Republic of the Philippines

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Lingayen Campus
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING SCIENCE
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
Second Semester, 2019-2020
__________________________________________________________________

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 PANDEMIC:

IMPACTS TO THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FACETS

OF THE PHILIPPINES

A Term Paper Submitted to

the Faculty of General Education Department

Pangasinan State University

Lingayen, Pangasinan

In Partial Fulfillment

of Requirements for the Subject

Readings in Philippine History

By:

Monica C. Burbano
Janry C.Caagusan
Angelic C. Cabarles
Roderick DC. Valdez

May 2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1

Introduction --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Impacts to the Philippines

A. Social Impacts --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3
B. Political Impacts --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 4
C. Economic Impacts
D. Cultural Impacts --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 5

Government Interventions --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 6

Conclusion --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 8

References --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 10
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |

ABSTRACT

In December 2019, a new strain of coronavirus disease was first identified in Wuhan, China which
later turned into a global pandemic. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic resulted in high toll of deaths
and multiple effects in society, affecting the physical, social, cultural and economic condition of most
countries. Meanwhile, Philippines has not been excluded from the spread of the virus which greatly affected
the government and citizens. This paper aims to present and discuss the impacts and/or changes of Covid-
19 in social, political, economic, and cultural facets in Philippine context.

I. INTRODUCTION

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) or formerly known as 2019 Novel Coronavirus
(NCov) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2). It is transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person sneezes, coughs or talks. It
weakens the human immune system which can lead into severe complications and be fatal to the body.
According to World Health Organization, most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience
mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people, and
those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease,
and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms,
some progress to viral pneumonia and multi-organ failure. (Hui, Azhar, et al., 2020). According to World
Health Organization, at this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. However,
there are many ongoing clinical trials evaluating potential treatments.

As days passed after the first case recorded in China in December 2019, the virus immediately
spread into different countries across the globe. The number of confirmed cases and deaths continue to rise.
According to Worldometer, as of April 17, 2020, more than 2.24 million cases have been reported across
210 countries and territories, resulting in more than 153,000 deaths (Hopkins, 2020). Consequently, several
countries have declared state of calamity due to uncontrollable spread of the disease. The World Health
Organization (WHO) announced the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020 and a pandemic on March 11, 2020.

Meanwhile, Philippines has not been excluded from the spread of the virus which greatly affected
the government and citizens. One century after the Philippines experienced an influenza pandemic in 1918-
1919 which killed more than 70 thousand Filipinos, our country is now facing another pandemic. It was
January 30, 2020 when the first case of COVID-19 in the Philippines has been reported. However, in the
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |2

whole month of January, the government did not respond to prepare itself for the possible impact of the
Novel Coronavirus in the country regardless of the fact that Philippines is not well-equipped in terms of
healthcare system. The health care system of the country is very weak and inadequate. It is even incapable
to distinguish and verify if a person has been infected by the virus. During this period, only the Research
Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) could have preliminary testing capacity but the confirmation would
be coming on Victoria Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory in Melbourne, Australia. Philippine
population is almost 109 million yet it has only 89,000 hospital beds and only 1,000 intensive care units
(ICUs). Our country has a total number of 129,000 doctors, 80,000 are members of the Philippine Medical
Association (PMA) of whom only 50% are active. The allocated budget of the Department of Health for
2020 is P166.5billion which includes PhilHealth (Philippine Health Insurance) and P7 billion budget lodged
under the miscellaneous and Personnel Benefits Fund. Remembering PRRD’s government priority, health
is only in number 6 position and is less prioritized compared to the Department of Defense and the
Department of Interior and Local Government 2020 budget allocation with total combined amount of
P427billion and the Department of Public Works and Highways with the budget of P534.3 billion (De Silva,
2020).

