ABSTRACT:

The red bead tree, Adenanthera pavonina, has long been utilised in traditional medicine. Its
varied sections are utilised to treat a variety of illnesses. Asthma, boils, diarrhoea, gout,
inflammations, rheumatism, tumours, and ulcers are among the illnesses for which the plant has
traditionally been used, as well as as a tonic. Antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, anti-
inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, antipyretic activity, hepatoprotective activity,
hypoglycaemic activity, hypolipidemic activity, wound healing activity, and antimalarial activity
have all been described. Glycosides, alkaloids Tannins, and flavonoids have been found in
phytochemical research. As a result, the goal of this review article is to provide a comprehensive
overview of Adenanthera pavonina L. ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.

Introduction

The global demand for plant-derived goods has increased. Although there has been a lot of
research into the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine, scientific investigation and
identification of active plant chemicals and their effects, there is still a lot more to learn in the
future.[1]

Medicinal plants have played an important part in the treatment of ailments and the development
of human culture throughout history. Medicinal plants have always been at the forefront of all
civilizations' cultures. Traditional remedies are abundant in medicinal plants, and modern
medicines are made from them. Medicinal plants have been used to treat health problems, flavor
and preserve food, and avert disease epidemics for a long time.[2]

The Fabaceae family comprises Adenanthera pavonina. The scientific name is made up of two
Greek words: aden, which implies "glands," and anthera, which means "anther." [3]

It is a valuable medicinal herb native to the 'Indian subcontinent.' Southern China and India are
the only places where this species may be found. [4] A. pavonina is an intermediate to big
deciduous tree with a height of 6-15 m and a diameter of up to 45 cm. The leaves are bipinnate,
with opposed or semi pairs of pinnae, and are green while young, turning yellow as they age.
Flowers are aromatic, with a tiny, slender spike that resembles racemes petals. The seeds are red-
colored and lens-shaped, with a diameter of 7.5-9 mm and a diameter of 7.5-9 mm..[5]

A. pavonina is said to have a wide range of chemical compounds and biological activity
(Pandhare and Sangameswaran, 2012). Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins,
triterpenoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, coumarins, glycosides, carbohydrates (Ara et al.,
2010a; Dash et al., 2010; Moniruzzaman et al., 2015), and lipid derivatives were discovered in
phytochemical studies of different parts of this plant (Ara et al., 2010a; Dash (Soomro and
Sherazi, 2012). Some studies have found that certain components, such as linoleic acid, oleic
acid, and palmitic acid, predominate in the seed oil (Kitumbe et al., 2013). Several
pharmacological effects of derivatives have been proven based on traditional knowledge of the
usage of components of this plant, such as antinociceptive activity of leaf ethanol extract
(Moniruzzaman et al.). hypolipidemic effect of the aqueous extract of seeds (Pandhare et al.,
2012a); antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of bark extracts (Ara et al., 2010b); antifungal
activity relates to antimicrobial peptides present in seeds (Soares et al., 2012), among others.
Several studies on this species have helped to understand the toxicity and supported its
traditional use. This review is intended to provide information about botanic traditional use,
phytochemistry, toxicity, biological activities, and technological prospecting of A. pavonina and
offer insights into potential use of this plant in the development of new medicines, besides
opening perspectives for future research. This work also considered articles published in the last
years and patents related to A. pavonina. This broader approach will be valuable in assessing the
scope of scientific studies and the technological potential of this species

Vernacular names [6, 7]:

 English : False sandalwood, Crab's eyes, Coral wood, Red wood, red
sandalwood
 Hindi : Raktakambal, Manjadi, Anikundumani, Lopa.
 Sanskrit : Kunchandana.
 Bengali : Rakta kambal.
 Telegu : Gurivenda
 Tamil : Yanai Kuntamani
 Punjabi : Torki

Taxonomy [8]:
 Domain : Eukaryota
 Kingdom : Plantae
 Phylum : Spermatophyta
 Subphylum : Angiospermae
 Class : Dicotyledonae
 Order : Fabales
 Family : Fabaceae
 Subfamily : Mimosoideae
 Genus : Adenanthera
 Species : pavonina

Distribution:
 In India it is found in Sub Himalayan tract, ascending upto an altitude of 1,200 meters in
Sikkim, West Bengal Assam, Meghalaya, Gujarat, Maharashtra and South India. It is also found
in Peurto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil, Costa Rica, Honduras and Southern
Florida [24-25].

