRP bars with monolithic, prismatic cross-section (typically
circular), and CFRP cables with seven twisted wires are allowed.
19
 The size of prestressing CFRP bars shall be consistent with standard

sizes for steel reinforcing bars given in AASHTO M 31M/M 31 (ASTM
A615/A615M.
 The size of prestressing CFRP cables shall be consistent with standard

sizes for steel prestressing strands as given in AASHTO M 203M/M 203
(ASTM A416/A416M).
AASHTO Material Specifications (Draft) -- Cont’d
2.5.4—Commentary: Areas of a non-standard diameter

Example of 7 wire CFRP cable with d=0.76 in.
.
 Diameter of single wire: 0.253
20
 Nominal Area of single wire: 0.050

 Nominal Area of the cable: 7 0.352
Results Based on Proposed Area Designation
Sample
∅ 0.6 in ∅ 0.76 in ∅ 0.5 in
Average Test Values (in2) 0.226 0.380 0.232
Proposed Values (in2) 0.217 0.352 0.200
Difference (%) 4% 7% 14%

Fiber Volume Ratio, Vf
Purpose
To determine Vf of CFRP cables and bars for quality control proposed in
Materials Specifications.
Process
The fiber content by weight was determined using thermal gravimetric analysis
(TGA) to obtain the mass of a substance which is heated at a controlled rate in an
21
appropriate environment.
Test Specimen: No. of Tests: Test Standard:

3/CFRP Type ASTM E1131
2 inch
Fiber Volume Ratio, Vf
Results

Sample
∅ 0.6 in ∅ 0.76 in ∅ 0.5 in
Average by
83.6 81.3 75.2
weight (%)
Average by
22
70 70 65
volume (%)
2.5.1 Fiber Content

When ASTM D2584 is used, fiber content shall not be less than the
fraction by mass corresponding to 55 percent by volume.
Glass Transition Temperature, Tg
Purpose
To determine Tg for product control proposed in Material Specifications.
Process
Tg was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) method
23

3/CFRP Type ASTM D 3418
2 inch
Glass Transition Temperature, Tg
Results

Sample
∅ 0.6 in ∅ 0.76 in ∅ 0.5 in
Average Tg in oC 102 118 116

24
2.5.2—Glass Transition Temperature

The glass transition temperature of the resin shall not be less than
212°F (100°C) using the DMA method and 230°F (110°C) using the
DSC method
Water/Moisture Absorption
Purpose
To determine the moisture absorption for product control proposed in the
Material Specifications.
Process
The water/moisture absorption is calculated as follows:
25
W = 100 · (Pi – Pd)/Pd
Pi = weights of the sample after immersion

Pd = weights of the sample in dry state

3/CFRP Type ASTM D 570
2 inch
Water/Moisture Absorption
Results
Sample
∅ 0.6 in ∅ 0.76 in ∅ 0.5 in
Average Test Value (%) 0.95 0.58 0.37
26
2.7.1—Moisture Absorption
The individual moisture absorption test results shall be reported and their
average shall be less than 1.0 percent.
Tension Strength (fpu), Modulus of Elasticity (Ef ),Rupture Strain (f)
Purpose
To determine the mechanical properties of CFRP materials and CFRP systems
(CFRP Bars/Cables and Anchorage)
Process
Test Specimen: Test Equipment and Instrumentation:
27
Anchorage CFRP Anchorage
1 ft 3 ft 1 ft
Load cell
Extensometer for
No. of Tests: deformation
10/CFRP Type measurement
Internal LVDT
to measure
deformation of
the CFRP SG* for strain
system measurement
Test Standard:
ASTM D7205/D7205M-11 and D3171
* Did not provide reliable strains for cables because of the twisted profile
Results CFRP Cable: ∅ = 0. 60 in

Strain at Rupture Elastic Modulus
Load at Rupture Extensometer Strain Gage (Extensometer)
Specimen
(kips) (in./in) (ksi)
1 71.5 NA 0.017 NA
2 79.0 NA 0.015 NA
3 74.5 NA 0.016 NA
4 74.2 NA 0.016 NA
5 72.9 NA 0.015 NA
28
6 70.2 NA 0.014 NA
7 74.4 0.019 0.017 18,045
8 71.1 0.019 0.015 17,245
9 75.6 0.020 0.022 17,420
10 73.5 0.019 0.017 17,830
Mean (μ) 73.7 0.019 0.016 17,650
Standard Deviation (σ) 2.29
μ -3σ 66.8
Sample Diameter
Af PDesign (Pu) PRupture Rupture Ef
(in.2) (kips) (kips) (in/in) (ksi)
Manufacturer N/A 0.60 0.180 60.7 N/A 0.020 22,500
NCHRP-12-97 10 0.60 0.217 66.8 73.7 0.019 17,650
Results (cont’d) CFRP Cable: ∅ = 0. 76 in

