PART 13 – PILING WORK

Proposed Marine Structures, Current Training Wall, Dredging and Other Ancillary Works
for International Cruise terminal at Marina South SS13/1

PART 13

13.0 PILING WORK

13.1 GENERALLY

The piling work under this Contract shall include the supply and installation of vertical
and raker prestressed spun hollow piles, steel pipe piles to the positions, minimum depths, levels,
working loads, etc all as specified.

The Contractor shall also include in the Lump Sum Tender Price for -

13.1.1 Prestressed Spun Piles

a Supply and drive vertical prestressed precast concrete circular spun hollow piles
as indicated in the Drawings.

b Supply and drive raker prestressed precast concrete circular spun hollow piles as
indicated in the Drawings.

13.1.2 Steel Pipe Piles

a Supply and drive vertical steel pipe piles as indicated in the Drawings.
b Supply and drive raker steel pipe piles as indicated in the Drawings.

The Tender Price shall also cover the piles from toe to cut-off level, ground anchorages,
pile shoes, wastages, cast in-situ concrete infill to pile and all other works whether of a permanent
or temporary nature to arrive at his Lump Sum Tender Price for the piling work. Upon completion
of the piling work, the difference in quantities between the length allowed for in the Contract and
the actual length executed shall be adjusted by way of a variation order valued in accordance
with the Contract Schedule of Rates and added to or deducted from the Lump Sum Tender Sum
as the case may be.

No joints and pile extensions will be allowed for piles subject to bending for moments
unless the details of the joints are approved at the sole discretion of the Superintending Officer.
The Contractor shall allow for all costs in his Lump Sum Tender Price to comply with this
requirement.

The Contractor shall be paid for piles installed from toe to cut-off level.

13.2 HOLLOW PRESTRESSED SPUN PILES

This Part of the Specification shall be read in conjunction with all other Parts relating to
concrete and piling.

13.2.1 Casting of Piles

The casting length of pile shall be determined by the Contractor who shall be deemed to
have taken into consideration the soil properties, results of preliminary test piles and all other
factors affecting his selection of the casting length.
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Unless otherwise approved by the Superintending Officer, the reinforcement and size of
the -precast pile shall be in accordance with the Drawings and as specified. No casting of piles
shall be allowed to commence until the reinforcements have been inspected and approved by the
Superintending Officer. The reinforcement details in the upper section of piles shall allow for the
requirement to effect full pile bending moment and axial load connection between the pile and
the deck.

Concrete for the precast piles shall be of the grade 80. Piles shall be formed by
spinning process. Each precast pile shall be cast in one operation and shall not be removed from
the mould or lifted until it is sufficiently matured and approved by the Superintending Officer.
Calculation should be submitted by Contractor’s Professional Engineer to Superintending Officer
to verify that concrete stresses are within allowable limit during transfer stage and lifting
operations.

13.2.2 Precasting Tolerances

The Contractor shall ensure that tolerances on dimensions of precast piles are within
the following limits:

Variations in cross section ) +5mm

) -3mm

Departure from alignment ) ±1mm in 3m

) ±13mm overall

Squareness of the end faces of initial pile section and ) ±2mm

extensions measured from plan normal to axis )

The requirement for accuracy of cross section shall also apply to the concentricity of the
central void. The thickness of any laitance on the internal surface of the pile shall be disregarded
when measuring the wall thickness of the pile.

13.2.3 Reinforcement Cages

All steel helical reinforcement shall be bent by a machine on which it is possible to

control the diameter and pitch of the helix.

The low relaxation prestressing strands to the appropriate British Standards of

diameters as shown on the Drawings or approved strands to ASTM standard equivalent in
strength shall be used.

13.2.4 Removal of Laitance

The Contractor shall remove at his own cost any laitance formed at the top 3m of the
pile on the inside of the pile before fitting the shoe or before building in the head of the pile.

13.2.5 Full Length Piles

All piles shall be to the full length required, without any joints or extensions, from the
toe to the cut-off level. The Contractor shall include for the length of pile above the cut-off level,
required to be stripped, in determining the length required at each pile location.

All piles shall be driven to the minimum depths of –32m ACD.

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Where set is not achieved at the minimum depth specified, the piles shall be driven
until the required set is achieved.

In the event set is achieved above the minimum depth specified, then the Contractor
shall be required to extract the piles and pre-drill through the hard strata to the required minimum
depth and re-pile with new pile to the required minimum depth to the satisfaction of the
Superintending Officer.

Payment shall be for the length of pile from toe to cut-off level of the pile as indicated
on Drawings. The Contractor shall allow for the length of pile required to be stripped, including
the stripping of the length required, as well as all wastages and all other works necessary for the
satisfactory completion of the piling works.

The Contractor shall carefully determine each length of pile required at each pile
location as any pile found to be of insufficient length required shall be extracted and a new pile,
of the required longer length, driven in its place. No extension of piles shall be allowed.

All piles required to be extracted shall not be allowed to be re-used unless written
approval from the Superintending Officer has been obtained. All extracted piles which have not
been approved for re-use shall be properly marked as rejected and removed off Site on the
instruction of the Superintending Officer.

The Contractor shall be deemed to have allowed for all costs in compliance therewith in
his Lump Sum Tender Price and no claims whatsoever, arising from or relating to the
requirement to extract and re-pile with new pile, shall be entertained.

13.2A Steel Pipe Pile

13.2A.1 General

The terms Steel Pipe Pile and Steel Tubular Pile are equivalent. Steel plate or flat used
to fabricate pipe pile material shall conform to B.S. 4360:1986, Grade 50C. The Contractor shall
obtain the manufacturer's test certificates for all steel material used in fabricated piles to be
supplied at the time or before pile sections are delivered to the Site, with clear identification of
which certificates pertain to each shipment of pile material.