Description [25, 26]: [25]Kirtikar KR and Basu BD, 2006, Indian Medicinal Plants,
International Book Distributors book seller and publisher, Dehradun, 2006; 2: 908-910.
[26]Warrier PK. Indian Medicinal Plants, a compendium of 500 species, Orient Longman Pvt
Ltd, 2003; 4(1): 58.
Tree: A medium- to large-sized deciduous tree, A. pavonina ranges in height from 6-15 m. It is
generally erect, having dark brown to grayish bark, and a spreading crown.
Seeds:
The hard-coated seeds, are lens-shaped, vivid scarlet in color, and adhere to the pods. The seed
coat is smooth, shiny, bony and very hard and generally has no fracture lines.

Pods:
The leathery pods are curve and twist upon dehiscence to reveal 8-12 showy seeds. Leaves: The
leaves are bipinnate . They are dark green in upper surface and blue green in lower surface. They
become yellow with ageing.
Bark: The bark is dark brown or grayish brown on outer surface and grayish white in inner
surface. It is rough on old trees with longitudinal fissures.
Flowers: The small, yellowish flower grows in dense drooping rat-tail flower heads. They are
small, creamy-yellow in color, and fragrant. Each flower is star-shaped with five petals.
Wood: The wood is red in colour and extremely hard. It is durable and used for building
purpose. It is also used in making furniture.
Sr.
No Plant Phytoconstituents
part
Niazirin and Niazirinin – nitrile glycosides,4-[(4’-O- acetylalpha- L-
rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate, Niaziminin A, and Niaziminin B,
three mustard oil glycosides, niaziminin, a thiocarbamate,4- (alpha-1-
rhamnopyranosyloxy)-benzylglucosinolate, quercetin-3- O-glucoside and
1 Leaves quercetin-3-O-(6’’- Malonyl- glucoside),Niazimicin. Pyrrole alkaloid
(pyrrolemarumine 400-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside) and 40-
hydroxyphenylethanamide( marumoside A and B) 4.alpha and gamma-
tocopherol.2
amino acid viz. arginine, cystine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
2 Seeds methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and valine үmethylene glutamic acid, ү-
methylene glutamine & traces of ү-ethylendine glutamic acid. The kernels
contain pale yellow fat. The fatty acid presents are palmitic, stearic,
arachidonic, lignoceric, eicosenoic. The kernels also contain stigmasterol and
its glycoside, dulcitol and a polysaccharide. Oleanolic and echinocystic acid.
Octacosanol, dulcitol, glucosides of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The dried
powdered leaves of A. pavonina were successively extracted with petroleum
ether, chloroform and methanol. From the chloroform extract, the hydrocarbon
nonacosane & hentriacontane, the triterpenoid squalene, and the long chain
fattyacid ester palmitate have been isolated. The methanolic extract yielded β-
sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3β -D- glucoside.
3 Bark Very few compounds like as stigmasterol gluco- sides, oleanolic acid, and
echinocystic acid have been reported from the bark part,

15 Yeoh HH, Wee,yc, Watson L (1984) Systematic variation of leaf amino acid composition of
leguminous plants Phytochem 23(10);2227 – 2229.

20 Sudhakar PK,Pattabiraman TN,Thillaisthanan N(1980) Natural plantenzymeinhibitor s.

Isolation and characterization of a trypsin/chymotrypsi n inhibitor from Indian red wood
(Adenanthera pavonina) seeds. J Sci Food Agric 31(10):967–980.
14 Yadev N, Misra G, Nigam SK (1976) Triterpenoids of Adenanthera pavonina bark. Planta
Med 29(2):176–178.
19 Enuo Y, Shishan PY (2007) Studies on chemical constituents from stems and leaves of
Adenanthera pavonina L. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 32(20):2135- 2138

.
 chalcone

Butein {1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4 dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one}

Phytochemistry:

The leaves contain octacosanol, dulcitol, betasitosterol glucosides, flavones, and

stigmasterol15,16,17, and the alcoholic extract of the leaves contains an alkaloid, according to
previous phytochemical research. Apart from stigmasterol glycosides, the bark contains butein,
chalcone, dihydromyricetin, 2, 4-dihydrobenzoic acid, robinetin, and saponins, which were
hydrolyzed and methylated to produce methyl echinocystate and methyloleanolate. The flavones,
robenetin, chalcone, butein, and flavones are all found in the wood. Methylene glutamine, a non-
protein amino acid, and traces of ethledine glutamic acid are found in the seeds. 17

