Gas Migration Playbook

Tuned Solutions™
Gas Migration Prevention through Unset Cement
PSL: Cementing
Owner: Thomas Roth
Author: David Kulakofsky and Gunnar Lende
Editor: Steve Deyo
Approver: David Kulakofsky
Created: 2/8/08
Edited: 7/24/08
Version: 1.8
All information contained in this publication is the confidential and proprietary property of Halliburton. It is
protected by trade secret, copyright and other intellectual property laws and treaties. This publication is intended for
Internal Use Only by employees of Halliburton. Reproduction or dissemination by any means, in whole or in part,
without the express written consent of Halliburton is strictly prohibited.
© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

Tuned® cementing systems is a registered mark of Halliburton. Tuned Light™ cement products and mixing system,
Tuned Cementing Solutions™ systems, and Tuned Solutions™ are trademarks of Halliburton.
7/24/2008 Gas Migration Prevention Playbook 2
Tuned Solutions Overview

Halliburton Tuned Solutions™ provide a structured work flow process designed to address our
customers’ top 100 cementing challenges. They also provide a commercialization platform for
all cementing products and processes.
The Tuned Solutions process for cementing Done Right® is comprised of the following
categories of activities.
A. Business Customer engagement
Development and • Define well challenges and customer objectives
Engineering Engineering
• Job design utilizing Halliburton and Landmark software
Business packages
Development and • Risk assessments and analysis of well challenges and
Technology customer objectives
• Application of HMS processes and global best practices
• Basic job design to achieve customer objectives
• Alternative job designs to mitigate job risks and to increase
success
Customer reengagement
• Review defined well challenges and customer objectives
• Review risk assessment
• Present basic and alternative job designs
• Select job design
• Establish and agree on job success measures
A. Job Preparation and Customer-approved job performed per published HMS processes
Execution and global best practices for specific job type
OptiCem RT™ real-time monitoring and data acquisition
Operations and • Actual job vs. job design
Technology o Pressures, rates, densities, volumes, etc.
Third-party onsite quality assurance
• Validate rig and third-party product delivery
• Fluid density, volume, delivery rates, etc.
A. Post-Job Reporting Halliburton requirements (Operations)

• HOC, EJCS survey, KPIs, CPI, Done Right index, PJRs
Operations, Customer reporting (Technology and Business Development)
Technology, and • Generate PJR
Business • Review job report and performance objectives with
Development customer
• Generate Case History/EVC
© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

Table of Contents
Tuned Solutions Overview ........................................................................................................... 2
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3
Marketing Strategy....................................................................................................................... 5
A. Tuned Solutions .............................................................................................................. 5
B. Presenting Tuned Solutions to Customers ...................................................................... 7
C. Data to Collect from the Customer ................................................................................. 8
D. Preparing for the Follow-up Customer Visit ................................................................ 10
E. Operational Excellence ................................................................................................. 12
F. Follow-up on All Jobs................................................................................................... 13
Gas Tight Cementing.................................................................................................................. 14
Preparing for the Initial Customer Visit ................................................................................... 17
A. Major Challenges .......................................................................................................... 17
B. Design Considerations .................................................................................................. 18
C. Data to Collect from the Customer ............................................................................... 19
Preparing for the Follow-up Customer Visit ............................................................................ 20
A. Slurry Selection: Benefits from Done Best................................................................... 20
B. Risks Associated with Basic Cementing....................................................................... 25
C. Done Best vs. Basic Design .......................................................................................... 26
D. Success Metrics: Key Performance Indicators ............................................................. 28
Job Design: Gas Flow Prevention After Cementing................................................................. 29
A. Calculate/Simulate ........................................................................................................ 29
B. Slurry Design ................................................................................................................ 32
C. Slurry Testing................................................................................................................ 36
Case Histories, EVC Profiles, and Industry Papers .................................................................. 38
Appendix A: Well Information Data Collection Form............................................................ 41
Appendix B: Engineering Design Checklist ............................................................................. 42
Appendix C: Engineering Operations Checklist...................................................................... 44
Appendix D: Tuned Solutions Process Guide .......................................................................... 45
Appendix E: HMS Process Links .............................................................................................. 46
Appendix F: EVC Case History Template ............................................................................... 50
A. Basic EVC Information................................................................................................. 50
B. Example EVC Case History.......................................................................................... 51
C. Information to Develop EVC........................................................................................ 53
D. Demonstrating EVC...................................................................................................... 54

Appendix G: Typical Microsilica Liquid Concentration Chart ............................................. 55

Appendix H: Typical Colloidal Silica Concentration Chart................................................... 57
Approval for Use of Well Information...................................................................................... 59
Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................... 60