Strain at Rupture
Elastic modulus
Optical Contact
Load at Rupture Strain Gage (Extensometer)
Specimen Extensometer Extensometer
(kips) (in./in.)
(ksi)
1 109.5 NA 0.015 NA NA
2 109.7 NA 0.017 NA NA
3 109.6 NA 0.017 NA NA
4 108.3 NA 0.016 NA NA
29
5 108.6 NA 0.018 NA NA
6 109.6 0.016 0.017 0.016 19,460
7 109.2 0.016 0.017 NA NA
8 106.0 0.016 0.020 0.017 17,710
9 110.2 0.016 0.017 0.017 18,400
10 110.8 0.015 0.017 0.017 18,500
Mean (μ) 109.2 0.016 0.017 0.017 18,510
Standard Deviation(σ) 1.31
σ-3μ 105.2
Sample Diameter
Manufacturer N/A N/A 0.289 N/A N/A N/A 22,700
NCHRP-12-97 10 0.76 0.352 105.2 109.2 0.017 18,510
Results (cont’d) CFRP Bar: ∅ = 0. 50 in
Rupture Strain at Rupture
Elastic Modulus
Load at Rupture Extensometer Strain Gage (Extensometer)
Specimen
(kips) (in./in) (ksi)
1 54.5 0.013 0.013 20,960
2 53.8 0.013 0.017 20,690
3 52.7 0.013 0.014 20,270
4 54.9 0.013 0.013 21,110
30
5 55.7 0.013 0.014 21,420

6 56.0 0.014 0.014 20,000
7 56.2 0.015 0.014 18,730
8 57.1 0.014 0.014 20,390
9 52.8 0.013 0.012 20,310
10 55.6 0.013 0.013 21,380
Mean (μ) 54.9 0.013 0.014 20,630
Standard Deviation (σ) 1.33
μ -3σ 50.9
Sample Diameter
Manufacturer N/A 0.5 0.196 50.3 54.1 0.014 20,900
NCHRP-12-97 10 0.5 0.200 50.9 54.9 0.013 20,630
Results (cont’d)
31
AASHTO Design Guide/Material Specifications (Draft)
 Tension test (ASTM D7205/ D7205M)

Tension test shall provide breaking (rupture) load (PRupture,i) and
corresponding rupture strain (εRupture,i)
 Number of tests ≥ 10 (Article 2.9.1, Material Specs)
∑
32
,
 Average of rupture load:
 Design load (Pu)= ) - 3σ (Article 1.4.1.2 Design Guide Specs)
 Average rupture strain

∑ ,
0.15%
AASHTO Design Guide/Material Specifications (Draft) (cont’d)
 Determine Af (Article 2.5.4, Material Specs)
 Rupture tensile strength :

33
 Modulus of elasticity :
 Design tensile strength
 Design tensile strain ( Article 2.6.4, Material Specs)

CFRP Harping Properties

 Effect of Harping Angle
 Effect of Deviator Diameter
 Effect of Deviator Material: Steel vs. Teflon
34
 Test Procedures
 Test Results
CFRP Harping Properties:
Effects of Harping Angle and Deviator Diameter
Purpose
To assess the effects of stress concentration at the deviator location and overall
strength reduction due to harping
35
12 º 4º
Harping Angles
Deviator
1 inch diameter deviator

used for prestressing steel
strands
Deviator Effect on CFRP Tension Strength

Contact pressure and tension/bending stresses at deviator will cause further
reduction of tension strength of prestressing tendon, fpu
36
Deviator
Contact pressure
Combined tension and flexural stresses

Process
Test Specimen:
Anchorage
CFRP Anchorage
Variable 12 ft. Variable

37
No. of Tests:
36/CFRP Type (3 repetitions per test parameter)
Test parameters:
• Deviator size (1in., 2 in., 20 in. and 40in. )
• Deviator material (Steel and Teflon)
• Harping angles (5, 10, 15, 20 degrees)
• CFRP Cable (∅ = 0.6 in) and CFRP Bar (∅ = 0.5 in)
Process (cont’d)
Test Set-up:
Variable
Measured
Back-to-back channels Load
Deviator harping angles
Hydraulic jack
Load cell
38
Jacking
Load
2 in. Teflon
1 in. Steel
Results
Deviator Harping Breaking % of Design
Material Diameter Angle Load Tensile
(in.) (Degree) (kips) Strength 0.60fpu
1 20 3.3 6.70
CFRP Bar
2 10 15.6 31.2
∅ = 0.50 in
20 10 22.1 44.2
39
1 20 18.2 29.8
CFRP Cable 2 10 33.9 55.7
∅ = 0.60 in
20 10 42.1 69.2
CFRP bars failed by longitudinal splitting at early load levels

Preliminary Conclusions
• 1 in. and 2 in.-diameter deviators that are available in the industry will not work
• CFRP bars are not recommended to be harped in bridge girders
New Research Directions

• Investigate other deviators configurations with larger diameters
40
• These deviators need to be developed and accepted by the industry
20 in.-diameter deviator application

Preliminary Results
% of Design Tensile Strength
41
0.60fpu
Results for CFRP Cables: ∅ = 0.60 in.