After few weeks from the first case recorded in the Philippines, COVID-19 alarmed the government
with more than 60 positive cases. The Department of Health is appealing to the public for cooperation with
case investigation and contract tracing due to the fast spreading of the virus. President Rodrigo Duterte
imposed Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) in Luzon on March 15, 2020. People were advised to
stay at home. Most works have been stopped. Wearing of face masks, social distancing, liquor bans and
curfew hours have been implemented. Public transportations have been limited. Mass gatherings have been
prohibited. Ongoing classes were all suspended. Police officers and soldiers were deployed to observe
passes in every boundary of municipalities and cities. Even entrance and exit points between barangays
were strictly secured. Quarantine passes are required. Only essential businesses are under operation.
Markets are surrounded by barricades. Market schedule has been imposed to each barangay to avoid social
congestion.

II. CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 IMPACTS TO THE PHILIPPINES

COVID-19 has profoundly shaken the basic fundamentals in our society: social, political, economic
and cultural facets. What started as health crisis has morphed into a full-blown national crisis which has
affected the country much more than the recent pandemics. It brought various changes in the country’s
social, political, economic and cultural sectors.
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |3

A. Social Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has affected the social condition of the country. It caused the
forbearance of middles class citizens, emergence of social discrimination, changes in social behavior and
preference, and strengthened family ties.

i. Forbearance of Middle Class

Middle class are probably the most affected of the pandemic, psychologically and financially because
of the loss of mobility and suspended income (Ylagan, 2020). According to Santos and Corazon (2020),
as an immediate yet glaring impact of COVID-19, the wide gap between the “haves” and the “have-nots”
or the rich and the poor is emphasized in terms of social relief and assistance, access to basic services, and
observance of social distancing. The rich may survive for a month while the poor and the average worker
cannot survive without social relief and assistance. Those multiple families living in small cramped houses
in the slum areas will not have the same luxury of observing social distancing compared to those living in
exclusive villages. These hard realities are common across countries, and is a result of decades of neglect
and marginalization.

ii. Emergence of Social Discrimination

According to Santos and Corazon (2020), racism and discrimination also emerged amidst the global
crisis. In Mindanao, a city attempted to close its borders to a tribe whose member got infected with COVID-
19. According to (Rubrico, 2020), in Quezon Province, an ambulance driver was shot for parking his vehicle
in a residential area after transporting medical personnel due to accusation of ferrying Covid-19 patients
and endangering the lives of the people in the community. Moreover, a nurse who contracted Covid-19
fears going back to his hometown in the outskirts of the economic hub of Metro Manila after his neighbours
had petitioned against his return. In Sultan Kudarat, five men doused a hospital utility worker with bleach
on his way to work which caused him to nearly lost his sight. In Cebu City, a motorcycle-riding tandem
splattered chlorine on a nurse who was on his way home from duty. In Iloilo City, as well as in Metro
Manila, health workers are being evicted from their dormitories by landlords who see them as unwitting
carriers of the disease. Some supermarkets refuse to let them shop. Accounts of hospital staff being refused
service in eateries and prevented from using laundromats and public transport has likewise made the news.

iii. Change in Social Behavior and Preference

With the government extending the lockdown until the end of the month, public discontent and
impatience is bound to increase (Santos & Corazon, 2020). According to Ylgan (2020), some social
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |4

behavior and preferences changed in time of the coronavirus. Some viewed COVID-19 pandemic as a
drastic situation however it may lead to a permanent positive changes in mindset and our way of living,
reinforced by the scare that COVID 19 gave us.

iv. Strengthen Family Ties

Despite the bad feedbacks about COVID-19, the quarantine has brought families together. Families
now have the time to talk to each other and know each other more deeply, than in the rushed comings and
goings of tight work and study schedules. In this confinement, erstwhile too-busy parents have subliminally
reinforced their ascendancy and acknowledged their primary roles and responsibilities to constantly teach
and guide their children of whatever age to be morally upright, harmonious and cooperatively productive
in society (Ylagan, 2020).