Marketing Strategy
A. Tuned Solutions
The Tuned Solutions™ job design procedure was created with two goals in mind. First, and
always foremost, is to provide our customers with innovative cementing solutions tailored to
their specific challenges. Second is to deliver superior service quality that will enable us to
outdistance all of our competitors. When performed successfully, Tuned Solutions will result in
increased market share, earnings, and return on investments.
With Tuned Solutions, a road map has been established that will enable us to improve service
quality. Improved service quality validates premium pricing. This road map will assist us with
value selling. When the guidelines set forth in these playbooks are followed, we will see an
improvement in service quality which becomes a win for our customers. Tuned Solutions, if
applied rigorously, creates a true win-win situation.
Tuned Solutions is the culmination of more than 85 years of Halliburton’s continuously evolving
cementing technology. Our goal is to help ensure that Tuned Solutions does for conventional
cementing what the ZoneSeal® isolation process did for foam. In developing the ZoneSeal
process, we identified all of the key components required to help ensure the success of a foam
job, first time and every time. With Tuned Solutions, our goal is to make cementing a nonevent.
On a Tuned Solutions job, properly trained and qualified individuals using well-maintained
equipment deliver a fully engineered cementing design utilizing a cementing solution that has
been mutually selected by the operator and Halliburton as the desired job design for the current
well conditions. Under these circumstances, we can successfully tie into the well, mix our
cement, place it in the wellbore, and rig down, all in a very routine fashion.
Five elements support Tuned Solutions in each playbook:
• Properly designed job plan—Cementing procedures should help ensure the job design is
sound, including success metrics and all the indicators that provide insight into job quality
(for example, TOC, a bond log, or no flow after cementing). The operator and Halliburton
should agree on an effective plan.
• Optimized slurry design—The cement slurries used for various applications are designed
specifically to withstand the immediate and long-term challenges. Often several slurry
options are available. The selected design should be matched to the customer’s needs and
goals. (No flow and cement tops are just two of the success metrics that can be applied to
particular job conditions, where warranted and reasonable.) For instance, in a potential gas
migration area, cement tops can always be a success metric, but if water-extended cement is
the agreed design, then flow after cementing should not be a metric.
• Properly trained people—Employees should know exactly what competencies they are
expected to possess and should be provided with a methodology to obtain any knowledge or
experience they may be lacking.
• Well-maintained equipment—High-visibility planned maintenance should be funded
sufficiently to help ensure that our entire fleet works as it should and each piece of equipment
can be verified by documentation detailing its current compliance along with the next
required service date and procedure.

• Properly executed job—With a properly designed job, optimal slurry design, properly trained
people, and well-maintained equipment, the likelihood of a properly executed job is
maximized.
Playbooks like this one will be made available for a wide range of cementing challenges. They
will assist in the process of proper cement job design and execution in each of those applications.
Often several choices exist for the job design for any given problem. Sometimes the drilling
group will only be focused on placing the wellbore at as low a cost as possible. Other times the
focus will be on how to best produce the reservoir.
Obviously, the ideal job design for two different scenarios, if presented for the same wellbore,
will have different components. As such, the Tuned Solutions™ procedure will focus on
1) providing the customer with options
2) clearly comparing the benefits as well as the risks of each solution
3) coming to an agreement on the solution
4) agreeing on the success metrics that most likely will be different with each option
5) designing an effective job based on the agreed goals
6) executing the job as designed
7) reengaging the customer with a timely post-job review.

B. Presenting Tuned Solutions to Customers

The basic concept behind Tuned Solutions™ is simple: Provide the best possible job design and
execution for the customer and get paid correspondingly. To reap the benefit of providing this
optimal solution, it is critical for the customer understands all that he is getting with Tuned
Solutions. The only way that will happen is for you to tell him.
When basic cementing is required, we still want to deliver our premier service quality with a
lower cost, basic cementing solution. If the customer can be made to understand that Halliburton
can provide high-quality service no matter what the solution, he should favor our high level of
service quality even if he is looking for a basic cement solution.
Tuned Solutions includes the most comprehensive list of best practices in the industry. During
the customer visit, it is critical to outline the special best practices that we plan on following to
help ensure the job is successful.
Following the customer visit, the outline below will help ensure that we provide this premium
service, first time and every time.
Preparation for 1. Understand Tuned Solutions concepts, goals, and best practices
the initial 2. Understand potential risks for the well
customer visit 3. Determine ramifications of failure to overcome potential problems
4. Obtain a basic understanding of at least two solutions
• Premium
• Basic
5. Review customer interview checklist.
Preparation for 1. Clearly present both the challenges and risks associated with the
the second particular cementing task at hand
customer visit 2. Present options for the cement job
• Explain the advantages and benefits of the premium solution
• Detail the risks associated with the basic offering
3. Outline best practices
4. Offer assurances that the same focus on operational excellence will be
applied to the job, regardless of whether the customer selects basic
cementing or a premium solution
5. Agree on goals
6. Agree on success metrics.
Before the job 1. Finalize slurry design

2. Use software tools to prepare job procedures
3. Use best practices to create step-by-step job procedures.
After the job 1. Prepare PJR

2. Deliver and discuss PJR in person with customer within 5 days after
the job
3. Agree on the success or shortcomings of the job
4. Review lessons learned, if any
5. Ask for suggestions for future improvements.