AASHTO Design Guide Specifications (Draft)
1.4.4—Hold-Down Points and Deviators

The hold-down devices that are in contact with prestressing CFRP shall
have a curvature corresponding to a diameter not less than 20 in. and shall
provide 100 percent retention of the design tensile strength of prestressing
42
CFRP based on provisions of Article 2.6.1 of the material specifications
1.4.4—Commentary :
Prestressing CFRP bars shall not be harped, unless the manufacturer
provides sufficient documentation to demonstrate the feasibility of retaining
100 percent of the design tensile strength of the prestressing CFRP .
AASHTO Design Guide Specifications (Draft) (cont’d)
1.9.1.1—Prestressing CFRPs with Angle Points or Curves
On-Going Task
43
CFRP Prestress Relaxation Losses

 Prestress Relaxation Losses of CFRP Bars and Cables
 Prestress Relaxation Losses of CFRP System (Bars/Cables and Anchorages)
 Effect of Jacking Stress level
 Effect of Bars/Cables Lengths
44
 Test Procedures
 Test Results
CFRP Prestress Relaxation Losses:
All Parameters Affecting Relaxation losses
Purpose
To evaluate time-dependent stress losses and the effects of (i) cable/bar length, (ii)
prestressing level, and (iii) anchorage losses on individual cables/bars and CFRP
system.
45
Constant Strain
Strain
Time
Stress
Stress Relaxation
Time
Sources of relaxation losses in bars/cables

 Matrix Relaxation (resin is a polymer with high relaxation characteristics)
 Fiber Straightening during matrix relaxation
 Wires straightening in cables
 Fiber Relaxation if any
46
Irregularity in the fiber alignment during pultrusion process (SEM Test)
CFRP Cable, ∅ = 0.76 in. CFRP Cable, ∅ = 0.60 in.

Process
Test Specimen:
Anchorage
CFRP Anchorage
Variable 10, 15 and 20 ft. Variable

47
No. of Tests:
Test parameters:
• Jacking stress level (0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 fpu )
• Prestressing CFRP length (10, 15, 20 ft.) and 1 in. (for anchorage losses.)
Test Set-up
L = 10,15 and 20 ft. 0.5fpu

Load cell 0.6fpu
CFRP Cable or Bar Strain gage
0.7fpu
Steel HSS reaction frame maintaining constant strain

48
Used for the overall pretress relaxation of the system
Used for loss quantification at the anchors due to CFRP-anchors

interfacial bond slip and grout creep
Results
Prestressing CFRP Cable (∅ = 0.6 in.) Prestressing CFRP Bar (∅ 0.5 in.)
49
Stress relaxation of 15 ft.-long specimens at 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 fpu (3 repetitions)
Results (cont’d)
Prestressing CFRP Cable (∅ = 0.6 in.) Prestressing CFRP Bar (∅ 0.5 in.)
50
Stress relaxation of 10, 15, and 20 ft.-long specimens at 0.6fpu (3 repetitions)
Minimum Length Effect

Results (cont’d)
51
CFRP System Losses CFRP Anchors Losses CFRP Losses

Results (cont’d)
Relaxation Losses Equations for CFRP System

CFRP Cables( ∅ = 0.6 in.)
log 24
Δ 0.020 0.0066
log 24 i)
CFRP Bars (∅ = 0.5 in.)
52
log 24
Δ 0.016 0.0057
log 24 i)
fpt = stress in prestressing CFRP immediately after tensioning (ksi)

= tensile strength of prestressing CFRP (ksi)
ti = time of tensioning (days)
 Include relaxation losses for cables/bars and anchors

 Valid for post-tensioning application
 Anchors losses need to be subtracted for pretension application On-going Task
Results(Cont’d)
Preliminary Relaxation Losses Equations for CFRP

CFRP Cables( ∅ = 0.6 in.)
log 24
Δ 0.020 0.019 0.0066
log 24 i)
CFRP Bars (∅ = 0.5 in.)
53
log 24
Δ 0.016 0.013 0.0057
log 24 i)
fpt = stress in prestressing CFRP immediately after tensioning (ksi)

= tensile strength of prestressing CFRP (ksi)
ti = time of tensioning (days)
 Include relaxation losses for cables/bars

 Valid for pre-tensioning application
 Anchors losses are subtracted
5.9.5.4.2c—Relaxation of Prestressing Strands (AASHTO 2014)
, 0.55 1 ] Kid
K′L
54
Intrinsic relaxation for steel strands Reduction due to CR and SH of concrete

(to be revised for CFRP cable and bars) (no proposed revision)
fpt = stress level of prestressing steel strands immediately after transfer (ksi)
fpy = yielding strength (ksi),
KL = 30 for low relaxation steel and 7 for stress relieved steel
ti = time at transfer (days)

1.9.2.5.2—Relaxation of Prestressing CFRP
Intrinsic relaxation for prestressing CFRP cables and bars as a system with
anchorage losses at any time “t” after tensioning of the strands :
log 24
Δ
55
′ log 24 i
fpt = stress level of prestressing steel strands immediately after transfer (ksi)
ti = time at transfer (days)
Prestressing Type fpt =0.5 fpt =0.6 fpt =0.7

′
CFRP Cable 145 110 95
(∅ = 0.6 in.)
′
CFRP Bar 215 150 125
(∅ = 0.5 in.)
Comparison with AASHTO (2014) Equations
15 % [Steel Strands]
56
5.4 % [CFRP System]

3.9 % [CFRP System]
114 years
Comparison with AASHTO (2014) Equations
15 % [Steel Strands]
57
4.8 % [CFRP Only]
2.1 % [CFRP Only]

114 years
Small-scale Prism Testing
 Square Concentrically Prestressed Prisms
6 in.
120 in. 6 in.

