Technical Research (True) ''''

Ramon Santos St., Brgy.
33, Peñaranda, Legazpi City
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
MODULES IN
TECHNICAL
RESEARCH
MARY JOY A. ALZAGA, LPT
INSTRUCTOR
OVERVIEW
As the turn of the century ushers more possibilities for developing and improving
individuals in various fields and endeavors, learning materials such as textbooks and modules
have all the more relevant.
The curriculum for colleges and universities provides a comprehensive design for
different fields that require students to be critical thinkers, innovators, creators, and effective
communicators. These and all others attributes like numeracy, technological and people skills
that will shape and prepare the learners of the 21st century have all been integrated in various
disciplines to prepare learners for the future.
Hence, this Module, “Technical Writing: A Resource Guide to Writing Across Discipline,”
hopes to help students and interested individuals who acknowledge that technical writing as a
skill is must in all types of jobs today.
The topics and materials intend to provide the students with ample knowledge in the
preparation of Technical reports, letters, correspondences, articles, and other forms of writing
that they may find necessary in their future work. The samples provided herein would be useful
to the students and will serve as a handy reference for them in their future needs.
May this Module serve its main intent for your personal, educational and future
professional purpose. There are 6 Modules in this learning materials: ( 1st Understanding the
Nature of Technical Writing, 2nd Exploring Expository Techniques, 3rd Writing Effective Business
Correspondence,4th Writing Rousing Technical Reports, 5th Evaluating Visual Rhetoric, 6th
Maximizing the Use of Media and Electronic )
Learning how to conduct proper research also develops a number of secondary skills
that will serve teachers well. Skills like problem-solving, critical analysis and reading
comprehension will all improve as a result of extensive research, and each of these talents can
also be of enormous benefit when working with students.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE I – Understanding the Nature of Technical Writing
Lesson 1. What is Technical Writing
Lesson 2.Relevant Laws and Ethical Considerations Related to Technical Writing
a. Principles of Ethical Communication
b. Do’s and Don’ts of Technical Writing
Lesson 3.The Writing Process
a. Pre-writing, writing stage and Re-writing
MODULE II – Exploring Expository Techniques
Lesson 1. Classification and Definitions
Lesson 2.Description of a Process
Lesson 3. Description of Mechanism
MODULE III- Writing Effective Business Correspondence
Lesson 1. Communication in Business and Organization
Lesson 2. Personal and Business Letter
a. Characteristics and Elements of a Business Letter
Lesson 3. Basic and Optional Parts of Business Letter
c. Business Letters Punctuations and Styles
Lesson 4.Types of business Letter

MODULE IV- Writing Rousing Technical Reports
Lesson 1.Fundamental Concepts of Reports Writing
Lesson 2. Classification of Technical Reports
Lesson 3. Minutes of the Meeting
MODULE V- Evaluating Visual Rhetoric
Lesson 1. What, Why and Where of Visual Rhetoric
Lesson 2.The How of Visual Rhetoric
Lesson 3. Visual Rhetoric Analytical Methodologies
MODULE VI-Maximizing the Use of Media and Electronic
Communication in the 21st Century…….
Lesson 1. Embracing New Means of Communication
Lesson 2.Social Media and Technical Documentation
Lesson 3. The Best and Worst of Both Social Media and Electronic Communication
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
Learn to identify and select many types of writing frequently required in a

variety of careers,
Practice audience analysis and develop effective communication

strategies for a variety of audiences,
Determine your purposes/objectives and develop skill in composing and

revising on the computer documents with formats and language appropriate for
those purposes,
Achieve a greater awareness of the importance of selecting and

integrating graphics with written communication,
Improve your ability to differentiate among and to use facts, inferences and
judgments.
-Not just for professionals in the tech industry, technical writing

training can make you a better teacher by imparting a number of
valuable skills that are sure to improve your performance in the
classroom-. –Unknown-
Understanding the
MODULE 1 Nature of Technical

Writing
Module 1 contains what Technical Writing is such as

Principles, Purposes, Properties, Relevant Laws and
Ethical Considerations Related in Technical Writing
and the Writing Process.
Intended Learning Outcomes
In this Learning Module, I must be able to:
1.define Technical Writing;
2.enumerate the end products of technical writing;
3.use as guide the principles of Technical Writing;
4.define the Technical communications;
5.explain the qualities of a good English writer; and
6.apply the process involved in technical writing.

WHAT IS
LESSON
TECHNICAL
1 WRITING?
Intended Learning
Outcome;
In this lesson, I must

be able to :
a. Define what
Technical writing is,
such as the
Principles ,Purposes
and Properties of
Technical writing
b. Identify the scope

of Technical Writing.
PRELIMINARY LEARNING
ACTIVITY
Using the Graphic Organizer below, give meaning about Technical Research. What is your
prior knowledge about technical research? What could be the principles, purposes and
Properties of Technical Writing?
TECHNICAL
RESEARCH
Congratulations! You did a great job. You

may now continue with the next Task.
Learning Essentials
When the world ushered in the 21 st

century, many things changed and advanced in
various fields and disciplines .These changes and advancements were prompted by the rapid
pace of technology.
Technology today as well know today has permeated human beings’ lifestyles, hence
more advanced thinkers believe that we have to work with technology. Although this is the trend
now, we cannot do away with traditional forms .Even if we live in a highly technical world and all
sectors in the society including schools are affected by the lure to absorb modern technology,
there is still need to preserve older forms of communications.
In the field of language teaching, the effective use and teaching of technical language
becomes more pronounced. Thus, a course or a program intended for the teaching of
Technical Report Writing seems to be the best answer to the clamor for more appropriate form
of language teaching that meets the specific vocabulary of professional and technical programs.
Possessing the skills in technical report writing is an advantage for men and women
who are tasked to work on writing technical reports, manuals, brochures and handbooks to
represent their company, institution, or place at work. A course in Technical Report Writing will
at least prepare them for more complicated work they will have to accomplish later on as
professionals.
What is technical
writing?
According to Mills and Walter (1981) technical writing is:
a writing about scientific subjects and about various technical subjects

associated with the sciences .
characterized by certain formal elements, such as scientific and

technical vocabulary, its use of graphic aids, and its use of
conventional reports form.
ideally characterized by the maintenance of an attitude of impartiality

and objectivity by extreme care to convey information accurately and
concisely, and by the absence of any attempt to arouse emotion.
a writing in which there is relatively high concentration of certain

complex and important writing techniques description of mechanisms,
description of process, definition, classification, and interpretation
Products of Technical
Writing
These are the Products of Technical Writing:
A business letter is a type of written communication. It is written using

formal language and follows formal elements of letter writing. People usually
write business letters to communicate with companies, organizations or
individuals, with the purpose of applying for a job, making requests seeking
appointments, etc.
Contract is written agreement between two people under mutually agreed
terms.
Monograph is detailed essay or book on a very specific topic. It is usually
written by professionals or academicians on topics of interest concerning
their specific fields.
Printed action memo is a ready-format memorandum that only requires a
checkmark on the appropriate box that contains the message. This is especially
useful for busy people who need to make quick decisions and act on the
circumstance or situation.
Graphic aids are drawings, sketches and illustrations that aid the readers in
understanding the presented data.
Instructional manuals are written to guide the readers on how to assemble,
maintain, and operate an apparatus machine or gadget
Brochures are pamphlets or flyers that endorse a products in such a way that the
potential customers will be convinced that the product is effective and eventually
avail of the product.
Proposals are written suggestions on how to make the company or organization
more productive and successful. Most companies and organizations require this
before an agreement is reached.
Memoranda are inter-office written communication used to disseminate information.
In today’s world the demand of accomplishing more written outputs makes a professional who is
skilled in this area all the more needed. In whatever field, a skilled technical writer is needed,
thus taking note of the FIVE IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES in GOOD TECHNICAL WRITING
separates a talented writer from an ordinary writer. Bear in mind the following:
1.Always have In mind a specific reader, real or imaginary, when you are writing a report.
Always assume that he is intelligent, but uninformed.
2.Before you start to write , always decide what the exact purpose of your report is, and
make sure that every paragraph , every word makes a clear contribution to that purpose.
3.Use language that is simple, concrete, and familiar.
4.At the beginning and end of every section of your report, check your writing according
to this principles: “ First you tell the reader what you’re going to tell him, then you tell him what
you’ve told him”
5.Make your report attractive.

PURPOSES OF
TECHNICAL WRITING
1. It serves as the basis for management decision.
2. It furnishes needed information.
3. It gives instructions.
4. It records business transactions through proposals.
5. It procures business proposals.
6. It serves as basis for public relations.
7. It provides report to stockholders of companies.
PROPERTIES OF
TECHNICAL WRITING
The following properties of technical writing are also known as “considerations” when
writing technical reports.
1.SUBJECT MATTER. In writing technical paper, you must ask the question,
“What will I write about?”
The subject matter is an essential element in technical report writing. Some

examples of this are description of a process, writing about a theory, or submitting a
policy.
2.AUDIENCE. When writing about the audience , ask “Whom an I writing for? Or
who are my intended readers?” This is the property which pertains to a particular reader
of a technical literature.
3.EXPRESSION.This property refers to two basic modes in which a technical

report has to be delivered –writing it or reading it. Your expression of the content will
depend on your awareness of your audience’s/reader’s psychology and your style in
writing to be able to reach your audience’s/reader’s understanding.
4.STYLE.This refers to how the material is written. A technical writer uses clear,
specific point of view, objective, impartial, and unemotional style in writing.
5.ARANGEMENT OF MATERIALS. This pertains to how ideas should be
organized in chronological, spatial or logical order, from general to specific or specific to
general, and use illustrations to present the information.
Writing can be grouped into five basic types:
Techical writing conveys specific information about a technical subject

to specific audience for specific purpose.
Creative writing is fiction-poetry, short stories, plays, novels-and far
different from technical writing.
Expressive is a subjective response to a personal experience-journal
and diaries-whereas technical writing might be objective observations of
a work-related experience or research.
Persuasive writing depends on emotional appeal. Its goals is to
change one’s attitudes or motivate him/her to action.
Expository writing “exposes” a topic analytically and objectively, such
as news reports. Like technical writing, the goal of expository writing is
to explain or reveal knowledge, but expository writing does not
necessarily expect a response or action from the reader.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL WRITING ANG CREATIVE WRITING
TECHNICAL WRITING CREATIVE WRITING
Content Factual, straight-forward Imaginative, metaphoric or

symbolic
Audience specific general
Purpose Inform, instruct, persuade Entertain, provoke, captivate
Style Format, standard, academic Informal, artistic, figurative
Tone objective subjective
Vocabulary specialized General, evocative
Organization Sequential,systematic Arbitrary, artistic

LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
DIRECTION: Draw something that symbolizes Technical Writing .Don’t

forget to write a brief explanation. Your creativity is needed.
CRITERIA:
RELEVANCE TO THE SUBJECT -20points.
CREATIVITY -15points.
OVER ALL PRESENTATION -15points.
50 points
ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Let us discuss some ideas by answering the following questions below . Explain and
/or give examples.
1.What other types of writing would be considered under Technical writing?
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
2.What other considerations can you give before writing a technical paper?
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
3.Are there other properties of writing that you can add to make a technical writer an
effective one?
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
4.Aside from the purposes given about technical writing, can you think of other purposes
which we can add to the list?
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
5.Are you more inclined to technical writing or creative writing?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 3
DIRECTION: Interview a teacher, an engineer, a businessman or any three

professionals of your choice about their experience in writing a technical paper. Ask
what their strengths and weaknesses are in writing technical paper. Also, ask the
value of technical writing in their profession. Write the obtained answers below.

