CARILLO, JOHN CARLO B.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
BSME – 3A

OUTPUT 3: COMPOSITE, NANO AND BIOMATERIALS

Name of Materials Picture Materials Composition Usage 

A. Composite Materials
1. Plywood Plywood may be made from hardwoods,  Exterior Wall Sheathing
softwoods, or a combination of the two.  Interior Wall
Some common hardwoods include ash,  Roofing and Flooring
maple, mahogany, oak, and teak. The most  Other Construction
common softwood used to make plywood  Furniture
in the United States is Douglas fir,  Cabinets
although several varieties of pine, cedar,
 General Projects
spruce, and redwood are also used.

2. Fiberglass The basic raw materials for fiberglass  Beverage industry

products are a variety of natural minerals  Car washes
and manufactured chemicals. The major  Chemical industry
ingredients are silica sand, limestone, and  Cooling towers
soda ash. Other ingredients may include  Docks and marinas
calcined alumina, borax, feldspar,  Food processing
nepheline syenite, magnesite, and kaolin
 Fountains and aquariums
clay, among others.
 Manufacturing
 Metals and mining
 Power generation
 Plating plants
 Pulp and paper industry
 Automotive industry
 Aerospace & Defense
CARILLO, JOHN CARLO B.
BSME – 3A
OUTPUT 3: COMPOSITE, NANO AND BIOMATERIALS
3. Plastic coated paper
4. Papier-mâché
5. Reinforced concrete
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Plastic-coated paper includes types of
paper coatings; polyethylene or polyolefin
extrusion coating, silicone, and wax
coating to make paper cups and
photographic paper.
The traditional method of making papier-
mâché adhesive is to use a mixture of water
and flour or other starch, mixed to the
consistency of heavy cream. Other
adhesives can be used if thinned to a
similar texture, such as polyvinyl acetate
(PVA) based glues (often sold as wood
glue or craft glue).
Concrete is made from small stones and
gravel called aggregate, sharp sand, cement
and water. The small stone and gravel
(aggregate) is the reinforcement and the
cement is the matrix that binds it together.
 confectionery packaging
 interleaving paper
 sugar and salt pouches
 surgical glove pouches
 vomit bags
 soap wrappers
 food packing pouches
Papier-mâché (pap-yay mash-ay)
or paper mâché (paper mash-ay)
is an easy to make, hard material
that can be used to cover various
surfaces. It is often used in arts
and crafts to make various
sculptures, fruit bowls, puppets,
dolls and much more.
Reinforced concrete is used
for construction on a large scale,
such as bridges, dams, piers, tall
buildings and stadiums. It is
most commonly used in
domestic construction for the
footings and foundations of
smaller everyday dwellings.
CARILLO, JOHN CARLO B.
BSME – 3A
OUTPUT 3: COMPOSITE, NANO AND BIOMATERIALS
B. Nanomaterial
1. Mineral Nanoparticles – such
as titanium oxide
2. Carbon Nanotubes
3. Mobile Pigment Nanoparticles
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
 titanium oxide
The mechanical properties of carbon
nanotubes reveal them as one of the
strongest materials in nature. Carbon
nanotubes (CNTs) are long hollow
cylinders of graphene. Although graphene
sheets have 2D symmetry, carbon
nanotubes by geometry have different
properties in axial and radial directions.
For metallic nanoparticles, for example,
traditional source materials (such as metal
oxides) are pulverized using high-energy
ball mills. Such mills are equipped with
grinding media composed of wolfram
carbide or steel.
used in sunscreen, due to the
poor stability that conventional
chemical UV protection offers in
the long-term. Just as the bulk
material would, titanium oxide
nanoparticles are able to provide
improved UV protection while
also having the added advantage
of removing the cosmetically
unappealing whitening
associated with sunscreen in
their nano-form.
Such super strong fibers will
have several applications such
as woven fabrics and textiles,
transmission line cables, and
body and vehicle armor. CNTs
are also being employed in order
to make textiles stain resistant.
One example is the use of
mobile pigment nanoparticles
being used to produce a better
form of camouflage, through
injection of the particles into the
material of soldiers' uniforms.
Additionally, the military have
developed sensor systems using
nanomaterials, such as titanium
dioxide, that can detect
biological agents.
CARILLO, JOHN CARLO B.
BSME – 3A
OUTPUT 3: COMPOSITE, NANO AND BIOMATERIALS
4. Nano-Titanium Dioxide
C. Biomaterial
1. Medical Implants
2. Biosensors
3. Drug-Delivery Systes
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Most manufactured nanoscale titanium
dioxide is synthesized by the sulfate
process, the chloride process or the sol-gel
process. In the sulfate process, anatase or
rutile TiO 2 is produced by digesting
ilmenite ( FeTiO 3) or titanium slag with
sulfuric acid.
Medical implants are composed of a large
range of materials including metals,
metallic alloys, plastic polymers, ceramics,
hydrogels, and composites.
We found that nanomaterials, polymers,
and their composites such as chitosan,
cellulose, and conducting polymers are the
most common materials used in the
biosensor interface design.
Promising and versatile nano-scale drug-
delivery systems include nanoparticles,
nanocapsules, nanotubes, nanogels and
dendrimers. They can be used to deliver
both small-molecule drugs and various
classes of biomacromolecules, such as
peptides, proteins, plasmid DNA and
synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides.
They are employed in
the preparation of fabrics,
windows, and anti-fogging
automobile mirrors because of
their self-cleaning and anti-
fogging properties. Titanium
dioxide nanoparticles also act as
a sanitizer for the environment.
Medical implants, including
heart valves, stents, and grafts;
artificial joints, ligaments, and
tendons; hearing loss implants;
dental implants; and devices that
stimulate nerves.
Biosensors to detect the presence
and amount of specific
substances and to transmit that
data.  Examples are blood
glucose monitoring devices and
brain activity sensors.
Drug-delivery systems that carry
and/or apply drugs to a disease
target. Examples include drug-
coated vascular stents and
implantable chemotherapy
wafers for cancer patients.
CARILLO, JOHN CARLO B. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
BSME – 3A

OUTPUT 3: COMPOSITE, NANO AND BIOMATERIALS