58
 Rectangular Flexural Prisms

Square Concentrically Prestressed Prisms

 Evaluation of Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete
 Evaluation of Thermal Fluctuation Losses
 Evaluation of Transfer Length
59
 Test Procedures
 Test Results
Square Concentrically Prestress Prisms:
Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete
Purpose
To evaluate creep and shrinkage losses and validate the current AASHTO
equations for the case of SCC use.
Process
Test Specimen:
60
4 in.
12 in. 4 in.
Concrete prisms (6x6 in.) prestressed with Plain concrete prisms for Shrinkage
CFRP Cable (∅ = 0.6 in) and CFRP Bar (∅ = 0.5 in) measurements (4x4 in.)
No. of Tests: Test parameters:

54/CFRP Type (3 repetitions per test parameter) Jacking stress level (0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 f
pu
Results
Prestressing CFRP Cable (∅ 0.6 in.) Prestressing CFRP Bar (∅ 0.5 in.)
. u p
. u
. u Strain
61
DEMEC target point
Transfer zone Constant strain zone Transfer zone

5.4.2.3—Shrinkage and Creep (AASHTO 2014)

These provisions shall be applicable for specified concrete strengths up to 15.0 ksi
5.4.2.3.2—Creep
The creep coefficient may be taken as:
(t,ti)= 1.9×ks×khs×kf ×ktd×ti-0.118

62
factor for the effect of concrete strength and time development
5.4.2.3.3—Shrinkage
The strain due to shrinkage may be taken as :
εsh=ks×khs×kf ×ktd×0.48×10-3
 Concrete creep and shrinkage are independent of prestressing material

 Valid for concrete strength between 5 to 15 ksi
 Experimental results will be compared with AASHTO equations
Total Creep and Shrinkage Strains*

63
*Measured from pre-tensioned prisms

Shrinkage Strains*
εsh = ks×khs×kf ×ktd×0.48×10-3
64
*Measured from small plain concrete prisms

Creep Strains*
(t,ti)= 1.9×ks×khs×kf ×ktd×ti-0.118
65
*By subtracting of the shrinkage strains from total shrinkage and creep strains
1.9.2.5—Refined Estimate of Time-Dependent Losses:

In accordance with the provisions of Article 5.9.5.4 of the AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications (2014)
No changes for creep and shrinkage losses

66
Thermal Fluctuation Losses
Purpose
To determine the thermal fluctuation losses and the effect of the resulting
transverse thermal expansion on CFRP-Concrete and the consequence on the
bond between these two materials.
Longitudinal effect (α frp,l < 10 αc)

67
l l  T  c   frp ,l 
Transverse effect (α frp,t > 10 αc)
Thermal Fluctuation Losses
Process
No. of Tests:
Test parameters:
• Jacking stress level (0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 fpu)
• Transverse reinforcement
68
Temperature (F)
3-h at 120° F
3-h at 0° F
Time (Hour)
Strain measurement inside the environmental chamber On-going Task

Transfer Length, lt
Purpose
To measure the end zone transfer length of prestress bars and cables.
Process
69
8 in.
Transfer zone Constant strain zone Transfer zone

DEMEC target point measurement
Results
To be included and shown with the large-scale beam test
Rectangular Flexural Prisms

 Evaluation of Long-term Deflections
 Evaluation of Transfer Length
70
 Test Procedures
 Test Results
Long-term Deflection
Purpose
To investigate the long-term deflections of concrete beams prestressed with CFRP
systems under sustained load and validate the existing calculation methods and
provide changes if necessary.
Process
Test Specimen:
71
Threaded rods
HSS Roller
supports
½ ft. 4.5 ft. 2.0 ft. 4.5 ft. ½ ft.
12.0 ft.
No of tests:
4 beams with CFRP Cable (∅=0.6 in)
4 beams with CFRP Bar (∅=0.5 in)
Long-term Deflection
Results
Normalized long-term deflection
72
About 40% increase in deflections for both types of CFRP

systems after one year of applied sustained loading
Full Scale Testing
8 inch composite deck
73
AASHTO Type I
Full-Scale Testing
 Test Matrix
 Design Approach
 Beam Configuration and Fabrication
 Camber
 Prestress Losses and Transfer Length
74
 Seating Losses
 Elastic Shortening Losses
 Friction/Wobble Losses
 Transfer Length
 Flexural Behavior
 Monotonic Loading
 Fatigue Loading
 Crack Patterns
Full Scale Testing
Cables ∅ = 0.6in.) [3] Monotonic [2]
Fatigue [1]
Pre-Tension, Straight Bars/Cables [7]
Bars ∅ = 0.5in.) [4] Monotonic [3]
Partially Debonded [1] Fatigue [1]
Cables ∅ = 0.76 in.) [2] Monotonic [1]

75
Fatigue [1]
Post-Tension, Straight Cables [2]
Cables ∅ = 0.76 in.) [3]

Unbonded [1] Fatigue [1]
Post-Tension, Draped Cables [3] Monotonic [1]
Bonded [2]
Fatigue [1]
. ,  
Full-scale Testing:
Design Approach
76
CFRP rupture
Concrete crushing
Tension failure
Compression failure
Selected Mode of Failure