MY ASSESSMENT
Direction: Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
________1.Subject and expression are properties of technical writing.
________2.It is important for a technical writer to take note of the attractiveness of his
paper.
________3.Writers have different writing styles.
________4.Technical writers can be creative when writing technical reports.
________5.Teachnical writing is all about technical jobs.
________6.One purpose of technical writing is that it gives instructions.
________7.A business letter and monograph are types of technical writing.
________8.A sales letter is an examples of creative work.
________9.Graphic aids are often used in creative writing rather than in technical
writing.
________10.The language of technical writing is simple, concrete, and familiar
You have successfully doing all the task in this Module.
CONGRATULATIONS!
RELEVANT LAWS AND
LESSON ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
2 RELATED TO
TECHNICAL WRITING
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. Define Technical
Communication
b. Apply the do’s and

don’ts by doing
technical
communication.
PRELIMINARY LEARNING ACTIVITY
Directions: Using the T-CHART Graphic organizer below. List down the do’s and don’ts in
Technical Communication and give a brief explanation.
DO’S DON’TS

Learning Essentials
There are four bodies of law that are relevant to technical communication. Technical
writers must be aware of legal and ethical considerations when preparing technical
papers.
Copyright law-covers the protection of the rights of the author

Trademark law- pertains to federal protection (different from registered
trademarks).
Contract law-covers written warranties or their implied warranties.
Liability law-pertains to responsibilities or obligations of writers
especially claims they made on their paper.
PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL
COMMUNICATION
Technical writers are like researchers. Both take into

considerations the bound and limitations to things that they
write.
They carefully study the information to be presented and

they are aware that prudence has to be exercised.
DO’S OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION
Abide by relevant laws.
Abide by the appropriate corporate or professionals code of conduct.
Tell the truth.
Be clear.
Avoid discriminatory language
Acknowledge assistance from others.
Don’ts OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION

False implications-assuming the outcome of a project or making sweeping
generalizations.
Exaggerations-expressing situations in extreme proportions.
Euphemisms-writing about situations in seemingly good conditions even
though they are not.
Don’t mislead your readers.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
In your opinion, why do we need to learn the significance of laws and

ethical considerations related to technical writing?
____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
Make a saying that contains the significance of do’s and don’ts in

Technical communication.
____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Reflect on the following situation. What will you do if you

are faced with one of them?
1. You are the boss of the company. You received a report about
missing milk boxes in the shipment from one of your employees who
made an inventory. Your company ordered 150 boxes, but 2 boxes
are missing.
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________.
2.An attendance sheet is being passed around in the seminar room.

You were ask to write your purpose for attending because it is about
professional development .What will you write?
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
________________________.

ACTIVITY 3
Direction: Read with comprehension the statements in each number. Write the
answer in the space provided.
1. It is one of laws that are relevant to technical communication pertains to

responsibilities they made on their paper.
______________________________
2. Laws that covers protection of the rights of the author.
______________________________
3. Is it true that contract law means covers written warranties or their implied
warranties?
___________________
4. In Principles of ethical communications says that technical writers are like

researchers. Explain briefly.
5.Give at list 2 that we should do in technical communication.
______________________________
______________________________
6. Give at list 2 that we shouldn’t do in technical communication.
______________________________
______________________________

MY ASSESSMENT
Direction: Below are ethical considerations in writing technical

papers, some however are opposite practices. Underline all the
ethical practices.
 Abide by the appropriate corporate or professional code of

conduct.
 Tell the truth.
 Avoid discriminatory language.
 Make false implications.
 Exaggerate.
 Use euphemisms
 Mislead your readers
 Be clear.
 Acknowledge assistance form others.
 Abide by relevant laws.
CONGRATULATIONS!
the
LESSON
writing
3 process
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. determine the
process of writing;
b.apply the process

involved in technical
writing.
In your opinion, what are the three basic basic stages in writing process? Don’t
forget to write a brief explanation .Use the graphic organizer below.
WRITING PROCESS
BASIC
STAGES

Learning Essentials
Let us review some of the things that we know when it comes to the WRITING PROCESS. There
are three basic stages:
PRE-WRITING STAGE
This is the first stage in writing process. It is what the writer does before he writes the first draft.
In this stage, the writer composes or supplies information pertaining to:
a. Purpose of the paper .This is necessary to determine the content of the paper to be included,
the organization and style of the paper.
b. Choice of topic. A writer has to explain or justify his/her chosen topic.
c. Gathering information. A writer must be able to find sources of information to enrich his/her
topic.
Pre-writing Techniques:
1. Keep a writer’s journal by recording personal experiences, perceptions, and ideas.
2. Do free writing. Write about whatever comes to mind.
3. Brainstorm by listing ideas as quickly as they occur.
4. Cluster by drawing lines and circles to show connections between ideas. It is also called
webbing or making connections.
5.Ask questions using the news reporter’s 5Ws-Who? What? Where? Why? When? and How?
6.Read with focus. This entails reading efficiently to locate and collect specific information.
7.Listen with focus. This means listening efficiently to locate and collect specific information.
ng.
8.Observe by noticing details around you through the senses.
9.Imagine.Probe your imagination for idea, often use a “what if?” approach.
WRITING STAGE
-is a part where we begin to write our first draft. We know that not everything that
we write is perfect at the first go. Hence, you must remember what to do and what not to
do during this stage.
Do’s and Don’ts of Writing a First Draft
1.Don’t overanalyze your writing.
2.Do feel free to follow the flow of ideas where it is leading you, even if it is not
what you initially planned.
3.Don’t exaggerate details.
4.Do work on the details as much as possible to keep the story fresh in your mind.
5.Don’t worry yet about how good your writing is.
6.Do have fun!
re-writing stage
This stage is also known as the “revision” stage. We revise to ensure that:
1. the content of the paper is relevant;
2. there organization and coherence in the arrangement of the ideas; and
3.grammar and mechanics are clearly observed.

LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
Fill the table below with activities and information about your chosen topic. Write an essay
of not more than 200 words about your chosen topic.
TOPIC:
PRE-WRITING STAGE WRITING STAGE RE-WRITING STAGE

ACTIVITY 2
Explain the saying below about writing.
“THE MOST IMPORTANT OS TO READ AS MUCH AS YOU CAN,

LIKE I DID. IT WILL GIVE YOU MAN UNDERSTADING OF WHAT
MAKES GOOD WRITING ANG IT WILL ENLARGE YOUR
VOCABULARY”-JK.ROWLING-
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
(You can use any graphic organizer)

ACTIVITY 3
Write a short essay about the three reason why you have chosen to enroll in your
course that you take now and elaborate by explaining or giving examples. Remember
the pointers in each writing phase. Use the margins on your paper to mark which
pointers you followed in each phase (pre-writing, writing, re-writing)

MY ASSESSMENT
Identify which of the following activities are done on the pre-writing, writing, re-writing
stage. Write your answer on the space before the number.
______________________1. Gather information.
______________________2.Do free writing.
______________________3.Choose a topic.
______________________4. Brainstorm.
______________________5.Cluster.
______________________6. Work on the details.
______________________7.Check the mechanics.
______________________8.Have fun.
______________________9. Ensure relevance of content.
______________________10. Follow the flow od ideas.
CONGRATULATIONS!
exploring
MODULE 2 expository
techniques
Module 2 contains Classifications,

Methods of defining terms, description of
a process like (how do you make paper
from a tree?) and definition of
mechanism.
1. differentiate the forms of technical writing;
2. explain principles involved in writing classifications, process,

definition, and description of a mechanism; and
3. apply the principles learned by applying them in writing.

classification
LESSON
and
1 definition
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to:
a. define the
meaning of
classification;
b. differentiate the
forms of technical
writing.
In your opinion, what classification and definition means?

What is its significance in Technical writing?
________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
____________________________________________ .

Learning Essentials
Exposition is a writing technique used by a writer when his/her intention is to

explain something, to analyze an idea, to classify a thing, to give s correction of a term,
to make others follow direction , to point out similarities or differences, to clarify causes
and effects, to present data, to interpret research work, and others.
In this part of module, will explain the nature and use of the following expository
techniques as they are applied in technical writing: classification, definition , description
of a process , and description of a mechanism.
CLASSIFICATION
-is dividing something into groups, classes, categories, etc. This is

normally done in accordance with several criteria (standards or principles
on which judgements are based).
-is done by the writer when he/she believe that there are shared
qualities or characteristics about a subject matter.
Example the passage below:

GENDER POWER PATTERNS
Research ( Helgessen, 1990; in Wood,2001) reveals general differences in

how women and men define and use power. Men and women are more likely to
regard power as unlimited to share it freely. Another difference is how to sexes see
the ends of power. In general , men see power as something an individual has uses
to enhance individuals status. The tendency among women is to perceive power as
a resource of empowering others and building strong collaborative teams.
Differences in orientation toward power are consistent with gender communication
cultures and the divergent rules of communication they teach men and women
Definition
There are times when we are asked by people around to us define or give meaning to an
unfamiliar word. How do you reply? Do you find yourself saying “ it is like this ……..” “it
resembles that…..” “it is similar to…..?”
When we define words or unfamiliar terms, we give concise bur exact meanings of
unfamiliar words and special meanings of familiar words. For people of all ages, definition is
useful technique in oral or written communication. It is particularly a must for a technical writer to
be able to define the terms with multiple meaning and those that are unfamiliar to the reader.
METHODS OF DEFINING TERMS
There are two methods of defining terms: simple and extended definition.
A simple definition could be formulated by bearing in mind in three parts: the species ,
genus, and differentia. This method of definition is commonly used in technical writing
whether formally, semi-formally, or non-formally.
When using simple definition, note that species or the term to be defined may be
introduced by a genus or the class/category where the term belongs is always connected to
the species by a linking verb. Both species and genus ca be introduced by determiner. To
make the definition complete a differentia is written to give the characteristics of the term that
make it different from other terms belonging to the same genus.
Species(term to be defined) Genus (class where to term Differentia(a characteristics
belongs) of the term)
Language is a form of communication.
An architect is a professional who designs buildings
Communication is a process of giving and receiving

information.
Another method of defining a term is by expanded definition. This is done by

stipulation, operation, explication, cause and effect, classification, example and other rhetorical
functions.
SPECIES GENUS
Communication is a systematic
process in which people interact DIFFERENTIA(contains
with and through symbols to explication and example)
create and interpret meanings.
Informal Definition on the other hand does not follow a pattern. The only
objective is to give meaning to a word that is unfamiliar or explain that special meaning
of a familiar word.Word meanings enter informal definition by means of providing
denotative and connotative meaning. Denotation is the basic literal meaning or the
dictionary meaning of words while connotation is the additional shade of meaning that
words imply aside from dictionary meaning. Connotation is the positive or negative
associations a word naturally carries.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
GENDER POWER PATTERNS
Research ( Helgessen, 1990; in Wood,2001) reveals general differences in

how women and men define and use power. Men and women are more likely to
regard power as unlimited to share it freely. Another difference is how to sexes see
the ends of power. In general , men see power as something an individual has uses
to enhance individuals status. The tendency among women is to perceive power as
a resource of empowering others and building strong collaborative teams.
Differences in orientation toward power are consistent with gender communication
cultures and the divergent rules of communication they teach men and women
Let us answer the following comprehension questions:
1. What two classes are being compare/contrasted in the

passage above?
2. How is gender classified?
3. What descriptions are based on the similarities and

differences?

ACTIVITY 2
PART 1: Supply the meaning of the term in the table below:
TERM DENOTATION CONNOTATION
Is an institution where children

A school are educated __________________________
A star ________________________ Famous person.
A dove Is a type of bird. ____________________________
Orange Is a fruit. __________________________
A dog ______________________ Is man’s bestfriend
PART II:
Based on your understanding, what is the difference of expanded definition to informal

definition?
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________.

ACTIVITY 3
Each family is unique. In the Philippines our family is a prime

importance to us. Apply what you have learned about classification
and makes your “FAMILY TREE.” You need to submit a creative
output to be evaluated in in this activity.
RUBRIC FOR CLASSIFICATION: FAMILY

TREE
Category - 15
Creativity - 10
Explanation -5
30 points

MY ASSESSMENT
In your chosen field, list down five terms and define each term using formal
definition. List another five terms and define each term using informal
definition. Write your answer below.
CONGRATULATIONS!
LESSON description
of a process
2
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. explain principles
involved description
of a process.
Make an acronym for the term PROCESS below.
P-
R-
O-
C-
E-
S-
S-

Learning Essentials
There are writing tasks that entails an explanation of how something works, how
something is done, or how something is made. That is why knowing how to describe a process
will enable a technical writer and his/her reader to perform or do something.
In describing a process, a writer explain the arrangement of a sequence in chronological

order. As its used in technical writing, the process is akin to mechanism description here,
process description includes sequences, instructions and procedure.
There are two separate concepts which we must briefly explain here: “How to do
something” and “How something occurs.” The first call for instruction or procedure; the second,
for sequence
In this manner, process is also a description of equipment, materials and procedure.