13.2A.2 Tolerances

Sections and dimensions of steel piles shall conform to the following:

For steel pipe piles the external dimensions at any section as measured by using a tape
on the circumference shall not differ from the theoretical dimensions by more than -1% to +1%.
The rolling or manufacturing tolerances shall be such that the actual weight of any section does
not differ from the theoretical weight by more than that calculated using plate thickness
tolerances specified in Table 4 of BS 4360 for 2000mm wide plate.

The maximum outside diameter shall not be more than 1% larger than the theoretical
outside diameter and the minimum outside diameter shall not be more than 1% smaller than the
theoretical outside diameter.

The deviation from straightness shall not exceed 1/600 of a length not exceeding 10 m.
When two or more such lengths are joined the deviation from straightness shall not exceed 1/960
of the completed length unless otherwise specifically agreed by the Superintending Officer.
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13.2A.3 Welding of Steel Pipe Pile

Longitudinally welded piles shall be fabricated into lengths suitable for transport in a
controlled factory/workshop situation and shall conform to the requirement of this sub-clause.
The Contractor shall advise the Superintending Officer at least 30 days prior to the
commencement of pile fabrication of the details of fabrication and location(s), to permit the
Superintending Officer arrange for him to attend at such location of pile fabrication, to enable
inspection of fabrication work and witnessing of testing. The Superintending Officer shall at all
times during fabrication of pile material for this Contract, be afforded free access to the
fabrication works and testing facilities.

(a) In the case of welded pipe piles the Contractor shall submit for the approval of
the Superintending Officer the welding procedure to be used to fabricate welded
pipe piles, which shall have been qualified in accordance with API 5L. All welded
pipe piles shall be fabricated to conform with API 5L, Specification for Line Pipe,
and API Standard 1104, Standard for Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities,
except that hydrostatic testing of pipe piles is not required. If the fabricator is not
licensed to use the API monogram, he shall be required to provide equivalent
evidence to the Superintending Officer as to his proficiency and experience in the
fabricating of items to the standards required by API prior to commencing
fabrication of items for inclusion in the permanent Works on this Contract. The
fabricator shall provide test certificates to certify that fabrication of all welded
pipe pile complies with these API Specifications and Standards.

(b) Welded box piles or proprietary sections made up from two or more hot rolled
sections shall be welded in accordance with the manufacturer's standards.
During production of welded pipe piles at least one radiograph approximately
3000 mm long per 15 m length of pile shall be required on each completed length
of weld as a spot check on weld quality. This shall be taken on a circumferential
or longitudinal weld and its position shall be as direct by the Superintending
Officer. Should the radiograph show the weld to be deficient then the whole weld
will require to be radiographed.

(c) Spirally welded pipe shall be fabricated to conform with API 5L. Specification for
Line Pipe, and API Standard 1104, Standard for Welding Pipelines and Related
Facilities, except that hydrostatic testing of pipe piles is not required. If the
fabricator is not licensed to use the API monogram, he shall be required to
provide equivalent evidence to the Superintending Officer as to his proficiency
and experience in the fabricating of items to the standards required by API prior
to commencing fabrication of items for inclusion in the permanent Works on this
Contract. The fabricator shall provide test certificates to certify that all fabrication
of welded pipe pile complies with these API Specifications and Standards. Prior
to forming a spirally welded pile the edges of the strip shall be straight. The
forming and welding process shall be approved.

The Contractor shall provide, within one week of the delivery of the continuously welded
piles, copies of all test certificates clearly identifying by an approved coding system which length
of pile to which the tests relate. Where required by the Superintending Officer, the Contractor
shall carry out additional, on Site, radiographic or other tests on the pile sections.

No piles shall be driven until the Superintending Officer is satisfied as to the integrity of
the factory/workshop welds.

13.2A.4 Fabrication of Steel Pipe Pile on Site

Sections of steel piles may be assembled on Site to the required length for driving in
conformance with the following requirements:
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(a) All test procedures and dimensional tolerances shall conform to the specification
for the supply of pile material. Adequate facilities shall be provided for
supporting and aligning the lengths of pile.

(b) The number of splices per pile does not exceed four, unless permitted by the
Superintending Officer.

(c) Prior to welding the pile segments to form the required pile lengths the Contractor
shall prepare a shop drawing showing the splice locations to the approval of the
Superintending Officer.

(d) Edge preparation of all pile sections to be butt welded, as detailed in the
Drawings or required by the qualified and approved welding procedure, shall be
by machining. Hand preparation of the ends of pile sections shall not be
permitted.

(e) The butting surfaces of adjoining portions of a pile shall be truly square. The
joints shall be formed to the approval of the Superintending Officer and shall be
able to withstand handling and driving stresses and to develop the necessary
column strength in the finished pile.

(f) The root edges or root faces of length of piles that are to be butt welded shall not
differ by more than 25% of the thickness of piles not exceeding 12mm thick or by
more than 3mm for piles thicker than 12mm. When piles of unequal thickness
are to be butt welded the thickness of the thinner material shall be the criterion.

(g) Pile lengths shall be set up so that the differences in dimensions are matched as
evenly as possible.

(h) Longitudinal seam welds and spiral seam welds of lengths of pipe piles forming a
completed pile shall whenever possible be evenly staggered but if, in order to
obtain a satisfactory match of the ends of piles or the specified straightness, the
longitudinal seams or spiral seams are brought closely to one alignment at the
joint then they shall be staggered by at least 100mm.

(i) Welding and welding consumables shall be to BS 5135. All welding of piles shall
be by welding machine except where pile sections require welding of a partially
drive pile.

(j) Prior to the commencement of welding operations, the Contractor shall submit for
approval of full details of the welding procedures and electrodes with drawings
and schedules as may be necessary. The weld procedure shall be qualified in
the presence of the Superintending Officer with tests undertaken in accordance
with BS 4870:Part 1.