Full-scale Testing:
Design Approach
0.6 fpu
77
Af (in2)
Afb,fru Afb,fpu Af,used

Full-scale Testing:
Design Approach
0.6 fpu
78
Af (in2)
Afb,fru Afb,fpu Af,used

Full-scale Testing:
Design Approach
0.6 fpu
79
Failure Load
(Test)
Cracking Load (Test)
Af (in2)
Afb,fru Afb,fpu Af,used Afb,fru (composite)

Full-scale Testing:
Design Approach
Congestion of
CFRP anchors
80
1
2 ,
of composite beam/deck
Af (in2)
Af,used Afb,fru (composite)

Full-scale Testing:
Design Approach
Afb,fru 0.7 fpu
Afb,fru
0.6 fpu
81
Same ultimate
capacity!!
Some increase in
cracking capacity
Af (in2)
Af,used
Full Scale Testing:
Beam Configuration and Fabrication
Steel Pre-tensioned Beam
82
8 steel strands (∅ = 0.6 in)

Asfpu=470 kips

Full Scale Testing:
CFRP Pre-tensioned Beams
83
Affpu=600 kips Affpu=480 kips

Affru=650 kips Affru=625 kips
Affru was selected to be the same for CFRP cables and bars
Full Scale Testing:
CFRP Post-tensioned Beams
Post-tensioned, Straight CFRP cables

84
Affpu=500 kips
Affru=550 kips
Post-tensioned, Straight and Draped CFRP cables

Full Scale Testing:
CFRP Pre-tensioned Beams

85
Full Scale Testing:
CFRP Post-tensioned Beams
86
Full Scale Testing:
Bonded Post-tensioned Beams
87
Grout injection at the inlet Grout coming out from Outlet

Full Scale Testing:
Camber
Purpose
To measure the camber of the prestressed beams and compare it with the current
AASHTO (2014) provisions.
Test Specimen: Camber
88
Test Equipment and Instrumentation:

 Laser-based
 Conventional Rule
 Potentiometers
Laser-based measurement device

Full Scale Testing:
Camber
1.7.3.4.2—Deflection and Camber
The current AASHTO (2014) LRFD will be used for camber calculation
Pre-tensioned Beams
with CFRP Bars
89
Post-tensioned Beams
Pre-tensioned Beams
with CFRP Cables
Calculated vs Measured camber for Full-scale beams

Full-Scale Testing
Prestress Losses and Transfer Length
 Seating Losses
 Elastic Shortening Losses
 Wobble and Friction Losses
 Prestress Transfer Length
90
Prestress Losses and Transfer Length:
Seating Losses
Purpose
To measure the seating losses of the prestressed beams and compare it with the
current AASHTO (2014) provisions.
Test Specimen:
Live
Dead End
End
91
Process and Instrumentation:

Load cells attached to the live end
C 1.9.2.2.1—Anchorage Set
The anchorage set losses for the full-scale post-tensioned
beams were found to be less than 1.0 percent
Load cells attached to the dead end

Elastic Shortening
Purpose
To measure the elastic shortening in prestressed beams and compare it with the
current AASHTO (2014) provisions.
Test Specimens:
Pre-tensioned beams
Live
92
Dead End
End
Post-tensioned beams
Test Equipment and Instrumentation:
Load cells attached to the dead end of post- Strain gages installed at mid-span of the
tensioned beams pre-tensioned beams
Elastic Shortening
1.9.2.2.3a—Pretensioned Members
The loss due to elastic shortening in pretensioned members shall be
taken as:
Use existing AASHTO (2014)
Δ
equation but replace with
93
Elastic Shortening
1.9.2.2.3b—Post-Tensioned Members
The loss due to elastic shortening in post-tensioned members may be
taken as:
Use existing AASHTO (2014)
∆
equation but replace with
94
T1
M1
B3 B2 B1
Elastic shortening of cable T1 during the posttensioning sequence

Wobble and Friction Losses
Process
To quantify the wobble and friction coefficients of the duct/CFRP used for the
post-tensioned beams.
Test Specimen: Friction Live End
Dead
End Jacking
95
Results
Wobble Coefficient
ΔfpF=fpj (1-e-(+Kx))
K=0.0015
2’’ Corrugated plastic duct

Material: Polypropylene
Wobble Coefficient vs. Jacking force
Test Specimen:
Friction Live End
Dead
End
Jacking
Results (cont’d) Wobble Coefficient + Friction Coefficient

96
=0.21
2’’ Corrugated plastic duct

Material: Polypropylene
Friction Coefficient vs Jacking force

5.9.5.2.2—Friction (AASHTO 2014)
Post-Tensioned Construction:
μ = coefficient of friction
K = wobble friction coefficient per unit length of tendon (1/ft.)
 Values of K and μ should be based on experimental data

97
 In the absence of such data, a value within the ranges of K and μ as

specified in Table 5.9.5.2.2b-1 may be used.
Prestressing Type Type of Duct K μ

Rigid and semirigid galvanized metal
0.0002 0.15–0.25
sheathing
Steel Wire or strand Rigid steel pipe deviators for external
0.0002 0.25
tendons
Polyethylene 0.0002 0.23
CFRP Cable Polypropylene 0.0002 0.22
Transfer Length
Process
To measure and provide and equation for prestress transfer length for CFRP cables
and bars.
Test Specimen:
Transfer Length Zone Transfer Length Zone