Graphic materials are used for detailed presentation of the process. The writer makes use of
sequences markers to follow the natural or mechanical system.
When we describe a process or procedure, we often use the present passive tense;
is/are + v+ ed. For example: is manufactured is controlled, etc.
When describing a process, we use sequence markers to link sentences like first ,
second, then, next, subsequently, finally , at last.
Now let us read the passage on “How do you make paper from a tree?” It is an article
written by Stacy Wonder published in wonderpolis.org.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
Let us answer the following comprehension questions:
1. What is the passage about?
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2.Where those paper come from?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
3.Pick the sentences that show present passive tense.
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2
Explain the saying below.
“ WRITING A PERFECT PAPER IS A LOT LIKE A

MILITARY OPERATION. IT TAKES DISCIPLINE, FORESIGHT,
RESEARCH, AND IF DONE RIGHT,ENDS IN TOTAL
VICTORY”- Ryan Holiday
______________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
_______________________________________

ACTIVITY 3
Have you ever dreamed of driving your own automatic car? What if you can drive
it today? Below are steps in starting an automatic car. Imagine that you are
starting your own automatic car! Write the number of the sequence to this
process.
__________ Push the brake pedal and insert the key to the ignition to turn it on.
__________Gently shift the gear to G.
__________Then release the pressure on the brake pedal slowly.
__________The vehicle will starts slowly.
__________And, if you want to move the car faster, press the gas pedal.
__________First make sure the lever should be at “P” before starting the car.

MY ASSESSMENT
DIRECTION: Write your own description of a process. This time,

think of a process related to your field. Come up with a minimum of
four sentences and a maximum of seven sentences. Use at list
three sequence markers and observe correct sentence structure.
RUBRIC FOR A DESCRIPTION OF A PROCESS
CONTENT -20
ORGANIZATION -15
MECHANICS -10
TOTAL-------------------------------- 45
CONGRATULATIONS!
Description
LESSON
of
3 mechanism
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. explain principles
involved in writing
like description of a
mechanism.
b. determine what
description of
mechanism is all
about.
Using the picture below, give some description of it and how it is used or works.
You can use graphic organizer.

Learning Essentials
We may belong to different fields and disciplines but there are certain machines or
apparatuses that we use to make our work easier. Description of mechanism is an explanation
of a system or parts of an apparatus. This includes the characteristics and functions of a piece
of the device and the totality of the mechanisms.
It is also explains the arrangement and shape of an object in space. In writing a

description of mechanism, the writer may be guided by the following questions:
What it is (equipment, machine, device, apparatus)?

What is its function?
What does it look like?
How does it work?
What are its principal parts?
Below are examples of machines and how they work. Read the passages and perform the
activities that follow.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
Draw something that shows the meaning of Description of Mechanism and give
some brief explanation about it. Your creativity is badly needed to this activity.

ACTIVITY 2
Based on the description of HOW THE REFRIGERATOR WORKS AND HOW THE
RICE COOKERS WORKS, draw a diagram to illustrate how mechanisms works. Use lines and
arrows, if necessary. Add short descriptions or captions to make each part of the diagram
understandable.

ACTIVITY 3
Choose an apparatus, device, machine that is used in your field of specialization. Make
use of discourse markers and observe correct sentence structure and paragraph. Your teacher
will grade you in this activity using a scoring rubric.
RUBRIC FOR DESCRPTION OF MECHANISM
CONTENT 20
ORGANIZATION 15
MECHANICS 10
TOTAL 45

MY ASSESSMENT
Answer the following questions below.
1. In your field of specialization, what types of tasks would entail the use of classification,
definition, description of a process, and description of mechanism?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________.
2. Which above mentioned expository techniques are particularly useful in your field of
specialization? How?
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________.
3. Which of the expository techniques do you think are less likely to be used? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________.
4.What do you need to strengthen as a future professional on order to become a good

or better expository writer?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________.
CONGRATULATIONS!
WRITING EFFECTIVE
MODULE 3 BUSINESS
CORRESPONDENCE
Module 3 contains how

Communication works in business
and organization, the difference of
personal and business letter and the
characteristics, types, elements, basic
and optional parts of Business letter.
1.compare personal and business letter;
2. demonstrate how communication works in business and in organization
3. evaluate and explain the characteristics and elements of business letter
4.compose basic and optional parts of a business letter;
5. discuss and write different types of business letter;
6.distinguish different business letter punctuations and styles; and;
7.analyze and write a memorandum.

LESSON communication
in business and
1 organization
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. demonstrate how
communication
works in business
and in organization
In your own opinion, what is the significance of Communication in Business and

Organization? Graphic organizer is needed to this activity.
Explain the saying about communication below.
Good communication is the bridge between confusion and

clarity.-Nat Turner-
____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.

Learning Essentials
Nowadays, due to revolution of technological advancements in business, academe,

and industry sectors, people are being highly engaged in various daily communication through
email, texting, chatting, formal presentation, or even face to face conversation. This
phenomenon leads to unending quest on how to communicate effectively to survive the digital
era.
Although, no matter how technological the workplace may become according to Roberts
(1999), there will always be real power in the written word. Technology hasn’t eliminated the
need for people to write clearly, it’s merely simplified the writing process.
If we will compare writing the other macro skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and
viewing, writing probably is the most difficult skills because it covers a great deal of knowledge
as well as principles of organization to produce a good composition ( Tangpermpoon, 2008)
Since then, writing business correspondence never goes out of style especially in the
corporate world. Employers keep on looking for professionals who can communicate
messages well both in written and oral, inside and outside an organization.
Communication in business
Communication is the key to success in business. That is why business depends so

much on communication. People much communicate to plan products; hire, train and motive
workers; coordinate manufacturing and delivery ; persuade customers to buy; and bill them for
sale (Locker, 2006). Certainly, communication can’t be set apart from business for it give life and
light to any business transaction.
Great knowledge on proper and effective communication skills in business and in

organization is vital.
Basically, business communication refers to how people communicate, whereas
organizational communication deals with whom to communicate. Understanding the
requirements of good business communication, developing good communication skills, and
understanding the channels of communication in your organization will ensure success in your
career( Custodio et al., 2003).
Communication in business is a two-way process that follows the common

communication process of sending and receiving messages. However, business communication
differs on the medium for its uses paper, pen, typewriter, or computer to make the message
tangible to the receiver.
COMMUNICATION IN ORGANIZATION
According to Rosales et al. (2009) - organization is comprised of people who are

committed to be a common goal and are ready to share information and resources in pursuit
of a desired goal. Communication in organization is relaying messages or information
between or among people inside and outside an organization.
There are several written documents needed to run an organization. Every single
document has one or more of the three basic functions of organizational writing which is to
inform, to promote goodwill or to persuade.
To inform
BASIC
FUNCTION OF
COMMUNICATION
To persuade To promote goodwill
The following internal and external documents are some of the specific documents
needed in an organization (Adapted from Locker, 2006).
Table 1: Internal Documents Produced in One Organization
DOCUMENTS DESCRIPTION OF DUCUMENTS PURPOSE(S) OF DOCUMENTS

Memo accompanying document, Inform; persuade reader to read
Transmittal telling why it’s being forwarded to the document; build image and
the receiver goodwill
Report summarizing profitability, Inform; build image and good will

Monthly or quarterly productivity, and problems during (report in accurate, complete; writer
report period. understands company)
Used to plan activity for next
month or quarter
Evaluation of an employee’s Inform; persuade employee to
Performance appraisal performance , with recommended improve
for promotion
Congratulations to employee who
Memo of have won awards, been promoted, Promote goodwill
congratulations or earned community recognition
Table 2: External Documents Produced in One Organization
DOCUMENTS DESCRIPTION OF DUCUMENTS PURPOSE(S) OF DOCUMENTS

Quotation Letter giving price for specific Inform; promote goodwill (price
product, fabrication, or service reasonable)
Claim/ adjustment Letter granting or denying Inform; promote goodwill

customer request to be given
credit for defective goods
Annual report Report to stockholders Inform; persuade stockholders to
summarizing financial information retain stock and others to buy; build
for year goodwill(company is a good
corporate citizen)
Thank you letter Letter to suppliers, customers, or
other people who have helped Promote goodwill
individuals or the company
FORMAL AND INFORMAL CHANNELS OF
COMMUNICATION
There are three basic structures that make up the communication channels of an
organization:
1. Formal channel of communication follows the usual pattern of an

organizational chart where the superiors are classified from the subordinate through
connecting the lines of communication to every member of the organization.
2. Informal channels of communication follows an unstructured of channel of

communication where lines and patterns of the organization are vague. This is sometimes
referred as grapevine because it usually relays more information than the formal
communication through chismis or rumor-mongering.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
PART I. Answer the following briefly.
1. How does effective communication contribute to the success of any business?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____.
2. What activities can you suggest that will develop effective communication skills for
both the employer and the employees?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____.
3. What will happen to the company of the administrators don’t know how to properly
communicate well to their subordinates?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____.
PART II.
What are the three basic function of organizational communication? Explain each
function.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2
Using a Comic Strip make a situation that shows the communication in business and in
organization work. Creativity is needed for this activity.
CRITERIA:
Content- 40%
Relativity to the topic- 30%
Creativity- 20%
Neatness- 10%
100 %

MY ASSESSMENT
Complete the sentences by filling on the correct words/ phrases
1-3. Communication in________________________ deals with how people

______________ while ________________________in organization focuses on whom to
communicate.
4-6. There are three basic functions of organizational communication which are
________________, _______________________ and _____________________.
7-8. Effective communication increases _________________ satisfaction, cutomer

______________ and improves a company’s image.
9-10._____________________ of communication skills will lead to a lot of

____________________.
CONGRATULATIONS!
personal
LESSON
and
business
2 letter
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to:
a. compare personal
and business letter;
b. Explain the
characteristics and
elements of business
letter.
DIRECTION: Using a Venn diagram, what could be the difference of Personal

letter to business letter.
PERSONAL BUSINESS

Learning Essentials
PERSONAL LETTER
Despite the numerous changes on how people communicate, traditional letter

writing remains the best way to communicate among persons.
There are two basic kinds of letter, the personal and the business letter. The two
extremely differ from each other in terms of their nature, purpose, structure, formality, size, and
language.
Personal letter is written type of communication of an individual to another

concerning personal or family affairs rather than business matters. This kind of letter does not
follow certain rules of structures and uses a less formal wording or colloquial language.
An example of personal letter is a birthday greeting given to someone whom we know

personally who is celebrating his special day.
Personal letter maintains and develops personal relationships with people whom you consider a
friend or a family. Lastly, this type of letter can be type-written or handwritten depending on the
length of the content.
business LETTER
Business letter is a formal type of written letter concerning business transactions

and other business related issues and information. This kind of letter must adhere to certain
rules, restrictions, and formats and must use a formal language. In addition, an effective
business letter should sound like a person talking to another person. An example of this is an
application letter written by an applicant who is interested in a vacant job. Finally, a business
letter is commonly written on an 8 ½ x 11 inch-size clean bond paper. It follows certain margin
and free from dirt and scratches in order to build a good impression to the reader.
PERSONAL VERSUS BUSINESS LETTER
The Business Communication page posted eleven(11) comparison of personal letter

and business letter.
1. NATURE : Business letter or commercial letter is impersonal and universal in nature.

Personal letter is fully personal in nature.
2. PURPOSE: Business letter is exchanging various business-related issues and information.