C. Data to Collect from the Customer

Certain types of data are essential to all job designs, as shown below. Other required information
may be specific to the job at hand, as with gas migration prevention cementing. A table
describing the unique data requirements of specialized jobs is included in a later chapter.
See Appendix A: Well Information Data Collection Form.
Offset data Collect as much offset data as possible and refer to them whenever
applicable when making your recommendations
Particular and general A firm understanding of customer goals is required to consistently
goals for the create the ideal solution
cementing operation
Wellbore schematic • Hole/bit size (Is there any verification of the actual hole size? Was a
resistivity-at-the-bit tool run? If so, hole size can be calculated from
this tool)
• Pipe size (previous casing, drill pipe, casing)
• Excess for lead and for tail (may be different for lead and tail) (Less
excess may be required if hole was drilled with mud as opposed to
sea water and gelled sweeps)
• Casing points
Fracture pressure Gradient vs. depth
profile
Pore pressure profile
Directional profile Normally vertical for this portion of the well, but if not, deviation will
modify the centralizer recommendation
Mud weight vs. depth Specific to the interval to be cemented
Mud rheology Specific to the interval to be cemented (mud data should be used in
the OptiCem™ modeling runs)
Mudline temperature, How was BHST determined? BHST determination is important to
BHST, and possibly correctly determine BHCT
BHCT
TOC Top of lead, with multiple slurries
Tail cement length Use 500 ft above the top of the gas zone unless the lead slurry is also
designed as a gas migration slurry
If foamed, unfoamed Commonly the bottom 50 ft plus all of the shoe track (Drilling foamed
tail length cement, while easy, should be avoided if possible since the gas
coming back can be mistaken for a well control incident)
Shoe track length 1 to 2 joints
Depth of last casing Depth at which the liner will be set
Top of liner (Omit for casing jobs)
Rat-hole length Recommend that it be filled with a heavy viscous pill that should be at
least as heavy as the shoe cement density (maximum length 50–80 ft)
Thickening time How much thickening time does the customer want over job time?
safety factor (Too much safety factor can adversely affect initial set time)
Slurry density Values suggested by the customer need to be confirmed as safe with
OptiCem modeling runs
Pipe movement Pipe movement is critical for effective mud removal
option
Centralizer options A 70% minimum standoff is recommended, 80% is ideal
Collapse pressure Run OptiCem software to help ensure the tail cement doesn’t create
rating of the casing excessive hydrostatic differential
just above the shoe

Bulk cement storage Need both the number of tanks and the size of each silo (important off
silo data shore) (With Tuned Light™ cement jobs, getting enough bulk material
onto the rig to help ensure cement circulation to the surface may be a
challenge. Tail cement height also needs to be reconciled with bulk
storage options.)
Pit volumes Need the number of pits and the sizes of each, as mix water storage
and spacer mixing may require use of the rig pits (important off shore)
Available deck space Before foam cement can be considered, determine whether adequate
for N2 equipment deck space is available to spot the additional required equipment
(important off shore)
Maximum circulating Normally maximum rates are determined by frictional effects in the
rate annulus