98
DEMEC points
Arrangement of DEMEC points at the end of
the beam
Transfer Length
5.11.4—Development of Prestressing Strand ( AASHTO 2014)

99
Transfer Length
Results (Full-scale Beam Test)
Average Maximum Strain (AMS) line to determine Transfer Length
0.6 , 5.4 ksi 0.57-0.61 , 4.1-5.2 ksi

100
Full-scale Beams -- CFRP Cable (∅ = 0.6 in.) Full-scale eams --CFRP Bar (∅ = 0.5 in.)
Beam 1: lt =22 in. (≅ 37db ) Beam 1: lt =28 in. (≅ 56 db )

Beam 2: lt =25 in. (≅ 42 db ) Beam 2: lt =32 in. (≅ 64 db )
Transfer Length
Results (Small-scale Prism Tests)
0.55-0.72 , 9.5 ksi 0.49-0.68 , 5.6 ksi

101
0.7 f
0.6 f
0.5 f
Small-scale Prisms -- CFRP Cable (∅ = 0.6 in) Small-scale Prisms -- CFRP Bar (∅ = 0.5 in)
lt =24.0 in. (≅ 40 db ) for 0.7 lt =25.5 in. (≅ db) for 0.7

lt =21.5 in. (≅ 36 db ) for 0.6 lt =22.0 in. (≅ 44 db) for 0.6
lt =20.0 in. (≅34 db ) for 0.5 lt =20.0 in. (≅ 40 db) for 0.5
Transfer Length
1.11.1—Development of Prestressing CFRP

Based on ACI440.4R-04*, CAN/CSA S806-12 and SimTREC Manual:
.
102
prestressing CFRP diameter (in.)

concrete compressive strength at prestress transfer (psi)
= effective stress in prestressing CFRP after transfer (psi)
= coefficient related to types of prestressing CFRP taken as 10 for bar, 11 for cable
Transfer Length
Results
: 10 for CFRP Bar,

.
11 for CFRP Cable
103

Full-Scale Testing
Flexural Behavior
 Monotonic Loading
 Fatigue Loading
 Crack Patterns
104
Flexural Behavior:
Monotonic Loading
Test Setup
P
105
∆
P/2 P/2
Flexural Behavior:
Monotonic Loading
Results
Load-Deflection Behavior
106
Post-tensioned Beams Pre-tensioned Beams

Flexural Behavior:
Monotonic Loading
Pre-tensioned Beams
with CFRP Bars
Pre-tensioned Beams
107
with CFRP Cables
+/- 5%
Flexural Behavior:
Fatigue Loading
Purpose
To evaluate the fatigue performance of the CFRP prestressed beams.
Test Specimen:
108
Fatigue Truck
Uncracked
Beam
Accidental Cracking!
Fatigue Truck
Cracked
Beam
For Post-tensioned beams the upper Fatigue limit was

Cracking Load!
Load Vs Time history of fatigue loading
Flexural Behavior:
Fatigue Loading
Results
109
Effect of Fatigue Loading on Beam Effect of Fatigue Loading on Moment

Stiffness Capacity
Flexural Behavior:
Crack Patterns
Pretensioned Beams
110
Pretensioned with CFRP Cables Pretensioned with CFRP Bars
Pretensioned with Steel Strands

Flexural Behavior:
Crack Patterns
111
Bonded with CFRP Cables Unbonded with CFRP Cables

Analysis and Numerical Simulations
 Numerical Simulations
 Parametric Study and Reliability Analysis:
112
Analysis and Numerical Simulations:
Numerical Simulations
113
1. Calibrate the Finite Element Model

2. Carry out a Parametric Study
3. Perform a Reliability Analysis for F factor
Parametric Study and Reliability Analysis
Resistance factor (ϕ)
Nominal Capacity Design Capacity

114
Ductile
(Yield)
Brittle
(Rupture)
Process:
Develop a Comprehensive
Design Space
Determine nominal load and resistance

model for every limit state
115
12- Full-Scale tests

Determine random variables and assign » 7- Pre-tensioned beam
statistical descriptor to each of them » 5- Post-tensioned beam
Modify
resistance Simulate random variables according to
factors distribution model and statistical parameters
Find failure probability and reliability index
(No) (Yes)
Is target reliability achieved? Output results
Target Reliability Index:
• Adopted as 3.5 for steel prestressed bridges in AASHTO LRFD-2014
• CFRP prestressed bridge girders differ from steel prestressed in terms
of ductility and redundancy
• Given the nature of failure of CFRP prestressed bridges failing by
CFRP rupture (sudden failure with no residual capacity), the target
116
reliability should be increased

• This can be addressed by using the load modifier (η) as specified in
AASHTO LRFD-2014
• The load modifier is a multiplicative combination of three parameters
namely ductility (ηD), redundancy (ηR), and operational classification
(ηI)
η= ηD× ηR × ηI
• Generally, using η>1, relates to the target reliability higher that 3.5.
Preliminary results
Target reliability and Resistance factor for bonded prestressed CFRP systems
Target Resistance
Girder location Failure mode
Reliability factor
117
3.5 0.75
Tension-controlled 3.8 0.65
Interior
4 0.6
Compression-controlled 3.5 0.75
3.5 0.60
Exterior Tension-controlled
3.8 0.50
 A standalone document in AASHTO LRFD
format with commentary
 Contains two sections