It is said to be high in flavanoids, particularly gallic acid, as well as terpenoids, tannins, sterols
(beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-3 –D-glucoside), triterpinoids (nonacosane and hentriacontane),
and saponins (sapogenins). 18 Phytochemical investigations suggest that glycosides, saponins,
and steroids are present in the seed and pod. The methanol soluble component of A. Pavonina
yielded pavonin, a novel five-membered lactone ring complex. 19 

Several methoxy flavonol glycosides have been found, including kaempferol-3-O—

dirhamnopyranosyl (1"'2",1"'6"). quercetin, —glucopyranoside 3-O-dirhamnopyranosyl-(1"'2,
1"'6) Isovitexin, quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranosyl (1"'2"), —glucopyranoside-4'-methoxy
quercetin-3-O-glucopranoside-4'-O-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnopyranosyl (1"'
2") -glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranosyl (1"4") —glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-
glucopyranoside, kaempferol, and quercetin derived from A. Pavonina leaf extract.20 

O-acetylethanolamine, an anti-inflammatory active ingredient found in the seed, is present.

Octacosanol, dulcitol, betasitosterol glucosides, and stigmasterol are all found in the leaves.
Stigmasterol glucoside is found in the bark. HCN-glucoside, lignoceric acid, dulcitol,
stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, and polysaccharide are all found in the seeds.
Galactomannans and polysaccharide can be found in abundance in seeds. 16,21 

Robinetin, chalcone, tanins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, butin and
flavonal ampelopsin, stigmasterol glucosides, oleanolic acid, echinocystic acid, sapogenins, and
many more bioactive phytoconstituents have all been found in previous phytochemical
investigations on this plant. 22, 23, and 24. 

The structures of nine compounds isolated from a 95 percent ethanol extract of A. pavanina
stems and leaves were revealed as aridanin (1), 3-[(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-
glucopyranosyl)oxy] (2), (+)-pinitol (3), sucrose (4), (-)-butin (5), apigenin (6), isoliquiritigenin
4-methyl ether (7), oleanolic acid (8), daucosterol (9). 25 

After separating the hexane and ether soluble fractions, the alcoholic extract of the roots
generated a semi-solid that frothed profusely when shaken with water. After purification, the
crude product yielded a saponin, which after acidic hydrolysis yielded a variety of genin acids.
The saponin's sugar moiety was shown to be glucose exclusively. 26 
The reducing sugar (1.01 percent) glucose was discovered in the bark of Adenanthera pavonina
Linn. Aspartic acid (0.10 percent), threonine (0.24 percent), serine (0.08 percent), glutamic acid
(0.52%), glycine (0.09 percent), alanine (0.07 percent), valine (0.10 percent), methionine (0.13
percent), isoleucine (0.06 percent), tyrosine (0.27 percent), histidine (0.11 percent), lysine (0.88
percent), arginine (0.88 percent (0.25 percent ). The fatty acid makeup was discovered to be 5.23
percent lauric acid, 38.16 percent palmitic acid, 6.29 percent oleic acid, and stearic acid (8.93
percent ). 27

TRADITIONAL USES
A. pavonina has been used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat a wide range of ailments,
including boils, inflammations, blood disorders, arthritis, rheumatism, cholera, paralysis,
epilepsy, convulsion, spasm, and indigestion [27-28]. The seeds were decocted and administered
externally to treat lung infection and chronic opthalmia. Because raw seeds are harmful, they
may need to be boiled to remove the toxins. The crimson, glossy seeds are utilised in the
manufacture of toys and jewellery, and were once used to weigh gold, silver, and diamonds due
to their limited weight range, with four seeds equaling around one gramme [22]. The plant's
leaves and bark are used to treat chronic rheumatism and gout., haematuria, haematemesis, ulcer
and diarrhoea [30, 26]. Tannin or Red dye has been used for dyeing clothes and by the Brahmins
of India for marking the forehead [22].