D. Preparing for the Follow-up Customer Visit

With the required data and a clear understanding of the customer’s goals for the well and cement
job objectives, we can prepare to present the recommended job options to the customer. In the
follow-up visit, we formalize the job design as well as the cementing objectives and performance
criteria for the job.
The first step is developing slurry options. At a minimum, a basic solution and a Done Best
proposal are prepared. Additional options can certainly be offered if well conditions warrant.
With slurry options determined, risk analysis should be performed to determine potential
consequences related to the choices. These risks should be contrasted with potential benefits
available from the various options.
Slurry Selection: Benefits from Done Best
The term job design, as used in this playbook, encompasses both slurry design and all of the
calculations around rates, volumes, centralizers, etc.
When determining the ideal solution for cementing casing under specific well conditions, the
major issues and operator concerns should be identified and prioritized. After considering these
primary concerns as well as all of the other risk factors documented in previous sections, we can
recommend a solution.
Risks Associated with Basic Cementing
The operator should be informed of the limitations and risks associated with selecting a basic
cement design.
Done Best vs. Basic Design
Part of the Tuned Solutions™ strategy for increased revenue is upselling one of the new Tuned
Cementing Solutions™ systems. These new systems are benefit-based solutions designed around
the greatest well concerns for a specific cement job.
With the concept of Tuned Solutions, we can compare risks associated with the low-cost or basic
solution with the benefits of the ideal solution for the particular string of pipe. When presented
properly, the benefits of the ideal solution compared to the risks associated with the basic
solution will leave only one logical choice. Occasionally that will be the low-cost solution, but
when a premium solution is truly the better solution for the well, the Tuned Solutions process
will help close the deal.
Success Metrics: Key Performance Indicators
With Halliburton’s new Operational Excellence quality assurance program (see below), the
cement will be placed, whether the inexpensive EconoCem™ cement or the ideal Tuned
Solutions option is purchased. Obviously if the goals of the cement job are different, the success
metrics for the job should be different as well.
To help ensure a win-win relationship with every customer, we should be clear on the objectives
as well as the performance criteria. These mutually agreed-on objectives and performance
criteria need to be documented for review following completion of the job.

Job Design
Upon completion of the follow-up customer meeting, the job design basics are decided as well as
the cementing objectives and the performance criteria. With these formalized, the final job
design process can begin. In instances where the BD group has been responsible up to this point,
it will be common to hand a job to the operations team to complete the job design and,
ultimately, the job execution.

E. Operational Excellence
For Tuned Solutions™ to be successful, Halliburton cement jobs should be pumped more
effectively and with fewer problems than those pumped by our competitors. As such, an even
greater focus should be placed on Operational Excellence.
Twelve steps to Operational Excellence. It is through Operational Excellence that we add value
to our customers’ wells. To achieve this new level of Operational Excellence and roll it into a
Tuned Solutions job, we should be properly prepared, as shown below:
3 1. The well challenges are clearly understood and agreed on.
3 2. A Done Right® design is identified and worked up.
3 3. A Basic design needs to be identified and worked up.
3 4. Benefits from Done Right are identified and documented.
3 5. Risks associated with the Basic design are identified and documented.
3 6. The objectives are discussed and agreed on.
3 7. Best practices are reviewed and implemented.
3 8. The KPIs are determined and agreed on with the customer.
3 9. A firm testing plan is presented to the laboratory.
3 10. HMS procedures and service standards are followed.
3 11. Well-maintained equipment is available on location to do the work.
3 12. Job design and procedures are reviewed on location with customer and operations team.
3 13. Job is executed per design.
14. PJR occurs with the customer within five days after job completion (discuss job success
3 and any outstanding issues).
Differentiate with Operational Excellence. In addition to increased revenue from upselling to

value-added systems, the real benefits will result from our ever-increasing levels of Operational
Excellence. With Halliburton’s new Tuned Solutions process and its documented structured
work flow process, jobs will be designed to meet each customer’s specific goals. When these
superior job designs are carried out by Halliburton people following documented HMS
procedures, our customers will know that if they want the job done right, first time and every
time, Halliburton is the company to call.
As a result, two engineering checklists have been prepared to help ensure your job has been
properly designed and runs smoothly. These two checklists can be found in Appendix B and
Appendix C. HMS processes and associated links are included in Appendix E.
At Halliburton we might not be the cheapest, but with competent people, properly designed jobs,
high-quality equipment, high-quality additives, and Tuned Solutions, we are the best.

F. Follow-up on All Jobs

It is important for us, at Halliburton, to exceed our customer’s expectations. As such, we need to
prepare a PJR to confirm that we performed as expected or better. The PJR should include a
discussion of the documented job objectives and performance criteria, what was expected of us,
what we accomplished, and what we delivered. This PJR needs to be delivered in person and
discussed with the customer within five days after the job. In addition to reviewing the PJR, we
should attempt to collect feedback, agree on the success or shortcomings of the job, review
lessons learned (if any), and ask for suggestions as part of our quest for continuous improvement.
The PJR needs to contain the following information and specific outcomes:
• Agreed-on job objectives
• Agreed-on performance criteria
• SUMMIT™ workflow software output
• Centralizers used (planned vs. actual)
• Job procedures (planned vs. actual)
• Cement circulated back to the design TOC
• Cement circulated after the correct amount of circulation (Early returns indicate channeling,
which means better hole conditioning and/or more spacer would be required for next time)
• Flow observed after cementing
• Material balances (offshore/remote locations)
• Casing fall after slack off
• Sufficient shoe integrity to drill ahead
• Shoe track length (planned vs. actual)
• Volumes pumped (planned vs. actual)
• Rat-hole length
• Use of heavy high-viscosity diverter mud in rat-hole
• Percent excess cement used (actual vs. required excess per OptiCem™ modeling software)