B. Political Impact

Philippine political system was also affected by the pandemic. It resulted the economic and political
elite to take advantage of their power. Political ties among allied countries have been strengthened.

i. Economic and Political Elite Taking Advantage of Power

According to De Silva (2020), as the record of positive cases in the Philippines drastically increase in
just a matter of weeks, and while people tried to stay home as ordered, political leaders and elites
shamelessly and insensitively displayed their abuse of power and privilege. While the government is so
strict in imposing check point and quarantine protocols to the point of arresting and prosecuting violators,
some political leaders blatantly breached established protocols. Amidst the mounting pressure to prosecute
these elite violators, the government appealed for compassion during this extra-ordinary times.

ii. Political Ties Within Allied Countries

According to De Silva (2020), after providing assistance in the earlier phases of the coronavirus crisis,
the Philippines received aid from several countries and territories, including the United States, Singapore,
Taiwan, China, and Japan, among others. Aid was given either in cash or in kind, such as personal protective
equipment (PPEs) for health workers, face masks, and other medical supplies. Chinese Ambassador to the
Philippines Huang Xilian said 100,000 testing kits, 100,000 surgical masks, 40,000 N95 masks, 50,000
PPEs, 5,000 face shields, and 30 ventilators had been donated to the Philippines so far. The United States
government gives over 1,000 cots to be used in health and quarantine facilities. The US embassy said aid
will go to preparing laboratories for large-scale processing of coronavirus tests, as well as the activation of
"case-finding and event-based surveillance." Aid will also support experts in response and preparedness
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |5

planning, risk communication, and infection prevention and control. US Ambassador to the Philippines
Sung Kim also facilitated the delivery of the US government's donation of 1,300 cots to be used in
quarantine centers. The US government donated an additional P298 million ($5.9 million) in assistance to
the Philippines which will be used to assist local government units in responding to the outbreak. The
Japanese embassy said Nagasaki University medical staff arrived in the Philippines, where they provided
technical assistance as well as PCR reagents and equipment to San Lazaro Hospital in Manila. The
assistance, the embassy said, helped the hospital scale up its testing capacity.

C. Economic Impact

Philippine economy has also been affected by the pandemic. There is an increase in economic loss.
Barriers in trading imports and exports in the country arise. Since the implementation of ECQ closed many
establishment and suspended jobs, industrial workforce decreases. Moreover, because there is an increase
in economic loss, inflation is expected.

i. Increase in Economic Loss

COVID-19 has destroyed consumption activities and paralyzes the economy (De Silva, 2020).
According to Addressing Social and Economic Impact (2020), the country’s economic losses are estimated
to reach P2.5 trillion under a “worse case” scenario, where it is assumed that the pandemic is not contained
around the world and that the global economy would fall into a recession. Meanwhile, losses are projected
to total P1.6 trillion under a “moderate case,” wherein it is assumed the pandemic is “effectively contained
around the world” by the end of the third quarter this year. PIDS said the transport, storage, and
communication sector is expected to “suffer substantial losses” between P11.7 billion and P124.3 billion
due to expected declines in tourism. This is equivalent to around 1.1%-11.3% of the sector’s share of gross
value added to the economy. Other sectors’ projected losses include manufacturing (P82.1 billion-P855.2
billion); wholesale and retail trade (P93.2 billion-P724.8 billion); “other services” (P41.5 billion-P356.9
billion); financial intermediation (P18.5 billion-P141.3 billion); agriculture, forestry, and fishing (P9.4
billion-P110.3 billion); real estate, rental, and business activities (P10.7 billion-P79.7 billion); electricity,
gas and water (P5.7 billion-P44.3 billion); mining and quarrying (P1.7 billion-P26.9 billion); and
construction (P1.7 billion-P19.3 billion).

ii. Trade Barriers

Local travel restrictions (deliveries and transportation) have affected the economy which draws around
¾ of its output from ECQ-imposed areas. No import/export restrictions are implemented during the
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |6

pandemic period. However, import requirements, application and registration process of needed medical
supplies, equipment and protective equipment as COVID-19-critical commodities have been streamlined
(CORONAVIRUS - The situation in Philippines, 2020). According to National Economic and
Development Authority, based on partial customs data for February, total exports to China are down by
about 55.0 percent.

iii. Decrease in Industrial Workforce

Over 2 million employees were displaced during the first five weeks of the Luzon-wide ECQ wherein
about 70% of this were affected by temporary business closures and 30% employees were subject to
alternative work arrangements such as reduced working days and hours; forced leave; and work-from-home
(CORONAVIRUS - The situation in Philippines, 2020).

iv. Expected Inflation

Inflation is expected to reach 2.2% this year and 2.4% in 2021, with further downside pressure from
lower global oil prices. With inflation projected to remain within the central bank’s target range of 2.0% to
4.0%, authorities have room for further monetary policy expansion to cushion any lingering effects of the
pandemic on the economy (CORONAVIRUS - The situation in Philippines, 2020).