Ethnopharmacology:

Various components Traditional medicine has used Adenanthera pavonina to treat asthma, boils,
diarrhoea, gout, inflammations, rheumatism, tumours, and ulcers, as well as as a tonic. 7 The
plant can also be used to treat a sore throat. 8 Traditionally, the ground seed has been used to
cure boils, inflammation, blood problems, arthritis, rheumatism, cholera, paralysis, epilepsy,
convulsion, spasm, and indigestion, among other maladies. 7 This plant's seeds have been
discovered to be useful in the treatment of cardiovascular problems in pregnant women. 9 The
seeds are decocted and administered externally to treat respiratory ailments and chronic
ophthalmia. Blood pressure was reduced by a methanolic extract of the seeds and roots. 8 
A. pavonina seeds are used as a poultice, and powdered seeds are administered externally to
speed suppuration, treat boils, and reduce inflammation. Seeds are edible, however they are
poisonous. It can also help with cholera and paralysis in general. 10 Traditionally, the ground
seed has been used to cure boils, inflammation, blood problems, arthritis, rheumatism, cholera,
paralysis, epilepsy, convulsion, spasm, and indigestion, among other maladies.11, 12, 13,14
 
According to previous reports, the bark and leaves are astringent, vulnerary, and aphrodisiac, and
are used to treat ulcers, pharyngopathy, vitiated vata, gout, and rheumatism.Chronic rheumatism,
gout, haematuria, haematemesis, and diarrhoea are all treated using the plant's leaves and bark.
[8] Chronic rheumatism, gout, haematuria, haematemesis, and intestinal bleeding are treated
using decoctions of leaves and bark. In addition, the leaves and bark are used to treat sprains and
snake bites. The leaves are also used as an astringent and as an atonic to treat diarrhoea and
dysentery. [10] It's also said that heart wood is astringent, aphrodisiac, and haemostatic, and that
it can help with dysentery, haemorrhages, and vitiated vata and gout. Roots are utilised in this
recipe as emetic and purgative.[14]

Pharmacology:
Antibacterial Activity:
Three medicinal Thai herbs were tested for antibacterial efficacy against Campylobacter jejuni
and other food-borne infections. The disc diffusion experiment was used to optimise the methods
and solvents used to extract active components. By using broth microdilution, the minimal
inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were found. The most active extract against
Campylobacter jejuni was A. pavonina, which contains flavonoids, terpines, and tannins and
inhibited growth at 62.5-125 microgram/ml.28
 
Three solvent extracts of Adenanthera pavonina and Mussaenda philippica were tested on
microorganisms taken from a dairy cattle rearing facility for antibacterial and antifungal
activities. These crude extracts have antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteritidis,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating that they can be used as anti-infection agents in dairy cattle
rearing units to prevent infections, particularly in calves who are susceptible to infections at
birth..7
 
Antifungal Activity:

Peptides isolated from Adenanthera pavonina seeds were tested for antifungal efficacy.
Chromatography was used to extract and fractionate peptides. Candida albicans and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined for activity..29
 
Anthelmintic Activity:

The antihelmintic properties of Adenanthera pavonina crude bark extract were investigated.
When compared to the standard medicine piperazine citrate, phytochemical analysis of the crude
extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids as one of the chemical constituents with
considerable anthelmintic activity at 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml..30
 
Antihypertensive activity:

The impact of Adenanthera pavonina seed extract on blood pressure in normotensive rats was
studied. Over a 4-week period, 12 adult male wistar rats were separated into three groups of four
animals each and fed orally normal saline (control group), propranolol (positive control, given at
1mg/kg), and 200mg/kg seed extract. Seed extract was found to have the capacity to reduce
blood pressure in the study..31
 
Anti-inflammatory activity:

In animal models, a methanol extract of the seeds of Adenanthera pavonina was tested for anti-
inflammatory effects. The extract (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema in
rats and acetic-acid-induced vascular permeability in mice in statistically significant (P 0.05)
ways. Pleurisy caused by carrageenan was also suppressed at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg..32
 
An ethanol extracts from the leaves of Adenanthera pavonina were assessed for
antiinflammatory activity at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg for anti-inflammatory effects using
both acute and chronic inflammatory models. It was found that the doses possessed inhibitory
effects on the acute phase of inflammation as seen in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema as
well as in a subacute study of cotton pellet induced granuloma formation.33
 
The anti-inflammatory effect of extracts from the barks of Adenanthera pavonina was tested in a
carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, with
dichlofenac sodium as a positive reference standard. At doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg,
respectively, the PE fraction inhibited paw oedema by 25.6 percent and 27.8 percent,
respectively, at the first hour of the research. The anti-inflammatory effect of extracts from the
barks of Adenanthera pavonina was tested in a carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model at
doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, with dichlofenac sodium as a positive reference
standard..9
 