Personal letter is exchanging personal or family-related affairs and information.
3. SCOPE: Business letter scope is wide and contains various types of business information.
Personal letter scope is limited and contains only personal information.
4. STRUCTURE: Business letter follows officially recognized structure. Personal does bot
follow any recognized structure.
5. FORMALITY: Business letter maintains formal rules and procedure. Personal letter is
informal.
6. SIZE: Business letter maintains formal generally is concise in size and avoids irrelevant
matter. Personal letter may be concise or large in size.
7. TYPES: Business letter can be categorized differently. Personal letter generally cannot be
categorized.
8. SALUTATION: Business letter salutation can be Sir, Dear Sir, Dear Mr. X, etc. Personal
letter salutations are Dear friends, my dear x, dear x, etc.
9. LANGUAGE: Business letter language should be easy and simple. Personal letter
language may be easy, poetic, emotional etc.
10. COPY: Business letter copy of business letter should always be preserved. Personal
letter copy of personal letter may or may not be preserved.
11. METHOD: Business letter uses direct and persuasive method. Personal letter uses
only direct method.
technique of writing BUSINESS

LETTER
Four basic psychological techniques to make your letters effective in terms of today’s
business world( Mager and Mager 1968).
1.Write from the “you” attitude. Every person in interested primarily in himself and thus responds
to a letter written from his point of view. To test the effectiveness of your letter on this point,
count the number of I’s and you’s in your letter and them compare. A good letter should have a
preponderance of you’s and minimum of I’s .But more than this, your letter should have the
reader’s viewpoint in mind throughout the text.
Compare:
I : I was happy to hear that my letter of January 5th provided sufficient

information for the completion of the order for us.
You : Thank you for your assurance that you has sufficient information for the
completion of your order.
2.Accentuate the positive. Even a letter that has to say “NO” can be written from a positive
point of view. Make it an absolute rule never to start or end your letter with a negative.
Whenever possible, avoid words with a negative connotation, such as argument, careless,
complaint, disagreeable, error, neglect, and unfair.
Compare:
Positive : Thank you for your order. The merchandise will go out to you as
soon as…
Negative : We regret to inform you that we will not be able to ship your order
until..
3. Make your letter smile. A business letter should leave a pleasant impression. Get a smile into
you letter, a bit of your personality, an atmosphere of good will. A sour letter, piqued attitude,
complaining undertone, is comparable to a surly manner in your conversation.
Some phases have a built-in smile. Here are some friendly/ phrases that you can and
should use freely:
We shall be glad to…….
It is a pleasure……
Thank you……
We appreciate very much…
With our compliments….
4. Make your copy live. The reader should feel what you say. If possible, create a visual
experience. Let the reader see himself doing something-running a machine, telling his friends
about hid triumph, selling more accounts, reinterpreted the same copy.
CHARACTERISTICS AND ELEMENTS

OF BUSINESS LETTER
TEN (10) C’s we should consider to ensure that we are writing an effective business letter.
1. COMPLETENESS refers to the inclusion of complete information. The business letter

should answer the question WHO, WHAT WHERE, WHEN, and HOW to produce a good and
complete business letter.
2.CORRECTNESS refers to the correct grammar punctuation, spacing, information, and

structure. It is also refer to the correct format of business letter.
To attain correctness, double check the spelling of the names, address letters properly
verify numbers and amounts, always cheek the dictionary.
3.CONSICENESS refers to being direct and brief without compromising the complete idea.
In writing a business letter, we should not include unnecessary information which might confuse
the reader.
Example:
Instead of saying: At the present time
Say: Now
Instead of saying: Prior to
Say: before
Instead of saying: Pitch in
Say: join to
Instead of saying: Start to scratch
Say: make new for nothing
4. COHERENCE refers to the smooth flow of ideas in a business letter. The content of a
business letter should be order and easy to follow.
Some of the devices that you may use to achieve coherence are use of synonyms, use of
transitional words, use of pointers, use of repetition of words, and use of sentence patterns.
5.CLARITY refers to readability of information which is easy to understand. We should bear in

our minds that simple words are more preferred than complex ones.
6. CONCRETENESS refers to the use of specific words not general words.
Example:
Instead of saying: Return to investment
Say: profit
Instead of saying: Market penetration
Say: successful saying
7.COURTEOUSNESS refers to the politeness of the tone of the business letter. Being friendly
by showing positive approach is the key for successful communication in business.
Below are the examples of negative and positive word.
NEGATIVE POSITIVE
bad good
sad glad
old new
hard easy
slow fast
8. CONSIDERATION refers to the use of professional tone to show respect to the reader of
the letter. Also, we need to anticipate the “ YOU” attitude in writing our letter.
Example:
Instead of saying: We are glad to offer you the best services.
Say: You will be pleased to find must-try services in our branch near you.
9. CONSISTENCY refers to the uniformity of the time and style of the writer of a business
letter.
10. CREDIBILITY refers to the personality of the writer as himself which on his writings.
There are three elements in the communication process that are also present in business
writing. There should be a sender, message, and receiver
THE SENDER of a letter is the one who is writing it. It is one of the protocols in business
writing that the receiver of the letter should be known by the sender. The complete name, position, as
well as the address of the receiver should be included in the letter. The sender or writer must be also
knowledgeable in basic grammar, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics skills so that he might build a
good impression to the receiver of the letter.
THE MESSAGE is very important in the communication process because it is the reason that
moves the sender to start a communication process. The message of the letter should be well-written,
simple, and understandable. The message should be direct and persuasive and should avoid including
unnecessary information. It should be concise and complete so that everything you want to say is
included.
SENDER RECEIVER
MESSAGE
Lastly, THE RECEIVER of the letter completes the elements of communication process. The
main role of the receiver is to carefully decode the message of a business letter and provide a
feedback that will complete the entire communication process
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
PART 1
Make a slogan about the importance of personal and business letter and how
important it is to make your letters effective in terms of today’s business world? Your
creativity is needed to this activity.
PART II
Answer the following questions briefly.
1.What advice will you suggest to the reader when decoding the message of the letter?
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2.What will you feel if the writer of the letter failed to include your complete name of the letter?
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3.Among the characteristics of a business letter, which do you think is the most important? why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 2
Evaluate the characteristics of business letter by answering the checklist using the scale:
3-Highly Evident 2-Evident 1- Not evident
CHARACTERISTICS OF BUSINESS LETTER 3 2 1
COMPLETENESS
CORRECTNESS
CONCISENESS
COHERENCE
CLARITY
CONCRETENESS
COURTEOUSNESS
CONSIDERATION
CONSISTENSY
CREDIBILITY

MY ASSESSMENT
Write TRUE if the statement is correct. and FALSE if not.
____________________1.Personal letter use colloquial language.
____________________2.Both personal and business letter can be handwritten.
____________________3. In writing personal letter, the writer should be formal and polite
____________________4. Business letter strictly follows a set of rules and formats .
____________________5. It is easier to write business letter that personal letter.
____________________6. You can’t just simply fold a business letter.
____________________7. The wording in business letter should be poetic to empress the

reader.
____________________8. Business letter focus on business transactions and issues.
____________________9. In writing a business letter, the complete name of the receiver is

necessary.
____________________10. A letter of request is a good example of personal letter.
CONGRATULATIONS!
basic and
optional
LESSON parts of a
business
3 letter
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. compose basic
nag optional parts of
a business letter;
b. distinguish
different business
letter punctuations
and styles
What do you think the basic part of a business letter? Give at least 3 parts and explain briefly.

Learning Essentials
BASIC PARTS OF A BUSINESS LETTER
1. LETTERHEAD- This part of business letter includes the company name, company
mailing address, and company contact number. It may also contain the company logo or symbol of
the organization. Today, most of the companies have their own personalized letterhead exclusive
for their employee’s use.
In case you write a business letter not on behalf of any company, you may use a heading
or a return address. A heading/ return address is composed of your complete, correct, and
specific, address. In writing the heading of your business letter, the lot and block number, street
barangay, municipality, or city, province region, and even the zip code must be included properly.
2.DATELINE- This part contains month, day and year when the business letter was
written. There are certain rules in writing a correct dateline:
A. You should not use abbreviations when writing a dateline. For example, 10-13-92, or 10-
13-1992 or 10/13/92 or October 13, 1992.
B. You should not include st, nd, or th after the day of the month. For example, September
1 , October 2nd, or November 3rd.
st
C. You may use the conventional style, January 15, 2007 or the military style, 15 January
2007.
3.INSIDE ADDRESS- This part consist of three, four or five lines which include the
complete name as well as the job title/s of the receiver on the first line, the complete division or
department of the receiver on the fourth line, and the complete name of the company or
organization followed by the complete address of the company or organization. There are certain
rules that are worth considering in writing the inside address.
A. The inside address is like the address written on the envelope.
B. You use Miss when addressing a single woman; Mrs. of married woman. If the status is
not known use Ms. If the firm is comprised of women ; use Mesdames or its abbreviation Mmes.
C. Use Mr. in addressing a man. You may also use its plural form Messieurs (French) or its
abbreviation Messrs.
D. You may abbreviate the title Doctor to Dr. For example, Dr. Silvia C. Ambag.
E. The title Reverend should not be abbreviated and it should be preceded by The. For example,
The Reverend Sonny Ramirez
F. You may or may not abbreviate the title Professor. For example,
Professor Danilova A. Lorenzo
Or
Prof. Danilova A. Lorenzo
But if only sure name is available, the title should not be abbreviated. For example
Professor Lorenzo.
G. Company or organization positions such as Supervisor, Manager, Secretary, Superintendent,

Proprietor or even President may either precede or follow the name of the receiver of the letter. For
example,
Ms. Armie joie A. Rivera
Proprietness
Elysian Events Specialist
or
Ms. Armie joie A. Rivera, Proprietness
H. The title Honorable is used by Judges of the Court, Members of the cabinet, Congressmen,
Senators or other government officials who hold an important position and office in the city, province, or
country. You may or may not abbreviate the title Honorable. For example,
Honorable Rodrigo Duterte
or
Hon. Rodrigo Duterte
4. SALUTATION- is composed of word “ Dear” followed by the last name of the receiver of the
letter. Use the colon (American English) at the end of the salutation or comma (British English).For
example, Dear. Mr. Alzaga
or
Dear Mr. Dela Cruz
5. BODY OF THE LETTER- This is consists the message of the writer. Some claim that the first
and last sentences are the most important parts of the body of the letter. The first sentence should
make the reader feel ease and the last sentence should make the reader pleased and content
6. COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE- This is sometimes called closing the part where sender says
goodbye to the receiver of the letter in a formal way. You may use the standard complimentary close such
as Sincerely or Sincerely Yours or Respectfully or Very Respectfully Yours. We should take note that the
first letter of the first word is the only capitalized letter on the complimentary close.
7.SIGNATURE LINE- This is composed of the complete typewritten name of the writer ang his
official designation, or the name of the company.
Very formal or legal: Manuel Rodriguez Galit
Less formal or business: Manuel Galit
Manuel R. Galit
8. WRITTEN SIGNATURE- This refers to the sender clearly scribing or affixing his specimen his
signature on the space between the complimentary close and the printed name. Allot enough
space (3-4 spaces) for this between the complimentary close and the signature line. The
signature part also follows certain rules:
OPTIONAL PARTS OF ABUSINESS LETTER

1. ATTENTION LINE- This is used when the letter urgently needs to be received by the best person
who can handle it. Commonly, the attention line is at the center.
Example:
San Mateo, Rizal
Attention: Miss Armie joie A, Rivera
2.SUBJECT LINE- This is used in short report to let the reader know the content of the letter
immediately. It may be placed above or below the inside address; maybe flushed to the left, indented,
or centered. Example:
San Mateo Rizal
Subject: Inquiry on Wedding Package

3. IDENTIFICATION INITIALS OR REFERENCE INITIALS- This includes the initial of the secretary or
typist who took the dictation in lower case and initials of the one who dictated or dictator in upper case
placed at the lower left hand corner of the letter two spaces below the last line of the signature part.
Example: EAG/jtd
or EAG: go
4.ENCLOSED OR ENCLOSED REFERENCE OR ENCLOSURE NOTATION – This is composed of the

attached materials on the letter. This is usually abbreviated Incl. and placed below the reference initials.
Example: Inc 1.Grade sheets
2. Class Records
3. Anecdotal Records
5.COPY NOTATION- This consist the names or department of other people who also received the
letter.
5.1. CARBON COPY NOTATION (cc)- This notation is indicated on the original copy ang all
duplicate copies
Example: cc: Mr. John Paolo Sarce
cc: Human Resource Department
5.2.BLIND CARBON COPY NOTATION (bcc)-This is a notation not indicated on the original
copy but indicated on all duplicate copies.
Example: bcc: Miss Sarrah Mae Amata
6.MAILING NOTATION- This notation refers to the special postal services such as air mail, special
delivery, or registered mail.
BUSINESS LETTER PUCTUATION AND STYLES