(k) Prior to the commencement of welding operations, the Contractor shall arrange
for each welder whom he proposes to employ on a particular welding operation to
be tested in accordance with BS 4871:Part 1 and BS 4872:Part 1. Welders may,
as an alternative, be tested to the requirements of the appropriate ASME
standard provided that the tests and testing procedures are approved and
accepted by the appropriate Authorities. The Superintending Officer shall be
represented at all times during these tests. Only those welders whose work
complies with the requirement of BS 4871:Part 1 and BS 4872:Part 1 or the
appropriate ASME standard where the test is accepted by the appropriate
Authorities shall be permitted to carry out welding. If non-destructive tests show
that the quality of work produced by a welder has deteriorated, then the
Contractor shall arrange to have that welder re-tested or replaced.
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The Contractor shall provide the Superintending Officer with three copies of all test
certificates, analysis and mill sheets as described above. The Contractor shall ensure that
adequate notice be given to the Superintending Officer when the processes can be inspected or
tests can be witnessed by the Superintending Officer. The Superintending Officer has the right to
inspect and test at any stage of the manufacturing process provided that, once he has been given
a minimum of 14 days notice of when the materials will be ready for inspection, any delay in his
attendance does not cause delay or disruption to the production processes.

13.2A.5 Handling and Storage of Piles

Piles shall be stored horizontally off the ground on level supports and in a manner,
which will not result in damage or deformation to the piles, or in contamination of the piles.
Coated piles shall be handled and stored in a manner, which will not result in damage to the
coatings. Bituminous- coated piles shall not be stacked.

Different types and sizes of piles shall be stored separately.

13.2A.6 Placing Concrete Infill in Piles

Pile with concrete infill shall be concreted as soon as practicable after the permission of
the Superintending Officer has been obtained. Concrete shall be placed without interruption until
the complete pile is concreted.

Operations which in the opinion of the Superintending Officer are likely to disturb or
affect the concrete or placing of the concrete shall not be carried out unless agreed by the
Superintending Officer.

Precast concrete sections or steel tubes in which concrete is to be placed shall be free
from damage before being installed.

Concrete cast in-situ for concrete infill in piles shall comply with the following:

(a) The method of placing and the workability of the concrete shall be such that a
continuous monolithic concrete shaft of the full cross-section is formed.

(b) The Contractor shall take all precautions in the design of the mix and placing of
the concrete to avoid arching of the concrete. No spoil, liquid or other foreign
matter shall be allowed to contaminate the concrete.

(c) The concrete shall be placed in such a manner that segregation does not occur
and shall not be allowed to free fall more than 2 metres vertically.

(d) Internal vibrators shall not be used to compact concrete unless the Contractor
has satisfied the Superintending Officer that they will not cause segregation or
arching of the concrete.

(e) The concrete shall be a rich coherent mix of high workability having a slump in
accordance with Table 13.1.

(f) The minimum characteristic strength of concrete for concrete infill in steel pile
shall be 45 N/mm2. All relevant provision of “Part 15 – Concrete Works” shall
apply.
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Table 13.1 : Requirements for concrete cast in-situ in piles

Slump in mm Typical conditions of use

Minimum Maximum
Placed into water-free unlined hole.
Widely spaced reinforcement leaving ample
75 125 room for free movement between bars.

Where reinforcement is not spaced widely

enough to give free movement between bars.
100 175 Where casting level of concrete is within the
casing. Where pile diameter is less than 600
mm.

(g) The level of material inside the pile shell shall be adjusted as necessary and
sealed in an approved manner before concrete infill commences. As an
alternative to raising the level of material inside the pile shell, the Contractor may
propose for agreement of the Superintending Officer other means such as lost
shutters at the required bottom level of concrete.

(h) Before placing concrete, measures shall be taken to ensure that the inside of the
pile shell is clean and that there is no accumulation of silt or other deleterious
material at the base of the plug.

13.3 PILE DRIVING

13.3.1 Generally

The Contractor shall employ a qualified and experienced pile-driving foreman, together
with the necessary gangs of trained labour capable of dealing with all pile driving. The Contractor
shall provide all plant, appliances and temporary works required for handling, pitching and driving
and, if required, extraction.

13.3.2 Driving Criteria

Prior to the commencement of driving of preliminary test piles, the Contractor shall
submit to the Superintending Officer his proposed driving criteria for driving the piles to the
specified requirements. The driving criteria to be submitted shall include the following
information:-

a particulars of the piling and ancillary plant and equipment to be employed

b set
c type and weight of hammer to be used
d types of helmet, dolly and packings to be used
e method of pitching of piles

The Contractor's proposed driving criteria shall be verified by carrying out ultimate load
tests on preliminary test piles driven in accordance with his proposed driving criteria. The
proposed driving criteria shall only be approved if both the ultimate load tests at the respective
platform sites have passed the specified requirements.
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The Contractor's proposed driving criteria shall be rejected if any of the ultimate load
tests at the respective platform sites fail to meet the specified requirements and in such case, the
Contractor shall re-submit to the Superintending Officer a revised driving criteria and carry out
three additional ultimate load tests on preliminary test piles driven in accordance with the revised
driving criteria. The above shall be repeated until the Contractor's proposed driving criteria has
met the specified requirements.

Piling to working piles shall not commence until the driving criteria are approved by the
Superintending Officer.

Notwithstanding the approval of the Contractor's driving criteria by the Superintending

Officer, the onus of driving the working piles to the specified requirements shall rest solely with
the Contractor.

The Contractor shall be deemed to have allowed for all costs in complying with the
above requirements in his Lump Sum Tender Price.

13.3.3 Preliminary Test Piles

The Contractor shall carry out the installation and testing of preliminary test piles prior
to the installation of working piles.

All preliminary test piles shall be of the same material and size as the specified working
piles and shall be driven in accordance with the Contractor's proposed driving criteria submitted
to the Superintending Officer. The positions of preliminary test piles shall be determined by the
Superintending Officer.

All preliminary test piles shall be tested to three times the specified working loads.