Gas Tight Cementing

Definitions
Annular gas migration: Gas flow up, through, or around the cement column from an
overpressure zone to the surface or into a lower-pressured zone up the wellbore. While many
wells are drilled so that gas flows up to the surface through the pipe, flow outside the pipe should
be avoided.
CGSP (also known as transition time): The period of time during which a gas channel can form
in a column of unset cement. It can be measured by timing the period from when the slurry
reaches its CSGS until it reaches 500 lb per 100 ft2 (the end of the transition time). At 500 lb per
100 ft2, the slurry is so thick that gas bubbles cannot percolate up through the cement unless a
channel has already formed. In older literature, a default value of 100 lb per 100 ft2 corresponds
to the start of transition time.
CSGS (formerly known as start of transition time): The end of the ZGT or the point where the
slurry has developed sufficient gel strength to support some of its own weight. Once the cement
slurry reaches its CSGS and supports some of its own weight, it is no longer able to transmit its
full theoretical hydrostatic pressure. If any volume losses occur, a reduction in effective
hydrostatic pressure across from the gas zone can occur. When CSGS was known as the start of
transition time, it was initially assigned the value of 100 lb per 100 ft2, but since it is geometry-
dependent, it is better to calculate the actual value from the following formula:
CSGS = (OP)(300)/(L/Deff)
where
OP = initial theoretical hydrostatic overbalance pressure as the plug lands (psi),
300 = conversion factor (lb/in),
L = length of the cement column (ft),
Deff = DOH – DC
where
DOH = Diameter of open hole (in),
DC = Diameter of casing (in).

Flow through unset cement: Gas can migrate out of a pressurized zone through one of three
mechanisms: the formation of a gas channel in unset cement, the creation of a microannulus or
cracks in the cement sheath, or the appearance of dehydrated mud channels. If gas flow is
observed within hours or even a few days of the job, it is most likely passing through a gas
channel that formed in the unset cement. (The other two mechanisms typically don’t yield
observable gas flow to the surface for weeks, months, or even years.)
Gas channel: A continuous pathway through cement from the pressurized gas zone back to the
surface or some lower-pressured intermediate zone. Once the cement sets around one of these

channels, the pathway is permanent and will remain unless production materials plug it; gas
channels are nearly impossible to remediate.
GFP: A dimensionless number which represents the likelihood that gas will flow up through the
unset cement, if nothing is done to inhibit this flow. The GFP can be calculated from the
following formula:
GFP = MPR/OP
where
MPR = 1.67/(L/Deff),
OP = initial theoretical hydrostatic overbalance pressure as the plug lands (psi),
where
1.67 = conversion factor at 500 lb per 100 ft2
L = length of the cement column (ft),
Deff = DOH – DC
where
DOH = diameter of open hole (in),
DC = diameter of casing (in).

If the geometry changes across the cemented interval, sum up the maximum pressure restriction
for each section. If more than one slurry is used and the CGSPs are similar, use a combined
slurry length. If the lead slurry does not reach the CSGS until after the tail has completed its
CGSP, only consider the tail slurry length.
The GFP is used to determine the severity of the well’s potential to experience annular gas
migration problems. The following table details the numerical breakdown.
GFP Analysis
0–1 No problem
1–3 Minor
3–8 Moderate
>8 Severe
Maximum pressure restriction (MPR): The maximum pressure differential that a gelled-up
column will support. If volume losses equated to a greater pressure reduction, the column could
literally fall, regenerating all or part of the lost pressure. (The equation for MPR above is at the
end of the CGSP. MPR at any value of gel strength could be calculated in the same way.)

Microannulus: Occurence when, through the application of excessive stress, the cement sheath
decouples from the pipe or the formation. (Stress to cause decoupling could occur during the
high pumping phase after a fracturing job, when the pipe expands. During flowback, the pipe
will contract as pressure is released. Ideally, the cement will remain bonded to the pipe during
this process, however, if the cement deforms plastically, it may not be able to return to its initial
position and debonding occurs. An alternate possibility for decoupling would be when there was
no bond to begin with, such as if OBM was combined with insufficient spacer volume or poor
spacer design so that the pipe or formation did not return to a water-wet state.)
Static gel strength: During mixing and pumping, the cement slurry behaves as a liquid. The set
cement sheath behaves as a solid. When a cement slurry is allowed to be static, it will behave as
a fluid for a period of time. After this time passes, the static slurry will begin to develop a more
plastic behavior and lose some of the unique properties commonly exhibited by liquids. The
development of static gel strength causes these properties to change before the cement becomes a
solid sheath around the outside of the pipe.
Transmission of hydrostatic pressure: A standard property of fluids. As cement slurry
transitions from a liquid to a solid, it loses the ability to transmit hydrostatic pressure. If a liter of
fluid is lost from a section of cement slurry while it is still behaving as a fluid, the pressure
change from this loss in a typical 1,000- to 20,000-ft well will not be measurable. Once ZGT has
passed, however, any net volume loss will correspond to a loss of pressure.
ZGT: The length of time that passes from when the slurry goes static (on conclusion of the job)
until enough CSGS is developed to inhibit the transmission of hydrostatic pressure—generally,
the time period from the start of the test or the end of pumping until the gel strength reaches the
CGSP. In older literature, a default value of 100 lb per 100 ft2 often corresponds to the end point
for the ZGT.