There are three ways on how to punctuate our business letter. We can use Open Punctuation,
Standard Punctuation, and Mixed Punctuation.
1. Open Punctuation –In writing a business letter, open punctuation does not include any
punctuation after any part of the letter except the body of the letter or the message
2. Standard Punctuation- This is the most common style of punctuating a business letter which
includes punctuation on salutation in colon while on complimentary close, it’s comma.
3.Mixed Punctuation- This format uses comma(British style) or colon (American Style) after the
salutation and uses comma after the complimentary close.
BUSINESS LETTER STYLES
There are several business styles that are accepted and being used in the corporate world
1.FULL BLOCK STYLE- In this style, some make sure if Open Punctuation and some do not. All parts
of this business letter start at the left margin.
2.MODIFIED BLOCK STYLE- This style places the inside address and all paragraph at the left hand
margin while the heading, dateline, and complimentary close start the middle part of the paper or #3 on
the top ruler of MS WORD going to the right margin.
3.SEMI-BLOCK STYLE- This style in like the Block style, however it follows the rule of indention to its
paragraph. This style also makes use of standard punctuation.
4. SIMPLIFIED STYLE- business letter is a variation of the full-block and semi-block letter formats.
Business professionals take you more seriously when you format your written communications using
one of these formats. A personal letter format is acceptable for writing to a friend, but using this format
when you are sending a communication to another business owner can make you look unprofessional.
5.INDENTED STYLE- This style makes use of indention which has uneven number of spaces in the
various elements of the letter. Nowadays, this style is rarely use because of its complexity of arranging
the different elements of the letter.
6.HANGING-INDENTED STYLE-This style is another unique style of writing a business letter .The first
line of each paragraph is aligned with the inside address and salutation flushed at the left . The lines
succeeding the first line are indented five spaces. It usually uses standard punctuation.
BUSINESS LETTER ENVELOPE FORMATS
There are different envelope formats in business writing.
1.BLOCK FORM
2.INDENTED FORM
3. SEMI-BLOCK FORM
BUSINESS LETTER STYLE
SIMPLIFIED STYLE INDENTED STYLE

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________
__________
__________ __________________
__________ __________
__________
___________: __________
_________________________________ ___________:
_________________________________
___________. ____________________________
_________________________________ __________________________________
_________________________________ _______________.
________. ____________________________
__________________________________
_________, ____________.
_________
_________
_________
BUSINESS LETTER ENVELOPE FORMATS
HANGING-INDENTED STYLE
__________________ 1.BLOCK FORM

______________
______________ ________________
______________
__________ _____________
__________
__________
_____________________
___________: _____________________
_______________
_________________________________
2. INDENTED FORM
_________________________________
_________________________________ ________________
___________. ______________
_____________
_________________________________
_________________________________ _____________________
_________________________________ __________________
________. _______________
_________
_________ 3. SEMI-BLOCK FORM
________________
________________
________________
_____________________
__________________
_______________
-------------------
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
PART I-
1. Construct an example of each basic part of business letter.
2.Construct an example of each optional part of business letter.

PART II-
Compare the different styles of business letter by answering the table below
FULL MODIFIED SEMI- SIMPLIFIED INDENTED HANGING

BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK STYLE STYLE STYLE
STYLE STYLE

ACTIVITY 2
Answer the following question briefly.
1.What is the importance of knowing how to construct different parts of a business letter?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______.
2.Which among the basic parts of a business letter is the most difficult to construct?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______.
3. Which among the optional part of a business letter is the easiest to construct?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______.
4.Which do you think is the most common style that the businessmen are using?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______.
5.If you are going to implement one general format or style in your company, what will it be and
why?
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______.

MY ASSESSMENT
DIRECTION: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If false , underline the incorrect word/s and
write the correct word/s on the space provided.(2 points each)
________________1. In modified block style, all parts of a business letter are placed at the left.
________________2. The simplified style uses open punctuation.
________________3. Semi block style is similar to full block style.
________________4. There is no heading in simplified style business letter.
________________5.The salutation in a modified block style is aligned with the heading.
________________6. The semi-block styles uses mixed punctuation.
________________7. The body of the letter in modified block style is indented.
________________8.For some, the full block style is the easiest style to write a business letter.
________________9.In simplified style, standard punctuation is used.
________________10. Heading is placed at the center in simplified letter style.
CONGRATULATIONS!
types of
LESSON
business
4 letter
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. discuss and write

the types of business
letter.
What is your background information about the types of Business letter? What do you
think are the types of business letter commonly used in the corporate world? Use the graphic
organizer below.
TYPES

Learning Essentials
In types of business letter, they differ in purpose, style and nature. Some business letter
transmit good news while some transmit bad new, some letters of interest to the reader which
do not affect the emotion and feeling of the reader are called routine letters.
WRITING GOOD vs BAD-NEWS BUSINESS LETTERS

If the business letter directly affects and stirs the emotions and feelings of the reader, it
is either a good and bad news letters. If you are writing a letter promoting someone from your
employee in your company, if you are commending a team in your corporation for beating the
monthly sales, you are probably writing a good-news letter-is the light in mood expressing
pleasant information.
Unfortunately, there will be times wherein you will be required to write bad-news letter. If
you are writing a letter rejecting a job applicant, if you are writing a thank-you letter for the
employee, or worst , writing a letter to fire an employee, you are probably writing a bad-new
letter.
No matter what type of letter you are writing, no matter how good or bad the letter is,
always make sure to be professional in writing the business letter. Mind over matter is the rule
of the game.
Common types of business letter such as:
1.APPLICATION LETTER
-is sometimes called cover letter, is composed persuasively whenever you are
applying for your target job. This letter is usually accompanied by your resume for additional
information for you experiences and skills.
In writing your application letter, you may follow this format:

First Paragraph: Determine the reason/s why you are applying for the job. Mention if the
job is solicited or unsolicited.
Second Paragraph: Explain why you are deserve the job without being too boastful. You
may support it by citing your qualifications.
Last Paragraph: Even if you think you are hired or not, thank the hiring personnel.
There are three styles of resume:
a. Chronological Resume focuses on the employment history of the applicant. This style
is ideal for those who already have several work experiences showing steady career growth.
b. Functional Resume focuses on skills rather than on employment history. This style is
ideal for those who are fresh graduates seeking for their first job.
c. Combination Resume focuses on drawing the best features or strong points of

chronological and functional resume styles.
2. LETTER OF INQUIRY
- is a letter that asks for a particular information or assistance. This type of business
letter is direct and the questions are constructed to get the information straightforwardly.
In writing a letter of inquiry consider, the following guidelines:
First Paragraph: Begin with the most important question or a summarizing statement.
Second Paragraph: This part may contain the explanation or list of question.
Third Paragraph: The ending should tell the reader what you want to be done and when.
3. LETTER OF REPLY OR RESPONSE
-is written in responses to a letter of inquiry which directly answers all the inquiries
regarding the company’s products or services. As part of business as usual, most companies
promptly reply to all the inquiries addressed to them.
In writing the letter response, the following steps may help you:
Acknowledge the inquiry by mentioning important details from the letter of inquiry you received.
Build goodwill and pave the way for future contacts by using cordial or friendly tone.
Answer the questions fully and send prompt replies.

A SAMPLE OF APPLICATION LETTER
A SAMPLE OF LETTER INQUIRY

A SAMPLE LETTER OF RESPONSE
4. LETTER OF REQUEST
is commonly everywhere. We daily used it in academe, in industry, even in corporate

world. The main purpose of this letter is to request for something you need.
In writing letter of request you may follow these steps:
First Paragraph: (orientation) This is the introduction part where you begin with details of
the event or any activity. This date, time, and venue should be also indicated.
Second Paragraph: (Information) In this part, you need to mention the requested
materials or equipment’s or even venue. You need to be very specific in this part.
Last Paragraph: (Action) Thank the person in charge to promote good will.
A SAMPLE LETTER OF request
5. LETTER OF ORDER
-is one type of business letter which is written for the purpose of purchasing items that
are for sale.
An order letter according to Rosales et al (2009) usually contains the following:
a. Name of the item ordered
b. Description of each item, giving size, style, finish, quality, material, weight or whatever
will help in identifying the article wanted
c. Catalog number of the item, if it is available.
d. Quantity of each item wanted
e. Price of each item and the total price of the order
f. Method of shipment desired by the buyer

g. Address were the goods are to be shipped or delivered
h. Date of shipment
i. Credit references , if payment is made from an account
j. Mode of payment
Qualifications and carter objective will help you select format of your resume:
1. Chronological Resume Format includes:
Applicant’s name
Address
Telephone number
Job Objectives
Education
Work History-listed job by job, beginning with the most recent position
Example:
2. Functional Resume Format focuses on the applicant’s skills rather that an previous
employment.
3. Combination Resume Format highlights the best features of 1 and 2 emphasizing the
applicant capabilities while also including a complete job history and is recommended for fresh
graduates.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
In your own opinion, What type of business letter is the easiest to do or to be done?
Explain why. You can use a graphic organizer.

ACTIVITY 2
PART I
Name your three dream companies and dream jobs.
Write an application letter for each company.
1.____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
PART II
Answer the following question briefly.
1. How do the different types of letters differ from one another?
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________
2.Which among the three types of resume will you use after you graduate? Why?
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

MY ASSESSMENT
Find a partner on your class. Write letter of

inquiry addressed to your partner asking for his or
her products and/ or services. After writing of
inquiry, your partner will write a letter of response
to your inquiries.
CONGRATULATIONS!
Writing rousing
MODULE 4 technical reports
Module 4 contains the Fundamental

Concepts of Report Writing,
Classification of Technical Reports
and Minutes of the meeting.
1.explain the fundamental concepts of report writing;
2. use different concepts in writing technical reports;
3. distinguish the categories of technical reports;
4. write different technical reports; and

fundamental
LESSON concepts
of report
1 writing
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. explain the
fundamental
concepts of report
writing;
b. use different
concepts in writing
technical reports.
Aside from writing a business letters, another way to

communicate in business or in organization effectively is writing
a report. In your opinion what is its significance in business
world?
_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
______________________.

Learning Essentials
In writing a report, language plays a vital role. The language should be concise,
coherent, and precise to smoothly connect the ideas and the sections of a business report.
There are four fundamentals of report writing:
1. The K-I-S-S Concept is an acronym for Keep It Short and Simple. This concept
highlights the use of simple but concise words rather than the use of jargons and complex
words. This concept also emphasizes expressing rather than impressing.
2. Quoting, Paraphrasing , and Summarizing. Quoting is the exact copying of a

portion of an original text. In doing this, certain punctuations must be observed. In paraphrasing,
you will need to use your own words in restating author’s ideas words. In doing this, the same
number of words like the original is observed. Summarizing is like paraphrasing but differs on
the number of words. Summarizing is recapitulating author’s ideas words. This is a shorter
restatement of the original text in your own words. Lastly, these three need to be properly
documented.
3. Use of Graphic Organizers may be classified as tables of figures. Tables are

compact summary of data or information which is systematically presented in columns.
Furthermore, figures may include graphs and chart in presenting the data or information.
4. Documentation and Citation-These are ethical practices used in developing your

report. These are the proper acknowledgement of references or sources that you used. It is
composed of the author’s last name and the date of publication placed within parentheses.
The two most commonly used citation styles are American Psychological Association( APA)
style and Modern Language Association (MLA) Style.
There are ten steps in writing a technical report:

Moreover, all reports follow particular generic format, development, and style. Every
report follows the four basic components :HEADING, INTRODUCTION, DISCUSSION, and
CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONS.
To make a report come alive, link the various pieces of information together to create a
story or build a case. First understand the information, the recognize it by checking and revising
outline that was created earlier, and then write the report. Headings can organize and
synthesize information. Instead of just restating the data, use heading that interpret the
data(Locker, 2006).
CATEGORIES OF REPORT
A report should be well-planned and organized, logically, sequenced, and easy to read.
There are two main categories of report, according to Roberts (1999):
1.INFORMAL REPORT can range from a few paragraph to several pages. Whether an
informal report is written as a letter, memo, or email message, it generally includes an
introduction, body, and conclusion recommendations. This report may function to inform, sell
direct, clarify or recommend.
2. FORMAL REPORT is generally lengthy. It may include title page, executive summary,
table of contents, list of figures and tables, list of abbreviations and symbols, body, conclusions
or recommendation, appendixes, index and more. This report may function to inform, document,
direct, clarify, examine, analyze, propose, and recommend.
…
THREE LEVELS OF REPORTS
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
Write a sample report following the ten steps in report writing. Your creativity is needed
in this activity.

ACTIVITY 2
1. For you, which among the fundamental concepts in writing a report is the most
important? Why?
_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
2. Among the five practices given by a company manager, which among them do
you find interesting? Why?
_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
3.Why do you think skills in report writing are important? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.

MY ASSESSMENT
Explain the steps in writing a report briefly.
1. Determine the problem.
______________________________________________________________________
2 Identify who your audience is.
______________________________________________________________________
3.Identify what you need to learn.
______________________________________________________________________
4.Gather information and data.
______________________________________________________________________
5.Summarize your findings.
______________________________________________________________________
6.Design,organize, and write your report.
______________________________________________________________________
7.Draw possible conclusions and recommendations.
______________________________________________________________________
8.Cite your references if applicable (Use APA style).
______________________________________________________________________
9. Review and revise your report.
______________________________________________________________________
10. Present or submit your report.
______________________________________________________________________
CONGRATULATIONS!
classification
LESSON of technical
reports
2
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. explain each basic

classification of
written report;
b. write different
technical reports.
Draw something that shows the importance of writing a report in the world of business.
What could be the important role, when you are preparing one for your supervisor, executive
staff board of directors or clients? Your creativity is needed to this activity.