The preliminary test piles that pass the ultimate load tests and driven to positions and
alignments as specified shall be paid for. The preliminary test piles that fail the ultimate load tests
and/or driven out of position and alignment shall not be paid. The Contractor shall extract and
remove such test piles to his own dumping ground all at his own cost after the testing.

13.3.4 Sequence of Pile Driving

Prior to the commencement of driving of working piles, the Contractor shall submit for
the approval of the Superintending Officer a proposal showing sequence of pile driving, which
shall take into consideration the detrimental effects of heave and lateral displacement of soil and
other causes.

When a pile has upheaved as a result of adjacent piles being driven, the Contractor
shall submit to the Superintending Officer his proposal for correcting and avoiding this in his
subsequent piling work. If so required by the Superintending Officer, the Contractor shall take
levels and measurements to determine the movement of the ground or of any pile resulting from
the driving process.

Notwithstanding any approval of the Contractor's proposal by the Superintending Officer,

the Contractor shall be and remain solely responsible for the successful driving of the piles to the
correct positions and requirements.

The Contractor shall allow for all costs in complying with all the above requirements in
his Lump Sum Tender Price.
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13.3.5 Hammer

Hammer can be of any type provided it can drive the piles to the required penetration
and attain the specified working loads without being damaged.

13.3.6 Helmet, Dolly and Packings

The Contractor shall provide a suitable helmet and dolly with packings composed of
resilient materials for the protection of the pile heads. The packing shall at all times be in good
condition for its intended purpose and shall be renewed frequently or as instructed by the
Superintending Officer. Details of the helmet, dolly and packings shall be submitted to the
Superintending Officer for approval.

When requested by the Superintending Officer the Contractor shall submit packings,
taken after such number of blows as the Superintending Officer may direct, for examination and
laboratory testing. The Contractor shall take down the packings and send to an approved
laboratory for testing, all to the approval of the Superintending Officer. Testing fees shall be
borne by the Contractor. If, in the opinion of the Superintending Officer, any packing is unsuitable
in any respect the Contractor shall, at his own cost, provide and replace such packing with new
packing of approved material and thickness. Notwithstanding any approval of the Contractor's
proposal by the Superintending Officer, the Contractor shall be and remain solely responsible for
using suitable packing materials and for the successful driving of all the piles.

13.3.7 Strength of Concrete Piles

Driving of concrete piles shall not commence until the concrete in the piles have
reached the full works cube strength at 28 days as specified herein. Notwithstanding the earlier
achievement of the specified 28 days strength, no pile shall be driven until a period of at least 14
days has elapsed after casting of piles. If epoxy resin has been used in jointing pile shoes to the
end of piles, no pile shall be driven until the epoxy resin has set hardened and gained sufficient
strength to withstand handling and driving stresses.

13.3.8 Driving and Pitching of Pile

Approved piles shall be driven accurately in the correct locations true to line both
laterally and longitudinally as shown on the Drawings. Piles shall only be driven in the presence
of the Superintending Officer or his Representative, and shall be driven continuously to set and
depth as approved by the Superintending Officer.

Piles shall be lifted by slinging from approved lifting holes or points. The lifting points
shall be marked by painted stripes. All piles to be driven shall bear an identifying reference
number and marked in 0.250m divisions measured from the tip throughout the length of the
section. All piles shall be adequately supported in the pile driver leaders against damage during
pitching and driving.

Before driving, each pile and the leaders or guides of the pile frame shall be checked
for plumb, or correct inclination, in the case of raker piles, in two directions at right angles. The
correct plumb or inclination shall be maintained during driving. Driving direction of the hammer
shall be in line with the centre line of the pile. Piles shall be suitably constrained to maintain their
correct positions by means of guys or guides but no pile which has been deflected from its course,
or wrongly aligned shall be brought forcibly back to the correct alignment.

During driving, the centre of the pile hammer shall not be more than 40mm from the
pile centre in any direction. Pile heads shall be protected with an approved type of helmet of cast
steel or mild steel fitting closely around the pile. The top of the helmet shall be recessed and
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fitted with a suitable stub dolly. The packing and stub dolly shall be renewed when necessary or
directed by the Superintending Officer to prevent damage to the pile.

All piles which are damaged, bent or deformed during handling, driving or at other times
shall be replaced at the Contractor's own cost.

13.3.9 Depth and Set

All piles are to be founded in a hard stratum. Driving of each pile shall continue to the
minimum depths specified in Clause 13.2.5. Thereafter driving shall continue to such set as
approved by the Superintending Officer. In the event set is achieved at a level above the
stipulated minimum levels, the pile shall be extracted, pre-bored to the stipulated minimum
depths and re-piled to those depths. The piles shall be extracted with care for re-use in other
location. All costs for extraction of piles and splicing of piles shall be deemed to be included in
the Lump Sum Tender Price.

A set shall be taken on each pile when the driving resistance indicates that a
satisfactory set might be obtained, using the same procedure exactly as used for the test piles
and measuring the elastic compression. The set shall be measured separately three times and
this sequence shall be repeated until three consecutive measurements meet the specified set
requirements. Nevertheless, the final test shall indicate a driving resistance not less than the
previous set.

If driving of any pile is interrupted for any reason, a set shall be taken immediately
before driving is stopped. When driving is re-started, a set shall be taken to determine the
increased resistance due to build-up of friction during the delay in driving, but this value shall not
be accepted as a measure of driving resistance to determine the final toe level. After a delay,
driving shall continue until the Superintending Officer is satisfied that the friction built up during
the delay has been dissipated before a final set can be taken.

13.3.10 Piling Records

Record of driving for every pile shall be submitted, in duplicate, to the Superintending
Officer's Representative and a copy to be kept by the Contractor. The record shall include the
following items:-

a Set
b Temporary compression
c Depth penetrated under its own weight
d Penetration from seabed/ground level
e Length and size of pile with casting date
f Weight of helmet and hammer
g Seabed/ground levels
h Cut-off level to the tip of pile
i Time and date of starting and completion
j Total number of blows

The method of measuring set and temporary compression shall be approved by the
Superintending Officer. The above record must also include a series of sets and temporary
compression measured during the whole process of driving.