118
 Design Guide Specifications (Section 1)

 CFRP Material Specifications (Section 2)
SCOPE: LIMITATIONS:
• Concrete compressive strengths • Anchorage detailing for external

from 5.0 ksi to 15.0 ksi. CFRP post-tensioned
• Pre-tensioned concrete beams strengthening systems
• Bonded and unbonded internally • Partially prestressed concrete beams

119
post-tensioned concrete beams. except that partial prestressing is

allowed for beams with unbonded
• Steel transverse reinforcement only. post-tensioning.
• Segmental construction and
 Provisions for unbonded post- prestressed concrete bridge
tensioned beams may be applicable to beams curved in plan.
beams that are strengthened with • Design for torsion.
external CFRP post-tensioning.
Guide Specification
Provisions AASHTO (2014)
(Draft)
At jacking:
Pre-tensioned = 0.75 fpu At jacking= 0.65 fpu
Straight Tendons At service =0.6 fpu
Stress Limit for Post-tensioned = 0.9 fpy
CFRP Tendons At service = 0.8 fpy
Harped/ Draped N/A (On-Going Task)

120

f log 24t f )
Prestress Relaxation Δf t, t
K′L log 24ti) f
0.55
′ varies according to prestressing
level and CFRP type
Creep (t,ti)=1.9×ks×khs×kf ×ktd×ti-0.118 Same as AASHTO
Shrinkage εsh=ks×khs×kf ×ktd×0.48×10-3 Same as AASHTO
Losses Temperature Effect N/A (On−Going Task)
Friction Losses ΔfpF=fpj (1-e-(+kx)) Same with  and k modified
Elastic Shortening Δf f →
ΔAS
Anchorage Set Δf E →
l
Guide Specification
(Draft)
For tension-controlled: ∅ = 0.65
For tension -controlled: ∅ = 1.0
Resistance Factor For compression-controlled: ∅ = 0.75
For compression -controlled: ∅ = 0.75
(On-Going Task)
Min Factored • 1.33Mr

Flexural Strength (On-Going Task)
• M γ γ f γ f S M 1
121
Flexural Design
.
Unbonded 900 /
Prestressing CFRP (single point loading)
2 .
2
/
(two point, uniform loading or a
combination)
Multiplying instantaneous deflections by; Multiplying instantaneous deflections
Serviceability Long-term Deflection 4.0 (for Ig) or by; 4.0 (for Ig)
Limit States 3.0 -1.2 (A’s / As ) ≥1.6 (for Ie)
(On-Going Task)
Guide Specification
(Draft)
Transfer Length .
ℓ =60 db
=10.2 for bar
=11.2 for cable
Bond, Development
122
Length and
Transfer Length .
2
Development Length =5.3 for bar
3
=14.8 for cable
+
Provisions Test Methods Limitations
• ASTM D3171
Fiber Content Shall not be less than 55 percent by volume
• ASTM D2584
Glass Transition • ASTM E1356 • Shall not be less than 212°F (DSC)
Temperature • ASTME1640 • Shall not be less than 230°F (DMA)
Coefficients of • ASTM E831

Thermal Expansion N/A
PHYSICAL • ASTM D696
123
PROPERTIES
• AASHTO M 31M/M 31
(ASTM A615/A615M)
Prestressing CFRP • AASHTO M 203M/M The measured area of the prestressing CFRP bars
Types and Sizes and cable shall be between 1.0 to 1.2 times the
203 (ASTM
nominal area provided
A416/A416M)
• ASTM D7205/D7205M
Tensile Strength ASTM D7205/ D7205M N/A
The tensile modulus of elasticity of CFRP bars

Tensile Modulus of and cables based on the cross-sectional area, as
ASTM D7205/ D7205M
Elasticity specified in Article 2.5.4, shall be at least 17,000
ksi.
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES Shear Strength The transverse shear strength of prestressing
124
ASTM D7617/ D7617M

(Transverse axis) CFRP shall be at least 18 ksi.
The tensile rupture strain of CFRP cables and
Tensile Strain N/A bars obtained by this procedure shall be at least
1.2 percent.
Bond Strength ASTM D7913/D7913M N/A

The individual moisture absorption test results
Moisture Absorption ASTM D570 shall be reported and their average shall be less
than 1.0 percent.
Resistance to The strength retention of prestressing CFRP
Alkaline ASTM D7705/D7705M exposed to alkaline environment shall not be less
Environment than 90 percent
Longitudinal
ASTM D5117 N/A
Wicking
125
DURABILITY
The strength retention of prestressing CFRP
PROPERTIES Ultra Violet
ASTM G153 exposed to ultra violet exposure shall not be less
Exposure
than 95 percent
The strength retention of prestressing CFRP
Freeze-Thaw Cycles ASTM D7792/D7792M exposed to freeze-thaw cycles shall not be less
than 95 percent.
Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent
galvanic corrosion in internal reinforcing
Galvanic Corrosion N/A
applications with prestressing CFRP.
OTHER
Long-Term ACI 440.3R Test Method
REQUIREMENTS N/A
Relaxation B.9
FOR
PRESTRESSING ACI 440.3R Test Method
CFRP Creep Rupture N/A
B.8
126
 Most of the current AASHTO provisions are
applicable for CFRP
 Design approach and methodology
 Creep, shrinkage and elastic shortening losses
 Camber and deflections
 Major revisions to be included