D. Cultural Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has also affected cultural facet of the country, especially the
indigenous community. It leads to the cancellation of cultural celebrations (festivals and masses), shortage
of food supply among natives, increase susceptibility of indigenous communities to infectious diseases,
imposition of lockdown (tengao) and performance of protective rituals.

i. Cancellation of Cultural Celebrations (Festivals and Masses)

Due to the fast transmission of COVID-19 cases in the country, several cultural celebrations such as
festivals and Holy Week have been cancelled. COVID-19 pandemic has forced the Catholic Church in
Luzon and other parts of the country to suspend masses and cancel Holy Week rituals which include waving
of palm fronds on Palm Sunday, and processions during Holy Thursday and Good Friday (Paterno, 2020).
Upon the recommendation of city’s inter-agency task force on COVID-19, Baguio City Mayor Benjamin
Magalong announced the postponement of Panagbenga Festival that is supposed to be celebrated on
February (Limos, 2020). Albay’s Magayon festival, which is celebrated every April to honor Mayon
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |7

Volcano’s beauty, was also cancelled by Governor Al Francis Bichara. Bukidnon’s Kaamulan Festival,
Lubao Hot Air Balloon Festival in Pampanga, and almost all festivals in the country scheduled during
COVID-19 have been postponed. In addition, huge sports events such as Philippine Basketball Games
(PBA), Palarong Pambansa and UAAP Season 82 have been cancelled in compliance of COVID-19
protocols. Film festivals, concerts and shows such as Manila Auto Show, Daang Dokyu (documentary film
festival), 98 Degrees concert and Avril Lavignes concert were also postponed.

ii. Shortage of Food Supply Among Natives

According to Degawan (2020), during extended community lockdowns, traditional community

practices come into effect, such as the binnadang/ub-ubbo where community members look out for those
in need and extend help. In addition, the basic principle of ayyew, meaning to not waste anything from food
to water is constantly practiced and enforced. Food, such as dried sweet potatoes, that have been preserved
for the rainy period are brought out and portioned to last for the period of ubaya. Unfortunately, these
traditional practices of coping with pandemics and other disasters is proving to be particularly challenging
for Indigenous peoples given the current threats they face from the extractive industry and climate change,
among others. Some communities decided to forego the food packs distributed by the government as they
could be facing greater challenges in obtaining food. The result of these occurrences is that communities
now have less food stocked, making them vulnerable to hunger if the quarantine period results to be longer
than anticipated.

iii. Increase Susceptibility of Indigenous Communities to Infectious Diseases

According to Degawan (2020), Indigenous peoples are facing the susceptibility to infectious disease
due to their lower immunity and their lack of, or limited access to information, among others. Some of these
realities are consequences of poor planning by the national governments and others are the result of
discrimination and disregard for Indigenous peoples. The impacts of the many exploitative projects in
Indigenous territories, such as mining and mono-crop plantations are an added threat and challenge. All of
these contribute to the further marginalization and greater risk to Indigenous people, especially in times of
crises.

iv. Imposition of Indigenous Lockdown (Tengao)

Beyond the immediate threat to life, COVID-19 induced various indigenous groups to perform
indigenous rituals to confirm the government’s pronouncements in preventing the spread of the virus.
According to Lapniten (2020), Indigenous groups in the Cordillera have invoked indigenous rituals to lock
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |8

down their communities against the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic. A municipal advisory was prompted
by the invocation of a tengao (indigenous variation of lockdown) by community elders. When the town of
Bauko performed the tengao, the community closed its part of the national highway, prohibiting anyone
from entering or exiting, without exception, until the ritual was completed. This forced people going to
Bontoc, to take a long detour via the municipality of Banaue in Ifugao, adding at least four hours to their
travel time. Different towns across Mountain Province have invoked tengao, which is also called te-er, to-
or, sedey, far-e, ubaya, or tungro by varying ethnolinguistic groups. Local officials approved the imposition
of these cultural practices that generally promote the welfare of the public such as lockdowns as long as
these practices do not conflict with local policies.