13.3.11 Accuracy of Pile Driving

All piles shall be driven as accurately as possible to the verticality, rake and positions all
as shown on the Drawings and as specified.
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For vertical piles, the maximum permitted deviation of the driven pile centre from the
proposed pile centre as shown on the Drawings shall be 75mm in any direction and the maximum
permitted deviation of the driven pile from the vertical is 1 in 75.

For raker piles, the maximum permitted deviation of the driven pile centre at cut-off
level from the proposed pile centre as shown on the Drawings shall be 75mm in any direction and
the maximum permitted deviation of the driven pile from the specified rake is 1 in 25.

Forcible correction of eccentricity to driven piles shall not be permitted.

Any pile which fails to comply with the above tolerance and requirements shall be liable
to rejection. Any driven pile so rejected shall, at the sole discretion of the Superintending Officer,
be extracted and, if undamaged, may be re-driven in accordance with the Specification. If any
pile so extracted is damaged, or in the opinion of the Superintending Officer is unsuitable for
re-use, it shall be removed from the Site to the Contractor's own dumping ground. Alternatively,
at the sole discretion of the Superintending Officer, the Contractor may be permitted to modify
the pile caps, beams and deck structures and/or install additional piles as a counter measure to
the pile eccentricities and alignment exceeding the specified tolerance. Such counter measure
design shall be proposed by the Contractor subject to the approval of the Superintending Officer.
The responsibility for the design shall, notwithstanding, rest entirely with the Contractor. All costs
arising therefrom shall be borne by the Contractor and no claim for extension of time will be
entertained by the Corporation.

13.3.12 Temporary Bracing

If considered necessary, the Contractor shall provide temporary bracing to hold the
vertical as well as the raking piles rigidly in position until such time as the pile head has been built
into the permanent deck structure. The Contractor shall allow for such temporary bracing in his
Lump Sum Tender Price.

13.3.13 Hard Driving

The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions in the event of hard driving. If
obstruction to driving is encountered, the Contractor shall notify the Superintending Officer and
submit to the Superintending Officer his proposals for overcoming the difficulties. The costs in
connection therewith shall be deemed to be included in his Lump Sum Tender Price. Jetting will
only be permitted at the sole discretion of the Superintending Officer.

13.3.14 Checking of Driving Tolerance

After each pile has been driven to the required set, the Contractor shall provide all
equipment, facilities and labour, to the requirements of the Superintending Officer or his
Representative, to determine the driving tolerance of the pile. Details of the position as compared
with the position indicated on the piling layout drawings shall be submitted to the Superintending
Officer.

13.3.15 Cutting-Off

When the pile has been driven to set, and if the pile head is above the cut-off level as
shown on the Drawings the concrete of the head of the pile shall be cut off to the level specified.
The length of reinforcing bars projecting above this level shall be as specified on the Drawings. If
the length is insufficient, the reinforcing bars shall be spliced with adequate lap length all to the
approval of the Superintending Officer.
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Care shall be taken to avoid damaging the rest of the pile. Any cracked or defective
concrete shall be cut away and made good with new concrete properly bonded to the old.

13.3.16 Damage to Piles

The Contractor shall ensure that his method of piling does not affect the adjacent newly
installed piles of the platform. He shall take all necessary precautions to prevent damage to these
piles during handling, driving and load tests.

Any pile cracked, spalled or otherwise damaged in handling, pitching or driving, not
truly driven, driven unduly out of position or twisted, shall be rejected at the discretion of the
Superintending Officer and replaced with substitute piles or supplemented by additional piles by
the Contractor at his own expense. In addition, the Contractor shall bear the extra costs
occasioned by such rejection due to increased size of pile caps, strengthening of tie beams, etc.

In the event that the working pile hits the newly installed piles, the Contractor shall
immediately stop the pile driving and inform the Superintending Officer. The Contractor shall
submit to the Superintending Officer his proposal for rectifying the damage and avoiding this in
his subsequent piling work. If so required by the Superintending Officer, the Contractor shall carry
out the necessary tests to determine the integrity, stability and structural soundness of the
damaged pile. Damaged piles are liable to rejection at the discretion of the Superintending
Officer and in such cases shall be replaced with substitute piles or supplemented by additional
piles by the Contractor at his own expense. In addition, the Contractor shall bear the extra costs
occasioned by such rejection due to increased size of pile caps, strengthening of tie beams, etc.
The Contractor may at the discretion of the Superintending Officer, repair the damage to the
approval of the Superintending Officer and the relevant Authorities. Notwithstanding any approval
of the Contractor's proposal by the Superintending Officer, the Contractor shall be and remain
solely responsible for the successful driving of the working piles to prevent damage to other piles
and integrity, stability and structural soundness of all piles.

The Contractor shall be deemed to have made all the necessary allowance in his Lump
Sum Tender Price for compliance with this clause.

All costs arising therefrom shall be borne by the Contractor and no claim for extension
of time will be entertained by the Corporation.

13.3.17 Obstructions to Pile Driving

Where existing rockfill bunds and geofabric are likely cause of obstructions to pile
driving, the Contractor shall carry out advance probing at each pile location to establish the
extend of the obstruction. The Contractor shall then take such measures to remove and
subsequently reinstate after driving the affected portion of the rockfill bunds and geofabric as
may be directed or approved by the Superintending Officer.

Rockfill obstructions shall be removed by excavation, including the use of drivers where
necessary. Temporary works shall be installed sufficiently in advance of piling, so that piling work
shall be completed without delay. Pile driving and costs in connection with temporary works,
excavation, diving work and reinstatement shall be included in the rates and prices for piling
entered by the Contractor.