Adenanthera pavonina Linn. leaves were tested for anti-inflammatory efficacy using a formalin-
induced rat paw oedema paradigm for acute inflammation and a cotton pellet granuloma model
for chronic inflammation. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the methanolic extract and its
aqueous fraction was tested at doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. Both demonstrated
considerable effectiveness against acute and chronic inflammation as compared to the control
group. In comparison to the methanolic extract, the aqueous fraction of methanolic extract
significantly inhibited paw oedema in acute model and granuloma formation in chronic
type.Aqueous fraction of methanolic extract significantly inhibit the paw oedema in acute model
and granuloma formation in chronic model with respect to the methanolic extract. 14
 
Antidiabetic activity:

Rats were used to test the glycaemic regulating characteristics of a hot water extract of mature
Adenanthera pavonina leaves. Normoglycaemic rats were given various dosages and tolbutamide
by mouth. Standard techniques were used to determine fasting blood glucose levels at hourly
intervals for 4 hours. The results demonstrated that a leaf extract has significant hypoglycaemic
effects in both fasting and fed rats (P 0.05). 10

In STZ-induced diabetic rats, the renal protective effect of A. pavonina seed aqueous extract was
investigated. In diabetic rats, extract dramatically reduced proteinuria, albuminuria, and lipid
deposition, suggesting that it could help slow the course of diabetic nephropathy.13
 
The effect of an aqueous solution of A. pavonina leaves on normal rats' blood glucose levels was
investigated. To determine glucose tolerance activity, an oral glucose tolerance test was
performed. There was a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in the test group treated with
aqueous solution of leaves of A. pavonina at 30 minutes and 120 minutes after loading 2g/kg of
glucose, according to the results of the oral glucose tolerance test. When compared to the control
group, the test group had considerably higher glucose tolerance activity. The study discovered
that an aqueous solution of A. pavonina leaves can control blood glucose levels. 34
Galactomannans extracted from Adenanthera pavonina L. seeds had an anti-diabetic effect in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice..34
 Galactomannans extracted from Adenanthera pavonina L. seeds were tested for their anti-
diabetic properties in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Various chemical characterization
methods confirmed the isolated and extracted galactomannan from Adenanthera pavonina.
Galactomannans had a mannose:galactose ratio of 1.46:1 and a high molar weight. Although
galactomannans boosted water intake, they had no effect on food consumption or body weight..35
 
Antidiarrheal Activity:

In experimental animals, the antidiarrheal potential of Adenanthera pavonina seed aqueous

extract was tested against castor oil and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea in rats.
Loperamide 3mg/kg was utilised as a reference standard to investigate the effect of the extract on
gastrointestinal transit utilising charcoal and castor oil induced enter pooling. In rats, oral
treatment of castor oil plus magnesium sulphate at dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg resulted in
dose-dependent considerable antidiarrheal potential. When compared to the reference standard
Loperamide, it reduced propulsive movement in castor oil-induced gastrointestinal transit using
charcoal meal in rats..36
 
Anti-diarrheal activity and Acute toxicity:

The methanol extract of A. pavonina bark significantly reduced the cumulative wet faecal mass
in a dose-dependent manner in a castor oil induced diarrhoea model on rats. In compared to the
control, there was a 17.91 percent reduction at 500 mg/kg body weight and a 34.32 percent
reduction at 1000 mg/kg body weight. N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg were found to be the most
abundant components in the powdered bark sample..37
 
Antinociceptive Activity:

The antinociceptive activity of an ethanol extract of A. pavonina leaves was investigated in mice
using a variety of nociceptive models induced thermally or chemically, including the hot plate
and tail immersion test, acetic acid-induced writhing, and glutamate and formalin-induced
licking tests at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. The results showed that extract
increased the hot plate latency and tail withdrawal time significantly and dose-dependently. The
number of belly constrictions and paw lickings caused by acetic acid and glutamate, respectively,
were reduced. In both phases of the formalin test, the plant suppressed nociceptive responses.38
 
Antihyperlipidemic Activity:

The impact of Adenanthera pavonina seed extract on atherogenic diet rats' blood cholesterol
levels was investigated. The seeds of Adenanthera pavonina have aqueous extract that is more
antihypercholesterolemic than antitriglyceridemic. The use of a methanol extract of the seeds of
Adenanthera pavonina on rats resulted in a considerable reduction in serum cholesterol and
triglyceride levels..39
 
