Material Technology, Specification and Standard

BSR 110 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

BUILDING SURVEYING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE . BUILDING & SURVEYING. UiTM PERAK
OVERVIEW

Resources
Material Resources
Reduction of the use of raw materials in production process
Reduction of the use of resources in the building process and
during building use
 Introduction
Resources

• The earth resource are usually defined as being

‘renewable’ on ‘non renewable
• Usable and less usable resource (raw material resource.
i.e. : ore
• Impact on extraction of raw material. i.e : timber industry
to the forest.
• Political situation can also effect the availability of raw
materials. i.e. civil war
 Material Resources

• The building industry is the largest

consumer of raw materials in the world
today after food production.
• The cycle of material
 The Cycle of Material
Metals,
Refining
Ore, stone, Extraction chemicals,
process
clay, oil, process cement, fired
timber, plants, clay, fibre,
etc sawn timber,
etc

Materials Climatic
materials, surface
Mining
materials, surface
Drilling
treatment
Harversting
Recycle
Re-use

Building
process

The Earth

Building
Dumping Waste Use
 Reduction of the use of raw materials in the
production process
 Increased exploitation of smaller resources of raw material.
i.e. mineral extraction.
 Greater attention to unused resources and waste products –
resources that have been earlier classified as ‘uneconomical’
or never used can be re-evaluated. i.e. increase use of timber
(rubber, mangrove) etc.
 Increase exploitation of rich fields of resources. i.e. stone,
blue clay (bricks)
 Increased use of renewable resources – many building
components made from mineral raw materials, contain
organic alternatives. i.e. timber can be waste products during
production. i.e. manufacture plasterboard, reuse of water in
production process (ceramic tiles)
Reduction of the use of resources in the building process
and during building use

In these two phases, there following possibilities for

reducing the use of resource:
 To build with an economic use of materials
- the different of system choice. Lattice beam
use much less material than a solid beam,
whether it is timber of steel.
- can apply to energy consumption in a
building. i.e. heat pumps, solar panels, thick
insulated wall.
 To minimize loss and wastage of materials on
site.
 To use the materials in such a way to ensure
their durability
Reduction of the use of resources in the building process
and during building use

• To minimize loss and wastage of materials

on site.
- material loss during storage, transport
and installation of the final product.
(prefabrication would decrease this
loss).
- 10% of total waste in construction
industry (loss of material)
Reduction of the use of resources in the building process
and during building use

 To use the materials in such a way to ensure

their durability
- quality material to ensure durability aspects
- the life span (60 years/30 years) of material
governed mainly by 4 factors:
i) the material itself, its physical structure
and chemical composition.
ii) construction and its execution, where and
how the material is fitted into the building.
iii) the local environment, the climatic and
other chemical or physical conditions
iv) maintenance and management.
Reduction of the use of resources in the building process
and during building use

 The life span of roof tile is not depend on the

type of clay used but also on immediate
environment. i.e. high moisture content
during winter can cause frost damage frost
damage even in highest quality tiles.
 The best way to find anticipated life span of a
material is through experience and tabulated
results from real situation.
 It is difficult to anticipate the life span of such
new material (plastic) - laboratory
Reduction of the use of resources in the building process
and during building use

 The life span of roof tile is not depend on the

type of clay used but also on immediate
environment. i.e. high moisture content
during winter can cause frost damage frost
damage even in highest quality tiles.
 The best way to find anticipated life span of a
material is through experience and tabulated
results from real situation.
 It is difficult to anticipate the life span of such
new material (plastic) - laboratory
Effect of climate and durability

 Solar radiation
- ultraviolet radiation from the sun organic
materials by setting off chemical reaction
within the material and produce oxidizing.
(mountainous area)
 Temperature
- rule of thumb - speed of chemical reaction
doubles for every increase in temperature.
Higher temperature increase the
deterioration of organic materials. i.e.
chipboard
Effect of climate and durability
 Air pressure
- air pressure affects the volumes of and
tension within materials a closed pore
structure such as foam, glass and different
plastic insulation material, seals window.
 Humidity
- change of humidity effects deterioration by
causing changes in volume and stress
within the material. Increased humidity
increase deterioration – manufacture of
musical instruments (stable air moisture
content).
Effect of climate and durability
 Wind and rainfall
- are at their worst when both wind and
rain come simultaneously
- dampness, strong wind pressure on
materials even lead collapse
 Chemicals
- along coast the salt content of air can
corrode plastic, metals and certain
minerals
- concrete – concrete sickness because
calcium content is broken down
To maximise reuse and recycling of materials from
demolition
• Reuse, recycle, energy recovery
• Reuse – depend upon component’s
life span and refers to the use of the
whole component again with same
function.
Pre-requisite Of Specification
Material Specification
Material Standard
Pre-requisite of Specification
Something required before hand over
i) A satisfactory specification requires a
knowledge and understanding of
materials and process of building
construction.
ii) Standard specification should be
checked for appropriateness and detail,
particularly in difficult areas such as
quality of work and tolerance.
iii) Specification must be design to be read
and interpreted on site.
Material specification

• Where detailed material description are

given together with process or
techniques the specification should be
described as a material or prescriptive
specification.
• Specification with performance liability
(defect liability period)
Material Standard

Standard of all types are designed to

encourage and promote the use of
materials or products of high quality and
to provide mean of distinguishing such
items from other available items of an
inferior quality.
Material Standard
National Standard Local Standard
British standard institution (BSI) – Malaysia Standard (MS)
BS codes of practices
ISO – International Organization for SIRIM – product standard
Standardisation - BS ISO

British Board of Agreement (BBA) – IEE (Institute of Electrical

assessment of product for Engineering) - Electrical
construction (testing, lab result,
research)
European Codes and Standard CE Codes of Manufacturing Standard
– evidence conformity of a product

Public Water Department, JBA,

Ministry of Health