The rate for the installation of piles is to include for overcoming any obstructions as
may be encountered during pile installation and making good all works disturbed. No claims will
be entertained by the Corporation in this respect.
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13.4 PILE TESTING

13.4.1 Generally

The Contract includes load tests, low strain integrity and high strain dynamic pile tests.
The low strain test required is the low strain sonic test or equivalent. The high strain test is the
dynamic stress measurement under a driving hammer impact.

The Contractor shall engage an independent specialist firm in stress wave

measurement to carry out the dynamic pile monitoring. The specialist firm shall have extensive
experience in stress wave measurement and a proven record in such works. The engineer
operator for such works shall have at least 3 years experience in field monitoring and analysis.

Prior to testing, the Contractor shall submit to the Superintending Officer for approval
the name of the specialist firm, a detailed method of testing criteria and parameter used in testing
including the preparation of the pile head, setting up of the hammer for inducing the required
impact energy, a list of equipment and the operator he proposes to use for the testing.

All load tests shall be carried out as the Superintending Officer may direct and under
the supervision of an experienced and competent Supervisor who shall be conversant with the
test equipment and test procedures.

The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to safeguard his workmen against
any hazards that are involved in the testing or preparation for the testing of piles.

Working load tests and dynamic pile tests shall be carried out under the Contract. All
load tests on preliminary test piles in connection with the verification of driving criteria shall be
borne by the Contractor. The load tests on working piles which fail to comply with all the specified
requirements shall also be borne by the Contractor. The Contractor shall allow in his Lump Sum
Tender Price for the provision of the following pile tests other than those for the preliminary test
piles:-

a compression load tests (with test load equal to 2 times the working load) on
vertical piles
b compression load tests (with test load equal to 2 times the working load) on raker
piles
c tension load tests (with test load equal to 2 times the working load) on raker piles
d dynamic pile tests including Capwap Stress wave analysis for each of the vertical
piles tested
e dynamic pile tests including Capwap Stress wave analysis for each of the raker
piles tested
f Low Strain Integrity tests on vertical piles
g Low Strain Integrity tests on raker piles

13.4.2 Working Load Tests on Working Piles

Unless otherwise approved by the Superintending Officer in writing, all working load
tests shall be conducted in compliance with, in all aspects, the requirements specified in this
Specification. The Superintending Officer shall select vertical or raker, tension or compression
piles for working load tests.

The order and timing of load tests shall be decided by the Superintending Officer. Test
loads to be applied to working piles shall be 2 times the specified working load. The criteria for
rejection of a test pile shall be as specified hereinafter.
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The Superintending Officer may vary the number of load tests to be carried out under
this Contract. The difference between the specified number and the actual number of load tests
carried out shall be adjusted in accordance with the Contract Schedule of Rates.

13.4.3 Compression Working Load Tests

Compression test loads shall be applied to the pile by jacking against kentledge or
temporary anchor piles or both, and shall be to a maximum of 2 times working loads that shown
on the drawing. The load shall be measured by either an approved proving ring or an hydraulic
system capable of measuring to within an accuracy of 10KN. The apparatus to be used shall be
calibrated immediately before use at an approved laboratory and the Contractor shall lodge 2
copies of the calibration curves or tables with the Superintending Officer before any load test is
carried out. The cost of the calibration shall be deemed to have been included in the Lump Sum
Tender Price by the Contractor.

The cyclical loading procedure as specified will be used. The following description of
the procedure is to serve as a guide and may be varied at any time by the Superintending Officer.

The test load shall be applied at the rate of 5% of working load per minute, or as
directed by the Superintending Officer, and held at each of the following stages: 10%, 20%, 30%,
40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and full 100% of working load for a minimum period of 1 hour
and until the rate of settlement is 0.25mm/hour or less. The full working load shall be held for a
minimum of 24 hours. The pile shall then be off-loaded in the same stages. The recovery is to be
measured at each stage. The pile shall again be loaded in increments of 10% up to the full test
load which is equal to two times the working load, each stage shall be held for a minimum period
of 1 hour and until the rate of settlement is 0.25mm/hour or less. The full test load shall be held
for at least 24 hours before off-loading in stages, the recovery to be measured at each stage.

Readings of settlement and recovery shall be taken continuously throughout the loading
and unloading cycles. The maximum spacing of readings shall be at 50KN intervals to enable
smooth curves to be drawn

13.4.4 Tensile Load Testing

Tension test loads shall be applied to the pile by using compression piles or other
approved means. The use of inclined reaction piles or anchors is subject to the approval of the
Superintending Officer. In all cases the resultant force of the reaction system shall be co-axial
with the test pile. The load shall be measured by either an approved proving ring or a hydraulic
system capable of measuring within an accuracy of 10KN. The apparatus to be used shall be
calibrated immediately before use at an approved laboratory.

The test load shall be applied at the rate as directed by the Superintending Officer, and
held at each of the following 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, 90%, 105%, 120%, 135% and 150% of
working tension load until no further movement takes place. The full test load of 1,500KN shall be
held for a minimum of 24 hours.

Readings of pile movement shall be taken continuously throughout the loading cycle.
The maximum spacing of readings shall be at 50KN intervals to enable smooth curves to be
drawn.

Upon completion of tension load testing, the test pile shall be re-driven to the set as
approved by the Superintending Officer. The cost of re-driving of pile shall be deemed to have
been included in the Lump Sum Tender Price.
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13.4.5 Method of Testing to be Approved

The Contractor shall submit to the Superintending Officer for approval a description,
accompanied by drawings, of method(s) he proposes to adopt for providing the necessary
reaction and required force for compression and tension tests, for supporting the fixed datum bar
and for complying with the requirements of the Superintending Officer. The proposal shall be
signed by a Professional Engineer registered in the Republic of Singapore.

Notwithstanding any approval of the Contractor's proposal by the Superintending Officer,

the Contractor shall be fully responsible for the successful execution of load tests and all
consequences arising thereof.