Preparing for the Initial Customer Visit

For the Tuned Solutions™ initiative to succeed, it is critical to offer customers the best possible
job and slurry designs. To accomplish this goal, ask all the right questions during the two
preliminary visits to the customer. To ask the desired questions, first understand the major
challenges that could affect the outcome of the cement job and grasp all the various design
options.
In this section the major challenges, design considerations, and key questions are discussed. The
key questions have been tabulated and summarized in a Well Information Data Collection form
that is in Appendix A.
Note: Proper engineering, also required for Tuned Solutions success, is covered in the Job
Design section.
A. Major Challenges
The major challenges that need to be overcome to achieve Operational Excellence are
• Gas flow prevention
• Effective mud removal
• Slurry design.
These three major challenges and associated issues are detailed below.
Gas flow prevention 1. What is the GFP?
2. How do we devise a job design that can overcome the GFP?
3. Can we make the slurry heavy enough to control the gas but light
enough to circulate?
4. Can we make the slurry thixotropic enough to control the gas and
still complete the job if there are shutdowns?
5. Which techniques should be used to overcome the well’s GFP?
6. Can we alter the job design to reduce the GFP?
Effective mud removal 1. How do we get enough mud out of the cemented interval to
provide long-term zonal isolation?
2. Can we modify the mud to enable easier displacement?
3. Can we work the pipe?
4. Can we use enough centralizers?
5. Can we use enough spacer?
6. Can we get the spacer to rewater-wet the wellbore and pipe?
Slurry design 1. Can we get the fluid loss low enough?

2. Do we rely on a short CGSP?
3. Do we use a volume generator?
4. Can we use a delayed gelling lead?

B. Design Considerations
The design considerations for any cementing job can be broken down into four primary
categories:
• Logistics
• Job particulars
• Slurry design
• Contingency planning.
Remember to always refer to offset well data. Customers like seeing references to offset wells
when reviewing service company recommendations.
These four major considerations and associated issues for gas migration prevention are detailed
below:
Logistics 1. Are there any special mixing requirements associated with the
slurry design?
2. Are there any special chemicals or equipment required on
location?
Job particulars 1. Will any additive require special mixing or injection on location?
2. Can we work the pipe throughout the job?
3. Do we circulate cement out on top of the liner or just pull pipe?
4. If the slurry is thixotropic, for how long can we shut down and still
be able to complete the job?
Slurry design 1. Can we make the slurry thixotropic enough to prevent gas
migration and not be a risk to the placement process?
2. What fluid loss is low enough?
3. Have we made the lead slurry less thixotropic than the tail?
4. How much of the initial hydrostatic pressure will still be available at
the end of the CGSP?

Contingency planning 1. What must we do to circulate out hydrogen gas?

2. What will we do if we create hydrogen gas on the surface in the
mixing tub?
3. Lost circulation
a. While running casing (prior to the start of cementing
operations)
b. During the cementing operation
4. Equipment malfunction
a. Loss of automation on cementing unit
b. Inability to mix cement at required rate and/or density
c. Loss of automation on nitrogen unit
d. Failure of flow meters or density meters
e. Loss of liquid additive system
f. Incorrect metering of additives
g. Leaks
h. Bulk cement flow interruptions
i. Mix water delivery interruptions
j. Failure of radio communications
k. Failure of ROV
l. Failure of subsea wellhead equipment
m. Extremely early cement returns (indicator of cement
channeling)
C. Data to Collect from the Customer
The table provided in the Marketing Strategy section describes the types of data that contribute
to every cementing job design. The types of data shown below are unique to prevention of
annular gas migration during cementing.
Gas-generating In-situ gas generation is one of our most powerful tools; however,
cement some people have concerns about the hydrogen gas. This system has
been used in tens of thousands of wells. Even so, a discussion is
required, especially if the cement will be circulated out as with liner
jobs. In addition, some gas may reach the surface after drilling the
shoe.
Foamed cement The increased compressibility of foam cement decreases the rate of
pressure loss once the CSGS is reached. If the pressure is maintained
at a high enough level, gas migration can be avoided. Is foam cement
an option for this well?
Fluid loss target Any fluid lost from the slurry to the formation after the plug lands will
contribute to a loss of annular pressure; therefore reducing fluid loss
decreases the likelihood of gas migration. How much fluid loss does
the customer want to pay for? Keep in mind that, at low temperatures,
too much fluid loss additive can cause overretardation.