Anticancer Activity:
Adenanthera pavonina L. and Thespesia populnea L. are combined in this decoction. Lactate
Dehydrogenase release, (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), and
Sulforhodamine B were used to test cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity against HEp-2
cells. Fluorescence microscopy stained with ethidium bromide/acridine orange dye combination
revealed the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, the brine shrimp lethality experiment revealed
an EC50 value of 1.96 mg/mL at a higher concentration..40
 
 
Antidiabetic, Hypolipidemic activity:

The antidiabetic efficacy of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Adenanthera pavonina (500mg/kg)
seeds was determined using an alloxan monohydrate induced hyperglycemic paradigm.
Biochemical data demonstrate that lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density
lipoprotein while boosting high density lipoprotein has a significant positive effect on lipid
profile in diabetes rats.41
 
Antimalarial and Antioxidant activity:

The antimalarial activity of Adenanthera pavonina Linn's methanol seed extract was examined in
Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. In addition, the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl based assay
was used to assess in vitro antioxidant activity. At an 800 mg/kg dose, the crude extract had
antimalarial activity that was 92.11 percent higher than chloroquine (88.73 percent ). Seed
extract with methanol of Adenanthera pavonina demonstrated a significant antimalarial activity
but did not exert any antioxidant effect over the parasitized treated mice.42
 
Hepatoprotective activity:

The leaves of Adenanthera pavonina are tested for their ability to protect the liver against
isoniazid and rifampicin-induced liver damage. The ability of the constituents in the
administered compounds to scavenge reactive oxygen species was found to restore the levels of
anti-oxidant enzymes in methanolic extracts of A. pavonina and silymarin.43
 
Anti-Emetic Activity:

Anti-emetic action was tested using crude methanol extracts of the leaves of Adenanthera
pavonina L., Peltoforum roxburghii L., Prosopis cineraria L., and Prosopis juliflora DC. Copper
sulphate 50mg/kg body weight was given orally to four-day-old male chicks, causing emesis.
The anti-emetic activity was established by calculating the mean reduction in the number of
retches compared to the control group. When compared to the conventional medicine
Chlorpromazine at the same dose, all extracts (150 mg / kg body weight orally) had anti-emetic
action. Prosopis juliflora had the strongest anti-emetic action (73.64%), whereas Adenanthera
pavonina had the weakest (50.17%).44
 

Antioxidant activity:

The antioxidant activity of a methanolic extract of Adenanthera pavonina Linn leaves was tested
to see if it could protect against oxidative damage. Scavenging activity was measured using
ascorbic acid as a reference and DPPH free radical and nitric oxide anion scavenging assays.
With increasing doses of extract, total reduction power was discovered to be increasing. 45

DPPH scavenging activity comparison of antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of leaf and
bark demonstrates that leaf extract has somewhat higher antioxidant activity than bark extract.
The plant's leaf component is more active in terms of antioxidant activity than the bark, despite
the leaf section's lack of flavonoid content.s.46
 
Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity:

Utilizing the sulforhodamine-B assay, the anti-proliferative activity of acetone and methanol
bark extracts of Adenanthera pavonina on three cancer cell lines was studied, as well as their
antioxidant activities using the 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydazyl radical and its reduction ability. The
antioxidant and reducing power assays revealed that action was dosage dependent. One of the
explanations for the anticancer potential of these extracts could be their antioxidant activity..47
 
Antiviral Activity:

The dimethylthiazolyl-diphenyltetrazolium bromide technique and plaque reduction assay were

used to assess the activity of sulfated polysaccharide from Adenanthera pavonina seeds against
poliovirus type 1 in cell cultures. With little cytotoxicity, the sulfated polysaccharide evoked
antiviral effects in phases after virus entrance into the cells..48
 

CONCLUSION:

Due to the existence of secondary metabolites, medicinal plants are sources of medications and
therapeutic value. The utilisation of medicinal plants as therapeutic agents is gaining popularity.
Because of its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidaemic, and
hepatoprotective properties, Adenanthera pavonina L is a possible source of medication,
according to the above review. It can also be used to treat boils, inflammation, blood problems,
arthritis, rheumatism, cholera, paralysis, epilepsy, convulsion, spasm, and indigestion, among
other human maladies.

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