Learning Essentials
Knowing how to write a business report is necessary in the business world, Even though
there are several types of business reports, having a standard business report format, according
to Custudio et al, allows the reader to easily locate the important information presented.
There are basic classifications of written report:
1.Article Report- is a simple report which aims to inform the masses. This report
focuses on any general interest. This is like the magazine article we read on regular days.
2.Laboratory Report- is a comprehensive report written to communicate laboratory

works ang observations to the management .It also focuses on the questions, “ How do we do
it?”
The following are the common parts of laboratory report:
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
PROCEDURES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
CONCLUSIONS
APPENDICES
3. Information Report –The main function of this report is based from the title itself,
to inform. This report includes periodic and annual reports.
a Periodic Report- is a type of information report written by the employees or

subordinates which they submit daily, weekly or monthly to their superiors to note information of
interest to the organization to show comparison and tendencies.
b. Annual Report- is a type of information report which includes the listing of activities,
projects, and events of an organization during the whole year around to show progress, financial
status, and general state of affairs. This report ca be classified as public or private.
4. Special Information Report- is compose of 3 subcategories which are
preliminary report, progress report, and final report.
a. Preliminary Report- is a type of special information report that collect information

about a proposed project which includes the costing, designs and other elements
b. Progress Report-is a type of special information report that records the history of an
activity from the time it has started up to the present date of writing.
SAMPLE OF PROGRESS REPORT

c. Final Report- is a type of special information report submitted after completing a
project to show how plans were delivered.
5.Research Report- is a common report which generates data either in a laboratory or

in the field. The contents and organization of this type of report have a basic logic: you present
your data and conclusion , but also present information on how you went about the experiment
or survey. The following are the contents of research report:
a. INTRODUCTION- This part of a research report provides the reader a background of

the report as well as the purpose of the report.
b. PROBLEM- This includes essential inquiries and situations that led to the writing of
the report.
c. PURPOSE, OBJECTIVES, ANS SCOPE- This section tells the reader what the
researcher intends to do. Also, the aim of the research as well as the limits to be covered are
included in this part.
d. REVIEW OF LITERATURE- This part of report includes related reading from different
literatures such as books, journals, articles, magazines, encyclopedia, and the likes.
e. MATERIALS, EQUIPEMENTS AND FACILITIES- These include the supplies,

resources and facilities that were utilized in the report.
f. THEORY, METHODS, PROCEDURES- These tell the reader how the report writer
conducted the research. These include the processes involved in the completion of the report.
g. RESULTS, FINIDINGS AND DATA- These present the outcome of the research with
the use of tables figures, and charts. The tables, figures, and charts are interpreted and
explained by the researcher.
h. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION- This section is the last

part of a research report. This includes the conclusions based form the finding and the
recommendations are in turn based on the conclusions.
i. BIBLIOGRAPHY-This is the list of all the sources and references used by the report
writer in accomplishing the research report.
The general format of a research report commonly includes the following:
Transmittal Letter
Title page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abstract
Introduction
Problem, Background
Purpose, Objectives and Scope
Review of Literature
Materials, Equipment, and Facilities
Theory, Methods, and Procedures
Results, Findings, Data
Discussions, Conclusions and Recommendations
Bibliography
6. Field Report- is intended to improve student understanding of key theoretical

concepts of a course through observation and reflection of real life practice. In addition, this type
of report facilitates the development of data collection and observation skills and allows students
to see how theory applies to real world practice.
7. RECOMMENDATION REPORT- is written to answer questions which are somehow

critical to decide on. It shows options or choices so that a good decision can be drafted.
The following elements are the typical contents of a recommendation report:
a. Introduction
b. Technical Background
c. Make Comparison
d. Critical Requirements
e. Conclusions
f. Recommendations
8. INCIDENTAL REPORT- is written to narrate incidents prior to, during, and after a
situation suddenly occurred. We should bear in mind that incident report is definitely different
from narrative type of essay. The presentation of ideas in an accident report is systematically
arranged and organized using appropriate language. This kind of jargons and technical terms.
There are things to consider in writing an incident report:
a. The context of the incident
b. Details of the incident
c Thoughts, feelings and concerns about the incident
d. Demands of the incident
e. Impact of the incident
9. ACCOMPLISIHNG REPORT- is written for the purpose of presenting the company,

organization, or institution’s activities and achievements and to monitor and check if the plans
were successfully carried out. Every organization or business entity provides a format of an
accomplishing report.
The following are some steps in writing an accomplishment report:
a. Use the prescribed template of your company.
b. Create tables or charts with the following columns: number, action, or activity,initiator,
person responsible , remarks(target time, comments);
c. Add risk factor if needed; and
d. Include a list of who will be receiving this report.
There are more common types of reports such as feasibility reports, inventory reports, staff
utilization reports, travel reports, study reports, justification reports and so on.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
DIRECTION: Complete the student Progress Report by providing the necessary information.
After accomplishing the table, interpret and explain your progress report.
STUDENT WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT
Student Name:__________________________________
Date:_____________________________ Year and section:_______________
Course Attendance Assignment Seatwork/ Quiz Remarks Teacher’s

Title Activity Signature
10
Write your insights and interpretation:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________.

ACTIVITY 2
Write an annual report starting from the previous year by listing all the target,
achievement and remarks by month.
Coverage:______________________________________________________________
MONTH TARGET ACHIEVEMENT REMARKS
Congratulations! You did a great job. You may

now continue with the next Task.
ACTIVITY 3
Read with comprehension the following questions below.
1.What is the importance of writing a laboratory report?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
2. Among the different classifications of report, which is the most important report
in a company? Why do you think so?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
3. Why do we write our accomplishments in an accomplishment report?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
4.What is the essence of writing a progress report?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.

MY ASSESSMENT
Identify what is being described in the statement. Choose your answer from the book of
knowledge. Write your answer on the space provided.
Research report Laboratory report

Final report
Periodic report
Information report
Recommendation report Incident report
Field report Article report

Progress report
____________________1. This report is like the columns in the magazine.
____________________2. This report is presented after completing a certain project.
____________________3. This report is submitted to record weekly information of interest.
____________________4. The data of this report ca be obtained from field or laboratory.
____________________5.This report contains the details of the incident.
____________________ 6. This is written to answer queries for the purpose of decision making
____________________7. This report is written to report certain developments.
____________________8. This report has a purpose of achieving the work.
____________________9. This report includes periodic and annual reports.
____________________10. This report combines theory and practice.
CONGRATULATIONS!
evaluating visual
MODULE 5 rhetoric
Module 5 contains What, why,

where of Visual rhetoric, The how
of visual rhetoric, Visual rhetoric
analytical Methodologies.
1.define visual rhetoric;
2. explain visual rhetoric’s significance in business communication;
3. analyze visual cues and images based on modes of persuasion;
4. criticize the manner of visual rhetoric presentation;
5. create their own visual arguments; and
6.evaluate visual rhetoric examples.

the what,
why, and
LESSON where of
visual
1 rhetoric
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. Define visual
rhetoric.
Using the acronym VISUAL RHETORIC, Write a meaning/ words in each letter that describe
Visual Rhetoric.
V-
I-
S-
U-
A-
L-
R-
H-
E-
T-
O-
R-
I-
C-

Learning Essentials
In our growing visual culture, having the millennials and gen Z down to gen Alpha, it is
incontestable that people of the modern day would always opt seeing evaluating things through
visual images, may they ne moving or still. In any aspect of the society, reading long texts and
articles became problematic to the way we understand them in one sitting or so. Even the
Power Point Presentations that are crammed with verbose content (words and visual) are no
longer ideal and acceptable to the eyes and judgment of the viewers. Sadly, there is no o little
appreciation on he works of the writer or message of the speaker as a result.
Visual Rhetoric is a vital part of solving problems in the Business world.
Visual Rhetoric refers to the ways visual topographies of a message and the overall
design of a document communicate not only the message but also the “business
communicators” professional credibility. These features include not only photos, drawings,
charts, graphs and tables, but also the document design such as fonts styles, size, color,
placement of text on a page, paragraph length, and the use of headings(Lentz & Rent, 2018).
Given this definition, it is not imperative for one to become a graphic designer or IT professional
in order to achieve the desired result. Whether you plan to be a teacher, an accountant,
marketer, vloggers, public, speaker, event manager, dancer/ choreographer, director, actor,
doctor, or a veterinarian, as long as your purpose is to design a message and to present them
visually for the best readability that can persuade the reader/ viewers and see your message as
worth spending time on, you are creating a visual rhetoric.
Visual literacy denotes the ability to understand, interpret, and evaluate visual
messages” (Bristor & Drake, 1994) Thus visual rhetoric makes a presentation conducive to its
recipients, helping them to assess some image that may mean differently to people from varied
contexts and culture.
Rhetoric as defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary, means the art of speaking

or writing effectively as a means of communication or persuasion. In a nutshell, visual rhetoric is
how a person interprets and analyzes the things he sees and how these things make an impact
to him.
Considering the need to convince the audience, the following modes of persuasion (rhetorical appeals
by Aristotle) are used:
ETHOS or ethical appeal means to convince the audience of the communicator’s credibility
and character.
PATHOS or the emotional appeal is a way of convincing the audience of an argument
through stimulating an emotional response on however the communicator wants him to feel
based on the visual cues.
LOGOS or logical appeal is the communicator’s way of convincing the audience based on
logic and facts.
In business, visual Rhetoric becomes rampantly significant to one’s success.

Conversely, words are said to be a powerful weapon of a person especially in making an impact
to customers or clients . This is unswervingly similar to images. More than visual manipulation,
images are as powerful as words as they are still part of some materials used to persuade the
recipients, but mostly because of the imagery that they create in our minds.
For instance, when browsing your Facebook feed, you might come across ads like the
following:
Ask yourself questions such as, “ What is this advertisement for?” or, “What is the
purpose of this ad?”
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
DIRECTION: Let us answer the following comprehension questions below.
1. What is Visual Rhetoric?
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________.
2. Why is visual rhetoric significant in today’s world? in business? in one’s life?
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________.
3. Where else can you see virtual rhetoric?
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________.
4 How would you identify that the material is an example of visual rhetoric?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________.

ACTIVITY 2
Below are examples of commercial ads. Analyze them visually and answer the questions
rhetorically.
Comprehension Questions:
1. What Rhetorical strategies do these ads use to achieve their purpose? Pay attention to the
interaction of the written text with the visual elements.
2. How does the arrangement on the page affect your response?
3. What is the appeal to ethos, logos, and pathos?
4. How effective do you think the advertisements are in reaching its intended audience?
5. What symbols are used?

MY ASSESSMENT
Write a descriptive paragraph describing a persona using at most six adjectives ( Proud,
approachable, funny, loving, friendly, naughty).Using your phone, take a selfie capturing this
character that you have to personify considering how you can best exemplify the persona
through your Photo setting, angle, costume, facial expression, quality or filter of the shot. Send
the selfie to your instructor. You creativity is needed to this activity.
CONGRATULATIONS!
THE HOW
LESSON
OF VISUAL
2 RHETORIC
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. determine the
basic elements of
visual rhetoric in
Hypertext.
In your opinion, what could be the content on The How of Visual Rhetoric? What
will be discussed in this lesson? Use a Graphic Organizer.