Preparing for the Follow-up Customer Visit

A. Slurry Selection: Benefits from Done Best
When determining the ideal solution for cementing casing when a gas channeling risk is present,
the primary consideration is how the slurry will overcome the GFP and the secondary
consideration should be how the slurry will circulate. After considering these two concerns as
well as all of the other risk factors documented in previous sections, we can recommend a
solution.
In this selection matrix, ElastiCem™ cement, LifeCem™ cement, and the unfoamed version of
Tuned Light™ cement do not necessarily provide protection against gas influx and migration
through the unset cement. These slurries can, however, be foamed or made thixotropic to combat
gas migration. Elastomers and fibers are intended to improve the mechanical properties, not to
provide gas migration prevention. When dealing with gas migration challenges, it is best to
consider the factors that make the GasStop™ system what it is when designing other systems.
Slurry Selection Matrix
GasStop LifeCem ElastiCem Tuned Light EconoCem
Feature/Benefit cement cement cement cement cement
Increased compressibility for

9 9 9
reduced pressure loss
Low densities 9 9 9 9 9
Elastic and resilient sheath 9** 9 9 9**
React-and-respond autosealing 9
Energized fluid for improved
9*
displacement efficiency
Low fluid loss control for
9 9 9 9
reduced pressure loss
Rapid gel strength development
9 9*** 9*** 9
for reduced pressure loss
Low cost 9
* Foamed version
** With the addition of WellLife® additives or when foamed
*** With the addition of thixotropic additives
GasStop Cement To Prevent Annular Gas Migration Through Unset Cement: Benefits
1. General
a. Slurry stability after placement is crucial for successful gas migration control.
Any settling will promote gas influx if it occurs at the critical depth.
b. When discussing factors that help mitigate gas influx, bear in mind that one factor
does not make the other unnecessary. Equivalently, using all available factors
when the GFP is high is more important than when the GFP is low. (For example,
a foam slurry designed to also have a short CGSP will be much more effective in
controlling gas influx than if it relied on increased compressibility alone.

Furthermore, using colloidal silica in combination with foam can even further
enhance the slurry’s capability to prevent gas migration.)
c. In wells with overpressured gas zones and low fracture gradients, it is important
to design the slurry at a density sufficiently low that a column height of the length
required can be circulated.
d. If long-term zonal isolation is critical in addition to avoiding early gas migration
issues, WellLife® additives can be added to the design (for an additional fee) to
create a design capable of surviving in a high-stress downhole environment.
e. GasStop™ cements are designed to have low fluid-loss characteristics. Fluid loss
is a major component of volume lost from the slurry after the plug lands. The sum
of all volume loss directly relates to the pressure loss.
f. Rapid gel strength development is one critical tool to avoid formation of gas
channels through unset cement. Significant pressure loss does not begin until the
slurry starts to gel and channels will not form after the slurry becomes sufficiently
thick. Therefore, the shorter the time span from “thick enough to start losing
pressure” until “thick enough to prevent channel formation” means there would
be less time for pressure loss.
i. Gel delay. By delaying the gel development, the CGSP (transition time)
can be reduced. Materials that provide this feature are, for instance, HT™
retarders (in particular SCR-500I™ high-temperature retarder), GasStop
cement, Halad®-344 fluid-loss additive, Halad-600LE+ fluid-loss additive,
and FDP-C888 fluid-loss additive. By using such materials and optimizing
the dispersion, significant improvements can be made. Caution should be
exercised with regards to slurry stability, however, since gel strength is
fundamental for particle suspension. In a similar context, well-dispersed
slurries are easier to design for rapid gel transition. As a result, it is
important to find the balance with a robust slurry design.
ii. Gel acceleration. Sometimes it is more beneficial to accelerate gel
development, especially at low temperatures, in any of a number of ways
(for example, combining an accelerator with a retarder or dispersant or
using sea water instead of fresh water). All known accelerators, such as
CaCl2 and VersaSet™ additive, will reduce the CGSP. In some instances,
accelerators are not practical to use because of incompatibilities or
secondary effects. (For example, CaCl2 adversely impacts most fluid-loss-
control agents’ ability to control fluid loss.) In such an event, gel
accelerators like CGM-1™ additive or a combination of Gascon™
lightweight cement additive and CGM-2™ additive can be attempted.
2. Foamed version
a. The foamed version of GasStop cement is more compressible than conventional
cement because of the small nitrogen bubbles. As a slurry’s compressibility
increases, each unit of volume lost corresponds to an ever-decreasing pressure
reduction, which reduces the likelihood that a gas channel will form.