13.4.6 Measuring Pile Head Movement

Displacement of pile heads under test shall be measured by approved means against
approved rigidly supported datum bar which shall be independent of the pile and area of
influence of the test pile and the kentledge or other piles applying the test load. At least two dial
gauges capable of reading directly to 0.025mm shall be used in each test.

13.4.7 Failure of Load Test on Working Piles

A compression pile test shall be deemed to have failed if any one of the following
occurs:-

a the maximum vertical settlement/displacement and/or horizontal displacement of

vertical and raker piles under the test exceeds 25mm
b the permanent or residual settlement after removal of the test load exceeds
0.05mm per 10KN of working load subject to a maximum of 15mm
c the test could not be completed due to instability of the kentledge/reaction system
d the test could not be completed due to failure of the temporary pile cap through
whatever cause
e the scales and/or measuring instrument used are found to have been
disturbed/tampered with
f the pile is found to have cracked, crumbled, distorted from its original shape or
deflected from its original position

A tension pile test shall be deemed to have failed if it is lifted off more than 20mm from
its original position before the test load reaches two times the pile working load.

If a working test pile, for either compression or tension, fails under working load test,
then 2 further tests on other piles on the same site selected by the Superintending Officer shall
be carried out at the Contractor's expense.

Where a pile fails under test, additional compensating piles with corresponding
modification to pile cap/deck structure shall be carried out as directed by the Superintending
Officer all at the Contractor's own cost.

13.4.8 Pile Head for Compression Test

For a pile that is tested in compression, the pile head or cap shall be formed to give a
plane surface which is normal to the axis of the pile, sufficiently large to accommodate the
loading and settlement measuring equipment and adequately reinforced or protected to prevent
damage from the application of concentrated loads from the loading equipment.
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The pile cap shall be concentric with the test pile. The joint between the cap and the
pile shall have a strength equivalent to that of the pile.

Sufficient clear space shall be made under any part of the cap projecting beyond the
section of the pile so that, at the maximum expected settlement, load is only carried by the pile.

13.4.9 Pile Connection for Tension Test

For a pile that is tested in tension, means shall be provided for transmitting the test load
axially to the pile.

The connection between the pile and the loading equipment shall be constructed in
such a manner as to provide a strength equal to the maximum load which is to be applied to the
pile during the test with an appropriate factor of safety on the structural design.

13.4.10 Low Strain Integrity Testing

Piles for low strain integrity testing shall be determined by the Superintending Officer or
his representative.

The preparation of pile head for integrity testing shall be carried out, in accordance with
the testing specialist's recommendations, by the Contractor all at the Contractor's own cost.

The testing equipment shall consist of a highly sensitive accelerometer and special
purpose power supply/amplifier-receiver, a small impact device and a personal computer with
digitizing and graphic capability.

The accelerometer shall be attached to the pile top and acceleration and velocity
records shall be taken under an impact of the device.

The signal from the accelerometer shall be processed to check for pile toe and pile
shaft discontinuities. The testing method shall separate effects of impact and surface reflections
from other relevant reflections by averaging records of several impacts.

The equipment shall have exponential amplification of the signal with time.

Any abnormal test record shall be analysed using computer stress wave equation
analysis to obtain a quantitative assessment of pile defects.

A report shall be prepared for each pile tested. The report shall include field plots and
analysis. Interpretation of each record for the piles tested and any stress wave analysis carried
out. Any defects indicated shall include the nature, location and severity of the defect.

13.4.11 High Strain Dynamic Pile Testing

High strain dynamic pile testing shall be carried out using a Pile Driving Analyser(PDA),
associated transducers and recording equipment. Selected data collected shall be analysed by
Capwap computer stress wave analysis.

Prior to testing, the Contractor shall submit to the Superintending Officer for approval,
the proposed driving system and the driving criteria. The proposed system and driving criteria
shall be justified using stress wave procedure or equivalent method.
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Pile integrity and estimate of the bearing capacity shall be evaluated based on the
procedure developed at the Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA, or other approved
equivalent procedure.

The Contractor shall install two sets of strain transducers and accelerometers near to
the top of each pile to be tested, and shall make available the necessary measuring and
recording system such as the Pile Driving Analyzer, tape recorder and oscilloscope. The
Contractor shall analyse the results of such measurements and provide the Superintending
Officer with the following information for each pile subjected to stress wave measurements:

- Case static capacity estimate

- Energy transmitted to the pile
- Compression force magnitude
- Tension force magnitude
- Acceleration and velocity maxima
- Pile integrity

The Contractor shall make provision and access to the pile determined by the
Superintending Officer for restrike testing. Such testing shall be carried out at time periods
sufficiently long after the end of initial driving to allow pore water pressure and soil strength
changes to occur. In cases where the pile has been driven too close to the ground level this may
require excavation around the pile head or pile extension to an exposed section of at least three
pile diameters below the pile head.

The Contractor shall take set-rebound measurements during testing. For drop hammers
and single acting and steam hammers, the drop of ram or ram travel and number of blows shall
be recorded.

All stress wave measurements shall be made in the presence of the Superintending
Officer or his authorised representative.

For the piles tested, the Superintending Officer may select any records of the field
measurement to be analysed using Capwap stress wave analysis. The results of the analysis
shall include the static resistance, driving system performance and assessment of integrity of the
pile; and shall also provide separate end bearing, skin friction component of the pile capacity and
produce a load-settlement curve.

On completion of the field measurements, the Contractor shall submit a final report
covering all aspects of pile monitoring and analysis work. The report shall incorporate results of
the field estimates, results of the computer analysis and any correlations drawn between the
dynamic test results and the geological information, and static load tests if applicable.

13.4.12 Removal of Temporary Works

On completion of all pile testing, all temporary works shall be removed and temporary
piles extracted or, if approved by the Superintending Officer, cut-off at bed level or at such depth
below ground/ seabed level as the Superintending Officer may direct, all at the Contractor's own
cost.