Learning Essentials
It is important for information whether on print or on the computer screen to convey the
overall meaning and message and relay complete understanding to the audience. This can be
achieved through various conventions of design of visual arguments such as font size, font
weight, indention, capitalization, punctuations, italicization, use of boldface, choice of color, and
other fillers.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF VISUAL RHETORIC IN HYPERTEXT

As cited in Dynamic Diagrams Inc. (2014), originally published in Designing User
Interfaces for Hypermedia (1995), there are three fundamental elements of visual rhetoric in
hypertext.
Hypertext is defines as a database format in which information related to that on a

display can be accessed directly from the display which was first known used in 1965( Meriam
Webster Dictionary).When browsing the World Wide Web, this is usually in a format of
underlined words in color blue font that can be clicked, then, the user will be redirected to
another website where the highlighted words are further discussed.
Hypertexts are undeniably significant in business since they can link one business to
another, to customers, and to certain degree of user empowerment. In a digital world, there is
always a need of immediate publishing and presentation of content information that encourages
interaction between the communicator of the organization and audience. And who on earth can
say that there is a limit to human knowledge?
There are 3 elements and method in any hypertext system is as follows:
1. Link presence which must have link extent
The hypertext uses a glyph to denote the presence of a link in all types od
media such as text, graphics or images, GIF or animation, and video in
highlighted format.
link presence is not limited to being underlined and colored blue, the style
can also be in a form of bracket, box, partial box of a linked words and
phrases. In addition, use bold, background color, strikethrough, and
background stripes with hard and rounded corners are also possible.
2. Link destination which must have multiple destinations
It denotes that a hypertext provides clue to the reader about a link’s

destination in a form of a file/document name, type, and anchor explainer.
….
3. Link mapping which must display link and knot relationship
This happens when a hypertext reader gets lost of his track once he click
the link and be redirected to an unknown website. This normally occurs
when one wants to download the file and unconsciously finds himself in
different websites( usually ads),only to find out, in most cases, that he
cannot download such file because of payment restrictions.
In creating hypertext link bear in mind that a link does not necessarily have to be a text.
It can be an image or any other HTML element. HTML links are hyperlinks where user can
click on them and be redirected to another file. This is why when hovering the cursor
over hyperlinks, the cursor style changes into an arrow or a hand.
3 EASY STEPS TO CREATE A HYPERLINK TO A LOCATION ON THE WEB( for Microsoft

Office Word)
(Retrieved from: https://support.com)

7 EASY STEPS TO ADD A HYPERLINK WITH HTML/HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
Adapted from: https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/m.wikihow.com.Add-a-Hyperlink-with-

HTML%famp=1)
<a href=http://www.example.com>Test link<a>
Further Reading:
Lanigan, M. L. (2010). Creating a Web Page Using HTML, XMTML, and CSS:The
Basics. Module 6 Third House, Inc.
HOW TO GENERATE VISUAL MATERIAL
Text elements are relatively important as displayed on one particular image. Texts are
highly visual and powerful to catch someone’s attention that they naturally become invisible at
times. Thus, communicators need to give emphasis on what “ type” does to their design of
information. Even without considering the actual meaning of the words displayed, meaning and
visual should always work together.
Nick Kolenda (2016) published a book titled, “The psychology of Fonts” where he
explained thoroughly that people subconsciously evaluate fonts as they compare collective
meaning to the context and based on the degree of fluency. He enumerated traits with their
corresponding meanings and levels based on how one font would strike the audience.
Below are the table he used and adapted from Handerson, Giese & Cote (2004) on how to
choose the right font according to Science. The user may simply look for a group of traits that
describe his target context, then choose a font with similar visual characteristics.
Fonts also vary in perceptual traits.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
1. What context and trait would you like to create in your audience’s mind?
2.How would you like to design your typography based on your chosen field?

ACTIVITY 2
Make a slogan about the significance of Visual Rhetoric, Make your own font and color
convention, by creating your own visual design.

MY ASSESSMENT
Write an essay about what you’ve learned in this lesson. Share your thoughts, opinions,
feelings, understanding etc. Your creativity is needed in this activity. (10 points)
CONGRATULATIONS!
Visual
LESSON rhetoric
analytical
3 methodologies
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. create visual
rhetoric analysis
paper.
b. determine the
parts of visual
analysis paper.
What will you consider when conducting visual rhetoric analysis?
Explain the saying below about Visual Rhetoric.
CREATE YOUR OWN VISUAL STYLE…. LET IT BE UNIQUE

FOR YOURSELF AND YET INDETIFIABLE FOR OTHERS.
- ORSON WELLES

Learning Essentials
The following initial steps may be considered when conducting visual rhetoric analysis:
Take note of every single thing you see in the ad. Give careful
attention to colors, objects, and all meaningful details.
Identify the significance of the objects and graphics used. Ponder
on why you think that visual designer chose to use that certain
illustration. How does it appeal to your emotions (pathos)? Logos?
Ethos?
Determine the overall message. What is the ad’s purpose?
Pinpoint the target audience. Are you the possible target audience
of the visual? The rules may change depending on whom the author
wants to speak to because diverse audiences may have various
responses.
Rose (2007) enumerated three sites and modalities at which meanings of visual images are
made and interpreted. The three sites are production, image, and audiences while the three
modalities are technological, compositional, and social that are also found in all sites.
PRODUCTION/TECHNOLOGICAL- the medium or material/tool used to produce and

design a specific image.
IMAGE/COMPOSITIONAL- the image itself including the objects, text, organization of

features on page, and graphics used that convey a particular meaning/message.
AUDIENCES/SOCIAL-people who view the visual image since it can reach and can be
seen by different kinds of individuals who are expected to be affected/persuaded by the visual
rhetoric.
HOW TO WRITE YOUR VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER
Generally, people see visual analysis as a “go with the flow” method that whenever you
see something, you simply judge it based on what you see first and what you can say about this
prominent thing on the image. However you may have an outline when writing an academic
paper on visual rhetoric. Your visual analysis paper must include the following parts.
INTRODUCTION-state the fundamental details about the visual image. Note that your
purpose is also to make other audience have a look at it. You may consider one of the following:
 Tell interesting facts about the artwork or artist ( if you know him)
 Describe the visual clearly but only to preempt the reader of your paper to also see it
using imagery.
 Explicate the purpose of the image itself and/or artist.
 Discuss the position or argument of the image.
THESIS STATEMENT -have your thesis statement at the end of your introduction or at the
beginning of your body. Do this by analyzing the meaning of the visual image. You may:
 Consider the time of the designer when he created it or to whose time he created it for.
 Decide what sort of claim you are writing( Is the image stating a fact, posing a claim,
inculcating values, or proposing a policy?; and/or
 Write your position/ idea if you are in favor or not of the claim.
BODY- discuss your ideas and thesis statement with supporting evidence based on the visual
image.
 State your claim(see description of thesis statement)

 Describe the visual composition based on the arrangement of features. You may
examine the:
 Have a confidence with your own eyes and trust your description even before you
research on the history of the visual.
 Determine the genre of the visual image. (e.g. advertisement, book cover, graphic art,
film, painting, signage, campaign poster etc.)
 Explain the relevance and role of the text to the visual.
 Highlight the appeal to logic, emotions, or character of the designer.
 Explain whether there is a cultural aspect involved.
 Narrate briefly the story that the visual conveys.
CONCLUSION- end you analysis by concluding or giving a fascinating or motivating fact

rather than giving a summary or repetition of your claim.
Visual rhetoric is never plain. It is always designed through personal experiences,

innovation, and meaningful knowledge or sentiments of a person.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
1.What do you think is the most important element to analyze in a visual rhetoric?
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________.
2 How would you know that your analysis has the same message as the author’s?
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________.
3. What would be the most difficult visual rhetoric material to analyze?
_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________.
ACTIVITY 2
Conduct a rhetoric analysis on one of the following images below.
MY ASSESSMENT
Using an IMAGERY, draw a summary of what you felt and learned from this lesson. Your
creativity is needed to this activity.
CONGRATULATIONS!
Maximizing the use
MODULE 6 of social media and
electronic
communication in
the 21st century
Module 6 contains Embracing new

means of communication, social
media and technical documentation,
and the best and worst of both social
media and electronic communication.
1.determine the history of social media and electronic communication;
2. reflect on their usage of social media apps and sites;
3. recognize the social media platforms by identifying them according to

their logos;
4. understand social media’s role in Technical writing;
5. enumerate internet problems and propose solution’s
6.analyze and criticize technical documents.

embracing
LESSON new means
of
1 communication
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. determine the
history of social
media and electronic
communication and
other scopes.
Make an acronym for the term SOCIAL MEDIA AND ELECTRONIC
S- E-
O- L-
C-
E-
I-
C-
A-
T-
L
R-
O-
M-
E-
N-
D- I-
I- C-
A- S-

Learning Essentials
The roots of social media stretch far deeper than you might imagine. Although it seems
like a new trend, sites like Facebook are the natural outcome of many centuries of social media
development.
Social Media Before 1900

The earliest methods of communicating across great distances used written correspondence
delivered by hand from one person to another. In other words, letters. The earliest form of postal
service dates back to 550 B.C., and this primitive delivery system would become more
widespread and streamlined in future centuries
In 1792, the telegraph was invented. This allowed messages to be delivered over a long
distance far faster than a horse and rider could carry them. Although telegraph messages were
short, they were a revolutionary way to convey news and information.
Although no longer popular outside of drive-through banking, the pneumatic post, developed in
1865, created another way for letters to be delivered quickly between recipients. A pneumatic
post utilizes underground pressurized air tubes to carry capsules from one area to another.
Two important discoveries happened in the last decade of the 1800s: The telephone in
1890 and the radio in 1891.
Both technologies are still in use today, although the modern versions are much more
sophisticated than their predecessors. Telephone lines and radio signals enabled people to
communicate across great distances instantaneously, something that mankind had never
experienced before.
Social Media in the 20th Century
Technology began to change very rapidly in the 20th Century. After the first super computers
were created in the 1940s, scientists and engineers began to develop ways to create networks
between those computers, and this would later lead to the birth of the Internet.
The earliest forms of the Internet, such as CompuServe, were developed in the 1960s. Primitive
forms of email were also developed during this time. By the 70s, networking technology had
improved, and 1979’s UseNet allowed users to communicate through a virtual newsletter.
By the 1980s, home computers were becoming more common and social media was becoming
more sophisticated. Internet relay chats, or IRCs, were first used in 1988 and continued to be
popular well into the 1990’s.
The first recognizable social media site, Six Degrees, was created in 1997. It enabled users to
upload a profile and make friends with other users. In 1999, the first blogging sites became
popular, creating a social media sensation that’s still popular today.
Social Media Today

After the invention of blogging, social media began to explode in popularity. Sites like My Space
and LinkedIn gained prominence in the early 2000s, and sites like Photobucket and Flickr
facilitated online photo sharing. YouTube came out in 2005, creating an entirely new way for
people to communicate and share with each other across great distances.
By 2006, Facebook and Twitter both became available to users throughout the world. These
sites remain some of the most popular social networks on the Internet. Other sites like Tumblr,
Spotify, Foursquare and Pinterest began popping up to fill specific social networking niches.
Today, there is a tremendous variety of social networking sites, and many of them can be linked
to allow cross-posting. This creates an environment where users can reach the maximum
number of people without sacrificing the intimacy of person-to-person communication. We can
only speculate about what the future of social networking may look in the next decade or even
100 years from now, but it seems clear that it will exist in some form for as long as humans are
alive.
WHY USE SOCIAL MEDIA?
Below are common reasons why you should start using social media:
To communicate and be updated with family, friends, and famous people around the
globe.
To learn from others and engage in conversations about current news and issues.
To befriend strangers and be involved in groups with similar interests.
To be employed in a desired job.
To sell and buy products or services
To share one’s life including photos, videos, and other life’s important events.
To be heard and be known in a field
To express oneself and influence people based on your own beliefs.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Taprial and Kanwar (2012) classified types or forms of social media that exist on the
Internet into Magazines, Internet Forums, Web blogs, Social Blogs, Microblogging, Wikis,
Podcasts, Videos, Rating and Social Bookmarking.
While Blue Sail (2010) termed these as social media tools namely Social Networks,
Blogs, Microblogging, Podcasts, Forums, Content Communities, and Wikis.
Whereas, based on Koplan and Haenlaein’s media research published in Business

Horizons (2010), there are six (6) different types of social media namely:
1. Collaborative projects (e.g. Wikipedia)
2. Blogs and Microblogs (e.g. Twitter )
3. Content Communities (e.g. YouTube)
4. Social Networking Sites (e.g. Facebook)
5. Virtual Game world (e.g. World of Warcraft)
6.Virtual Social Worlds(e.g. Second life)

The following are the “16+ Must Know Content Sharing Platforms” for specific media according
to Oliveria (2017), Research SEO contributor of cminds.com:
FACEBOOK
LINKEDIN
TWITTER
GOOGLE+
TRIBRERR
STUMBLEUPON
YOUTUBE AND VIMEO
INSTAGRAM
PINTEREST
TUMBLR
SNAPCHAT
MEDIUM
SLIDESHARE
VISUAL.LY
REDDIT
QUARA
CHEAT SHEET
BUZZFEED
HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW , FORBES, ENTERPRENEUR FASTCOMPANY
MASHABLE, TECHCRUNCH
NEW YORK, HUFFINGTON POST…..
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
LET US DISCUSS AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1. Have you ever tried searching yourself on Google?
2.Do you think how you are currently presented online is correct?
3. Do you see yourself on a positive side of how you want people to see you? Or on the negative
side which you believe you are not?