v. Performance of Protective Rituals

According to Lapniten (2020), elders in the tourist town of Sagada performed the sedey, a ritual
invoking the supreme being Lumawig, to cleanse and protect the town from an epidemic. In Bontoc, revered
ama Changat Fakat performed the manengtey a ritual that involved divining omens from the internal organs
of a sacrificial chicken as presenting signs of protection against COVID-19. A fire has been kept burning
for several days or until put out by elders in the hearth of dap-ay as a protective charm against the virus. In
support with this, local officials were present to lend the official backing of the rituals. In Malibcong, the
indigenous Itneg people performed the sagubay, which involves placing warning signs (knotted
grass/bamboo shoots) along pathways to keep people from entering the town. These shows the efforts of
indigenous people to contribute and help the government in the battle against the pandemic using their
traditional knowledge.

E. Government Interventions in Amidst of COVID-19 Pandemic

Different policies and measure are undertaken by the government to prevent COVID-19 casualties and
support citizens financially. Enhanced Community Quarantine within specific areas in the country is
implemented since March 2020 to control local transmission of the virus. Republic Act No. 11469 or
commonly known as ‘Bayanihan to Heal as One Act’ was signed to grant additional authority for the
president in fighting COVID-19 in the country. Financial aids and food reliefs have been distributed by the
government to help Filipinos, especially the low-income families who have lost their job during ECQ. The
Department of Social Welfare and Development gives financial assistance ranging from 5000 to 8000 pesos
while the Department of Labor and Employment offers temporary jobs. In pursuance to Administrative
Order No. 26, the Department of Budget and Management grants a hazard pay of not exceeding P500 a day
per person to authorized government personnel who occupy regular, contractual or casual positions in
national government agencies as determined by their respective sanggunians.
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |9

III. CONCLUSION

Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has greatly affected all dimensions of human society: the
public health, labor system, social interactions, political state, use of public spaces, economy, and the
cultural life. It demonstrates to us that our economic, political and social systems can serve our needs and
purposes only when they induce us to cooperate at the appropriate scale. In addition, this pandemic showed
us the importance of recognizing the true purpose of all our businesses and economies, our political parties
and governments, our local civic associations and our international organizations, our conventions and
ideologies, and all our other systems to serve human needs and purposes.

In this time of pandemic, there is a realization that it is terrible to waste our lives, embroil in endless
battles for wealth, status and power. How terrible it really is not to recognize the value of the people around
us – not just our family and friends, colleagues and fellow citizens, but also complete strangers. Fighting
the COVID-19 as ONE is indeed can only be done in a ‘bayanihan’ manner. People should be actively
participating in this fight even if they are in the state of quarantine and practicing social distancing. They
can be called upon to contribute their human and financial resources to fill in the gaps of medical, technical,
financial and psychological needs. The government may have responded a little late however solutions are
now proposed by the government to help Filipinos survive from the pandemic. As to the response to the
crisis, the government has implemented community quarantine, gave assistance to needy citizens through
Social Amelioration Program, formed Inter Agency Task force and closed the schools to avoid exposing
the students in a risky situation. With these, we can say that their performance in combating the virus is
satisfying yet some of our fellow Filipinos were still not satisfied to the efforts embedded by our
government.

As students of Pangasinan State University, the researchers recommend the acronym COVID-
Connect, Obey, Value, Inspire and Devote. Connect with love and positivity. Obey the rules and regulations
mandated by the government. Value the moments with your loved ones. Inspire others to be hopeful and
brave. Devote yourselves to Lord our God. Everyone has a responsibility to fulfill. In this time of crisis,
discipline and unity must be seen. We are all in the same boat, either we row together or we sink together.
We will heal as one.
 IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, 2020 |10

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