13.4.13 Care of Piles

The method employed in the installation of reaction piles or anchors shall be such as to
prevent damage to any test pile. Working piles shall not be used as reaction piles without the
approval of the Superintending Officer.
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13.5 GROUND ANCHORAGE FOR TENSION PILES

13.5.1 Generally

This Part of the Specification shall be read in conjunction with the Part on Concrete
Piles and other relevant Parts of the Specification.

The Contractor shall allow in his Lump Sum Tender Price for the supply and installation
of ground anchorages for piles including prestressing strands, grout and testing, all wastages and
works necessary for the successful completion of the Works, all in accordance with the details as
shown on the Drawings and as specified. Upon completion, the difference between the total
number of ground anchorages allowed for and the actual number executed, shall be adjusted by
a Variation Order in accordance with the Contract Schedule of Rates.

13.5.2 Location

All tension and raker piles which have reached refusal before attaining the minimum
amount of penetration or to achieve the designed tension resistance as specified shall be
anchored in the hard strata or rock with anchorages as shown on the Drawing and as specified.

13.5.3 Temporary Bracing for Anchoring Piles

The Contractor shall temporarily brace the piles, which have insufficient penetration or
fixity at the toe, so as to maintain the piles in position and construct temporary stagings to the
satisfaction of the Superintending Officer before ground anchorages are being installed. The cost
for the provision of temporary bracings and stagings shall be deemed to have been included in
the Lump Sum Tender Price.

Should the Contractor propose to install the ground anchorages after the partial
completion of the deck construction, he shall obtain prior approval and give an undertaking to the
Superintending Officer that such arrangement will not cause any delay to the completion of the
deck construction. All necessary drilling or formation of blockout at the deck for the installation of
ground anchorages shall be approved by the Superintending Officer and shall be at the
Contractor's own cost.

13.5.4 Length of Anchorage

The Contractor shall determine the length of each anchorage into continuous solid rock
or hard strata below the pile tip which must be sufficient to achieve the required maximum and
permanent test loads as specified.

The Contractor shall be responsible to ensure compliance with the Contract

requirements and shall be required, if necessary, to reinstall anchorages which do not meet the
requirements including all treatment and remedial works to surrounding soils in order to meet the
requirements as specified, all at the Contractor's own cost. Only the anchorage installed and
accepted by the Superintending Officer will be paid for.
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13.5.5 Drilled Holes and Hollow Core to be Cleaned

The drilled holes and hollow core of piles shall be thoroughly cleaned of rock cuttings
and debris to the approval of the Superintending Officer, immediately before the lowering of
anchorage strands and grouting.

13.5.6 Strands Spacing

The anchorage strands shall be equally spaced in a circular pattern with spacing
devices to locate the strand group in the centre of the drilled hole and to maintain the clearance
shown on the Drawings. The minimum centre to centre distance between strands shall be 25mm.

13.5.7 Mix of Grout

Unless otherwise directed by the Superintending Officer fine sand/cement grout

containing at least 10 Nos 50 kg bags of cement per cubic metre with an approved expansive
additive giving 5% to 10% unrestrained expansion and water/cement ratio not more than 0.45
shall be used. The additive shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The
grout shall have a minimum cube strength of 30N/mm² at 28 days.

13.5.8 First Stage Grout

After the strands, seal sockets, spacers and grout pipe have been lowered into the
drilled hole and a sounding taken down the pipe to ensure that no water is in the pipe, a
measured volume of grout shall be poured into the dry pipe until there is a slight positive head
The grout pipe shall then be slowly raised by about 125mm, breaking the lower seal and thus
releasing some of the grout in the bottom of the hole. The grout shall then be injected into the
drilled hole up to the tip of the hollow pile shoe.

13.5.9 Testing

Before the second stage grouting is carried out, the Contractor shall carry out test on
ground anchorage in the manner as specified or as directed by the Superintending Officer. Test
loading shall not commence until the test cubes of grout for that particular ground anchorage
indicate the grout has attained a cube strength of 30N/mm². In general the test load shall be
applied in increments of 50KN. Each load shall be held for a period of 20 minutes before the next
upward load is applied. The elongation of the strands shall be measured immediately after each
load is applied, at the end of each and every twenty minute interval, and when the load has been
reduced to permanent load.

The second stage grouting to the borehole shall be carried up to a level as shown on
the Drawings with the specified permanent load being maintained, after the approval of the
Superintending Officer has been given. Care shall be taken to prevent the grout from leaking out
of the drilled hole into the rock. The permanent test load shall not be released until the second
grout has reached the required cube strength of 30N/mm², all as directed by the Superintending
Officer.

13.5.10 Pile Instrumentation

The Contractor shall be required to supply and install vibrating wire strain gauges at
locations and at depths along the prestressed concrete piles to be specified by the
Superintending Officer prior to the casting of the piles.
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The vibrating wire strain gauges shall have a gauge factor of 3.0 x 10-³ micro strain per
frequency and its cable shall be extended to at least 2m above the pile cut-off levels for
monitoring purpose.

All vibrating wire strain gauges shall be treated to resist temperatures of up to 240°C.
The Contractor shall supply one unit vibrating wire strain gauge meter and carry out monitoring of
the strain gauges before and after each loading and unloading increment during the pile load test.

All test results shall be presented in the graphical forms as follows:

a Compressive force in piles against depth

b Compressive strain in piles against depth

Upon the completion of the monitoring works during the pile load test, all strain gauges
shall be monitored once per month for the remaining Contract Period including the Defects
Liability Period. Any strain gauges found damaged during the Contract Period and the Defects
Liability Period shall not be paid for.

The Contractor is deemed to have made all necessary allowances in his Lump Sum
Tender Price for compliance with this clause. All readout units and their accessories shall
become the property of the Contractor on the completion of the expiry of the Defects Liability
Period.