ACTIVITY 2
Make an inventory of all apps on your phone and rate the frequency on how often you
use them. Explain why is that particular app your most used and/or least used app. Justify the
pros and cons of why you still use and/or no longer use the apps

ACTIVITY 3
Write a paragraph about your past experience/s with social

media where you were branded as a person whom you believe
you’re not and how it has influenced you today.
CRITERIA:
UNITY (5 POINTS) ONENESS OF IDEA
COHERENCE (5 POINTS) PROPER USE OF TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
EMPHASIS (5 POINTS) REPETITION/PARALLELISM OF WORDS/ IDEAS

THAT NEED TO BE HIGHLIGHTED

MY ASSESSMENT
Write a creative essay on how social media affects your life. Be able to
convince readers to agree on your stance whether to start/ continue using
social media or totally depart from it.
CRITERIA:
CONTENT 10 POINTS
ORGANIZATION 10 POINTS
MECHANICS 1O POINTS
CONGRATULATIONS!
SOCIAL
LESSON MEDIA AND
TECHNICAL
2 DOCUMENTATION
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. analyze and
criticize technical
documents;
b. determine how
social media can use
in Technical Writing.
HOW SOCIAL MEDIA CAN USE IN TECHNICAL WRITING? USE THE GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER BELOW.

Learning Essentials
Majority of the people in the planet of this modern generation work with and for social
media. They belong to this digital community with worldwide access to the internet where we
found a living. The following figures show the social media demographics on 2018 Social
Audience Guide made by Spredfast that will help you realize the need for writing and producing
content in these well-known social networking sites and other technical writing jobs.
( visit the website below to see the images)
https://assets.khoros.com/content/tipsheets/2018-Social-Media-Demographics-Spredfast.pdf
Now, if you are ready to dwell on a life of a technical writer, let us learn first from a testimony
and journey of Amanda Layman Low, a contributor in Mediabistro.com, on how she became a
technical writer.
There are four important we can learn from her experience.
1. You will never go out of job. Whenever is your field right now, there will
always be that destined work for you especially if you wish to be a technical writer online, small
to big companies will always be in need of people to write for them whether to simply write a
business letter, design a terms of services manual, or even write a resume for a job applicant.
2. You start being raw, turned into a well-polished diamond.

Always seek to learn. Even if you were born as a grammar Nazi, there will always be a room for
improvement. Never stop learning, love it instead. You can always ask someone to help and
train you. You evaluated experience will be your best teacher. Do not stop yet, unless you have
started and you are for away from it.
3. Be direct in writing. Even though some technical writing assignments require

you to be creative, it is still far from a creative short story you wrote when you were a kid. Still,
majority need precise and on point ideas and instructions. Be systematic. Set your goals and
expectations. And remember to always submit before the deadline, do not wait for it to meet
you.
4. It can sustain you and your future family. There is sure money in this
line of work. According to Ms. Layman, the payment in this industry ranges from $30 to $50 per
hour, making $50,000 to $70,000 per year. For part-timers or freelances, payment may be
project-based than hourly. Based on her experience for this type, it ranged her between $400
and $2,500 per project.
TECHNICAL WRITING-deals with writing manuals to promote and support hardware and
software that include writing user, operation , or maintenance documentation for equipment,
products, or services, formal documents of standard operating procedures (SOPs), or citations
of libraries for software; engages writers with hardware/software developers and engineers to
document vital data about the system and/ or products.
Instructional designing- concentrates on determining goals objectives and performances,

knowledge and skills breaches, professional and educational training and content objective,
designing instructional strategies, media and training delivery approaches and methodologies,
and writing assessment and evaluation to gauge learning and competencies.
The following are some obvious challenges and opportunities of a technical

communicator. He/ She should:
1. Identify costumer’s documentation or product needs;
2. Connect and collaborate with users who can help to produce noteworthy content;
3. Design product the way costumer would want to be without compromising credibility
and creativity;
4. Be open to questions and feedback as he/ she enables discussions with users;
5. Manipulate and discover new technologies at home or aim to learn something new in
school to solve costumer problems;
6. Avoid killing time on reviewing the tools used for a website, rather spend it wisely by
maximizing his/her presence online during work;
7. See online platform as an opportunity to learn and practice socialization skills. Usually
people write for other to write as well.
8. Consider free documentation. Oram (2007) as cited in Gentle’s book, Conversation
and community (2012), he reported reasons people write free documentation. The following are
some of the surprising findings:
Majority of the people do not realize that they were contributing.

They do not consider themselves as writers even though their shared
contents are in written form.
LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following discussion question:
Give examples of instance when you comment or help someone online.
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
____________.
Where do you usually read technical concepts and information?
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
____________.

ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Search for an article published in one of our government

websites/ agencies. Examine it by writing a reaction paper with the
following parts:
 Synthesis
 Analysis
 Learning Insights
 Policy Recommendations
CRITERIA:
CONTENT (10 POINTS)
ORGANIZATION (10 POINTS)
MECHANICS (10 POINTS)
TOTAL: 30 POINTS

MY ASSESSMENT
PART I
Make a Reflection paper for what you’ve learned in this lesson, how can
social media used in Technical Writing? Share your thoughts, opinions,
sentiments about it. Impose your creativity in this activity.
PART II
What do you think there is a need for you to help others online?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________.
After learning from this lesson, do you consider yourself a writer? Why or Why not?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________.
CONGRATULATIONS!
The best and
LESSON worst of both
social media and
3 electronic
communication
Intended Learning
Outcome;

be able to :
a. secure their own

cyberspace by
following the safety
precautionary
measures;
b. enumerate internet
problems and
purpose solutions
WHY DO WE NEED TO STAY SECURE IN DIGITAL WORLD?
____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_______________________________.
WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE COMMON INTERNET PROBLEM?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________.

Learning Essentials
The more people get used to waking up and opening their eyes next to social media, life
activities ranging from Facebook posts, fun facts about themselves on YouTube, disclosed
contact information in research websites, email subscription, to mobile banking, the higher the
urgency of the call to personal digital safety and security should be.
In the cyber world, there are a lot of people whose plans are to deceive others to get
what they want. No matter how vigilant you are in protecting all of your private accounts, they
will always find ways to unlock those. So, we have to be alert 24-hours. This does not mean that
you have to stay up all night and widely open your eyes during the day. It only reminds us to be
extra careful, prepared, and guarded in the cyberspace. Same as those crimes that are
happening in the physical world, they too can happen in the virtual environment.
Gelbstein (2013) enumerated in his book” Good Digital Hygiene” some of the possible incidents
that might happen if one game is not prepared in digital world.
 Sudden malfunction of electronic devices such as personal or office computer,

smartphones, tablets, camera, GPS, & game consoles.
 Spread of virus from one device to another.
 Loss of electronic devices due to theft, forgetfulness, and negligence.
 Unexpected loss and corruption of data in devices like data in your laptop and
smartphones.
 Disclosure of personal and professional data to harmful risks such as rape, theft,
murder, & homicide.
 Exposure to spams, phishing, spear phishing , and scams
 Vulnerability to unsuitable and undesirable materials such as those that are xenophobic,
misogynist, political, pornographic and others
 Risk of children’s exposure to inappropriate materials
 identity theft leading to financial damages, and many others
.
CYBER CRIME CASES
Below is a list of cybercrime offenses that are punishable by law in the country:
o Offences against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data

and systems:
Illegal Access
Illegal Interception
Data Interference
System Interference
Misuse of Devises
Cyber-squatting
Computer-related Forgery
Computer-related Fraud
Computer-related Identity Theft
Cybersex
Child Pornography
Unsolicited Commercial Communication
Libel
 Other offences:
Aiding or Abetting in the Commission of Cybercrime
Attempt in the Commission of Cybercrime
CYBER CRIME TECHNOLOGY

Other offenders include hackers, malware suppliers, cyber criminals, terrorists, and
cyber armies. A cybercrime offender is not like any other criminal who does not need to be
technically intelligent to commit a crime. He/ she is usually well-educated, intelligent, and
creative human being that has enough knowledge in ICT. Cybercrime happen due to lack od
editorial measures or quality assurance in the World Wide Web.
Common internet problems

1. Personal Computer lags forever with pop-up ads everywhere.
2. Inability to send large e-mails files and attachments
3.”Forgot password”
4.People know everything about you.
5. Unlimited exposure to PC, tablets and smartphone AKA internet addiction

LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
Make a Poster about the cause and effect of Social Media in every
individual and explain it into 2 to 4 sentences below the poster you make.
Your creativity is needed in this activity.

ACTIVITY 2
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BELOW.
1. What is something that will makes you stay online?
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
______________.
2. Do you think social media make the youth vulnerable to potentials risks online?
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
______________.
3. What can you say about the deletion of the clause on “cyber bullying” in the Republic Act 10175?
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
______________.
4. Do you think potential sex offenders differ in perspective when it comes to gender? Why or Why
not?
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
______________.

ACTIVITY 3
PART I
Explain Albert Einstein’s quote and relate it to the lesson.
“THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN GENIUS AND

STUPIDITY IS THAT GENIUS HAS LIMITS”
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________

PART II
Conduct a risk assessment on your social media account.
1. Identify the system of the chosen social media platforms including its process, basic
functions and application.
2. Detect threats, risks and determine possible impact.
3. Analyze the control environment.
4. Explain possible steps to recover and restore systems and imporvements.

MY ASSESSMENT
Answer the questions briefly.
Why do you think netizens feel that they can do anything they want on their social media
accounts/ internet?
What is cybercrime?
Who are the people behind many of the cybercrimes?
Give 5 Effects of cybercrimes to one’s life.
CONGRATULATIONS!

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Ramon Santos St., Brgy.

33, Peñaranda, Legazpi City

MODULE I – Understanding the Nature of Technical Writing

Lesson 1. What is Technical Writing

Lesson 2.Relevant Laws and Ethical Considerations Related to Technical Writing

a. Principles of Ethical Communication

b. Do’s and Don’ts of Technical Writing

Lesson 3.The Writing Process

a. Pre-writing, writing stage and Re-writing

MODULE II – Exploring Expository Techniques

Lesson 1. Classification and Definitions

Lesson 2.Description of a Process

Lesson 3. Description of Mechanism

MODULE III- Writing Effective Business Correspondence

Lesson 1. Communication in Business and Organization

Lesson 2. Personal and Business Letter

a. Characteristics and Elements of a Business Letter

Lesson 3. Basic and Optional Parts of Business Letter

c. Business Letters Punctuations and Styles

Lesson 4.Types of business Letter

Lesson 1.Fundamental Concepts of Reports Writing

Lesson 2. Classification of Technical Reports

Lesson 3. Minutes of the Meeting

MODULE V- Evaluating Visual Rhetoric

Lesson 1. What, Why and Where of Visual Rhetoric

Lesson 2.The How of Visual Rhetoric

Lesson 3. Visual Rhetoric Analytical Methodologies

MODULE VI-Maximizing the Use of Media and Electronic

Communication in the 21st Century…….

Lesson 1. Embracing New Means of Communication

Lesson 2.Social Media and Technical Documentation

Learn to identify and select many types of writing frequently required in a

Practice audience analysis and develop effective communication

Determine your purposes/objectives and develop skill in composing and

Achieve a greater awareness of the importance of selecting and

-Not just for professionals in the tech industry, technical writing

MODULE 1 Nature of Technical

Module 1 contains what Technical Writing is such as

Intended Learning Outcomes

In this Learning Module, I must be able to:

1.define Technical Writing;

2.enumerate the end products of technical writing;

3.use as guide the principles of Technical Writing;

4.define the Technical communications;

5.explain the qualities of a good English writer; and

6.apply the process involved in technical writing.

In this lesson, I must

b. Identify the scope

Congratulations! You did a great job. You

When the world ushered in the 21 st

According to Mills and Walter (1981) technical writing is:

a writing about scientific subjects and about various technical subjects

characterized by certain formal elements, such as scientific and

ideally characterized by the maintenance of an attitude of impartiality

a writing in which there is relatively high concentration of certain

These are the Products of Technical Writing:

A business letter is a type of written communication. It is written using

3.Use language that is simple, concrete, and familiar.

5.Make your report attractive.

1. It serves as the basis for management decision.

2. It furnishes needed information.

4. It records business transactions through proposals.

5. It procures business proposals.