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© McGraw-Hill Education 1
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Objectives
• Understand the concept of thermal resistance and its limitations, and develop
thermal resistance networks for practical heat conduction problems.
• Solve steady conduction problems that involve multilayer rectangular,
cylindrical, or spherical geometries.
• Develop an intuitive understanding of thermal contact resistance, and
circumstances under which it may be significant.
• Identify applications in which insulation may actually increase heat transfer.
• Analyze finned surfaces, and assess how efficiently and effectively fins
enhance heat transfer.
• Solve multidimensional practical heat conduction problems using conduction
shape factors.
© McGraw-Hill Education 2
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dE
Q in Q out wall dEwall / dt 0
dt
for steady operation
In steady operation, the rate of heat transfer through
FIGURE 3–1 the wall is constant.
Heat transfer through a wall is one-
dT Fourier’s law of
dimensional when the temperature of Q cond, wall kA (W)
the wall varies in one direction only. dx heat conduction.
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dT
Qcond, wall kA
dx
L
T2
x 0
Qcond, wall dx kA dT
T T1
T1 T2
Qcond, wall kA (W)
L
The rate of heat conduction through a plane wall is
proportional to the average thermal conductivity,
the wall area, and the temperature difference, but is
inversely proportional to the wall thickness.
FIGURE 3–2
Once the rate of heat conduction is available, the
Under steady conditions, the temperature T(x) at any location x can be
temperature distribution in a
determined by replacing T2 by T, and L by x.
plane wall is a straight line.
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Ts Tsurr
Qrad As Ts Tsurr hrad As Ts Tsurr
4 4
Q rad
hrad = (Ts2 Tsurr
2
)(Ts Tsurr ) (W/m2 K)
As (Ts Tsurr )
When Tsurr ≈ T
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T T T T T T
Q 1 1 1 2 2 2
1/ h1 A L / kA 1/ h2 A
T1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T 2
Rconv, 1 Rwall Rconv, 2
FIGURE 3–6
The thermal resistance network for heat transfer through a plane wall subjected to
convection on both sides, and the electrical analogy.
1 L 1
Rtotal Rconv, 1 Rwall Rconv, 2 (C/W)
h1 A kA h2 A
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Temperature drop
T QR (C)
Q UA T (W)
1
UA (C/K)
Rtotal
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T1 T 2
Q
Rtotal
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Ti T j
Q
Rtotal, i j
T1 T2 T1 T2
Q
Rconv, 1 RWall, 1 1 L1
h1 A k1 A
FIGURE 3–10
The evaluation of the surface and
interface temperatures when T1 and
T2 are given and Q is calculated.
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Example
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3-3 Generalized Thermal Resistance
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Networks 1
T1 T2 T1 T2 1 1
Q Q1 Q2 T1 T2
R1 R2 R
1 R2
T1 T2
Q
Rtotal
1 1 1 RR
Rtotal 1 2
Rtotal R1 R2 R1 R2
FIGURE 3–19
Thermal resistance network for
two parallel layers.
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3-3 Generalized Thermal Resistance
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Networks 2
T T R1 R2
Q 1 Rtotal R12 R3 Rconv R3 Rconv
Rtotal R1 R2
L1 L2
R1 R2
k1 A1 k 2 A2
L3 1
R3 Rconv
k3 A3 hA3
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3-4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and
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Spheres 1
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3-4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and
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Spheres 2
dT
Qcond, cyl kA (W)
dr
r2 Q cond, cyl T2
r r1 A
dr
T T1
k dT
A 2 rL
T T2
Q cond, cyl 2 Lk 1 (W)
FIGURE 3–24 ln( r2 / r1 )
A long cylindrical pipe (or spherical shell)
T1 T2
with specified inner and outer surface Qcond, cyl (W)
temperatures T1 and T2. Rcyl
ln( r2 / r1 ) ln (Outer radius/Inner radius)
Rcyl
2 Lk 2 Length Thermal conductivity
Conduction resistance of the cylinder layer.
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3-4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and
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Spheres 3
FIGURE 3–24
T1 T2 A long cylindrical pipe (or spherical shell) with specified
Qcond, sph
Rsph inner and outer surface temperatures T1 and T2.
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3-4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and
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Spheres 4
T1 T 2
Q
Rtotal
for a cylindrical layer
Rtotal Rconv, 1 Rcyl Rconv, 2
1 In( r2 / r1 ) 1
(2 r1 L) h1 2 Lk (2 r2 L) h2
for a spherical layer
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3-4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and
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Spheres 5
T T
Q 1 2
Rtotal
FIGURE 3–26
The thermal resistance network for heat transfer
through a three-layered composite cylinder subjected
to convection on both sides.
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3-4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and
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Spheres 6
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© McGraw-Hill Education