127
 Harping and draping of Prestressing CFRP

 CFRP prestress relaxation losses
 Jacking stress limits
 Prestress transfer length
 Strength reduction factors
Various Reduction factors
 Environmental reduction factor, CE
CE =1.0 (prestressed and internal post-tension)
CE = 0.9 (external exposure with no proper protection)
 Initial jacking stress
128
,
If ≅1 0.65 ∗ ,
,
,
If 1.1 0.65 ∗ ,
,
0.75 ∗ ,
 Strength reduction factors, 

 =0.75 (compression controlled failure)
 =0..65-0.75 (tension controlled failure )
Strength Reduction Factor
For compression-controlled 1.5 ,  =0.75
Same as the current AASHTO-LRFD 2014
For tension-controlled ,  =0.65-0.75
129
? ?
/
Research Team
Dr. Mina Dawood, Associate Professor: UH
Dr. Bora Gencturk, Assistant Professor: UH
Mr. Prakash Poudel, PhD Candidate: UH
Mr. Hamidereza Tahsiri, PhD Candidate: UH
Mr. Mahmoud Reda, PhD Candidate: UH
Dr. Bora Acun, Postoctoral Fellow: UH
Mr. Barry Adkins, MS student: UH
Dr. Sami Rizkalla, Professor: NCSU
13
0
Dr. Henry Russell: Henry G. Russell, Inc.

Dr. Wagdy Wassef: Modjeski and Masters, Inc.
NCHRP12-97 panel members
Precast Plants and Material Suppliers

Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
Heldenfels Enterprises, Inc.
East Texas Precast
Tokyo Rope, Inc.
Pultrall Inc.
Thank you !
Abdeldjelil Belarbi, PhD, PE,
belarbi@uh.edu

NCHRP 12 97 LRFD Guide Specification For PRestressing Concrete Elements Using FRP Materials Abdeldjilel Belarbi

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

NCHRP 12 97 LRFD Guide Specification For PRestressing Concrete Elements Using FRP Materials Abdeldjilel Belarbi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NCHRP 12-97

National Cooperative Highway Research Program

Guide Specification for the Design of Concrete

Abdeldjelil Belarbi, PhD, PE

AASHTO T-6 (FRP Composites)

2. Experimental Research Program

3. Analytical Research Program

4. Draft of Design Guide Specifications

5. Draft of Material Specifications

1824 1867 1933

Portland Reinforced Prestressed

Leonhardt (1964) ‐ in his “Prestressed Concrete ‐

To develop a proposed guide specification, in

pretensioning and post-tensioning.

 Design Guide Specifications (under review)

 Design Examples (in progress)

Experimental Research Analytical Research

Small-scale Prisms Parametric Study &

CFRP Bars Seven-Wire CFRP Cables

Diameter: 0.5 in Diameter: 0.6 in Diameter: 0.76 in

Values as provided by the manufacturer

CFRP Expansive materials

Buffer sleeve sleeve

All components provided by the

CFRP Bar CFRP Cable

Pre-tensioning application Post-tensioning application

Strength: 9-12 ksi

 Grout for Bonded PT

 Reinforcement for Deck

Elastic modulus: 29,000 ksi

 Steel Prestressing for Guide Cable and Prestressing

 Spiral Reinforcement for Prisms and PT End Zones

 CFRP Mechanical and Physical Properties

 CFRP Harping Properties

 CFRP Prestress Relaxation Losses

CFRP Mechanical and Physical Properties

 Tension Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Rupture Strain (fpu, Ef,

Manufacturer’s Values (in2) 0.180 0.289 0.196

Difference (%) 20% 24% 18%

AASHTO Material Specifications (Draft)

2.5.4—Prestressing CFRP Types and Sizes

 The size of prestressing CFRP bars shall be consistent with standard

 The size of prestressing CFRP cables shall be consistent with standard

AASHTO Material Specifications (Draft) -- Cont’d

2.5.4—Commentary: Areas of a non-standard diameter

 Nominal Area of single wire: 0.050

Proposed Values (in2) 0.217 0.352 0.200

Difference (%) 4% 7% 14%

Test Specimen: No. of Tests: Test Standard:

CFRP Cable CFRP Cable CFRP Bar

AASHTO Material Specifications (Draft)

2.5.1 Fiber Content

Test Specimen: No. of Tests: Test Standard:

CFRP Cable CFRP Cable CFRP Bar

Average Tg in oC 102 118 116

AASHTO Material Specifications (Draft)

2.5.2—Glass Transition Temperature

W = 100 · (Pi – Pd)/Pd

Pi = weights of the sample after immersion

Test Specimen: No. of Tests: Test Standard:

AASHTO Material Specifications (Draft)

Anchorage CFRP Anchorage