b. The small nitrogen bubbles in foamed GasStop™ cement yield a high wall-shear
stress that makes foamed cement a more effective mud displacement tool than
conventional cement. If foaming equipment is already on location, the additional
cost to foam the spacer is minimal. Foaming the spacer is one of the best tools for
increasing the percentage of mud removed prior to cementing.
3. Unfoamed version
When using an unfoamed version of GasStop cement, the only slurry design factors one can use
are low fluid loss, gel transition acceleration or delay, and influx control.
a. Fluid loss should in general be low. The specification depends on formation
permeability. For sandstone, it is customary to use < 50 cm3 per 30 min. For tight
formations like chalk, 100–150 cm3 per 30 min can be tolerated.
b. Gel transition is discussed in the general section.
c. Gas influx control can be obtained by adding materials that either 1) block the
slurry matrix pore space by immobilizing the pore water or 2) prevent influx by
immobilizing gas bubbles as they enter by adsorption, forming a blocking
cushion.
i. Gas blocker—microsilica. At sufficient concentration, microsilica
material will prevent gas influx. Low fluid loss is always required to
benefit from this product. Gel strength versus GFP calculations are still
recommended and, if GFP is high, other measures should be taken as well.
The exact concentration required is dependent on the product and type of
cement as well as other materials affecting the particle size distribution
and, consequently, the pore space. Typical charts developed for class G
cement have been included in Appendix G.
ii. Gas immobilizer—colloidal silica. At sufficient concentration, colloidal
silica material will prevent gas influx. Low fluid loss is always required to
benefit from this product. Gel strength versus GFP calculations are still
recommended and, if GFP is high, other measures should be taken as well.
The exact concentration required is dependent on the product and type of
cement as well as other materials affecting the particle size distribution
and, consequently, the pore space. Typical charts developed for class G
cement have been included in Appendix H.
LifeCem Cement To Prevent Annular Gas Migration Through Unset Cement: Benefits
1. LifeSeal™ cement, the foamed version of LifeCem™ cement, is more compressible than
conventional cement because of the small nitrogen bubbles. As a slurry’s compressibility
increases, each unit of volume lost corresponds to an ever-decreasing pressure reduction,
which reduces the likelihood that a gas channel will form. This process is a result of the
significant total gas volume in the finely dispersed nitrogen bubbles within the slurry matrix,
which causes the compressibility to be very high; therefore a slight volume reduction in the
annulus will not produce a significant pressure reduction. As a result, hydrostatic pressure
can be maintained locally much longer—all the way through the CGSP—into the gellation
process, so that hopefully the pressure is maintained above the pore pressure through the
critical gel period.

2. In wells with overpressured gas zones and low fracture gradients, it is important to design the
slurry at a density sufficiently low that a column height of the length required can be
circulated.
3. If long-term zonal isolation is critical in addition to avoiding early gas migration issues,
LifeCem™ slurries by definition offer enhanced elasticity and resilient properties, creating a
cement sheath capable of surviving in a high-stress downhole environment.
4. LifeCem cements contain proprietary technologies that enable the sheath to react and respond
to hydrocarbon flow through microcracks or even a microannulus, sealing off the flow
without any topside intervention.
5. The small nitrogen bubbles in LifeSeal™ cement yield a high wall-shear stress and a
nitrogen-bubble-scouring effect as well as an extensional viscosity that makes foamed
cement a more effective mud displacement tool than conventional cement. If foaming
equipment is already on location, the additional cost to foam the spacer is minimal. Foaming
the spacer is one of the best tools for increasing the percentage of mud removed prior to
cementing.
6. LifeCem cements are designed to have low fluid-loss characteristics. Fluid loss is a major
component of volume lost from the slurry after the plug lands. The sum of all volume loss
directly relates to the pressure loss.
7. Rapid gel strength development is one critical tool to avoid formation of gas channels
through unset cement. Significant pressure loss does not begin until the slurry starts to gel
and channels will not form after the slurry becomes sufficiently thick. Therefore, the shorter
the time span from “thick enough to start losing pressure” until “thick enough to prevent
channel formation” means the less time for pressure loss. With the addition of thixotropic
additives, LifeCem slurries can be designed to develop gel strength rapidly. LifeSeal cements
are naturally thixotropic.
ElastiCem Cement To Prevent Annular Gas Migration Through Unset Cement: Benefits
1. The foamed version of ElastiCem™ cement, ElastiSeal™ cement is more compressible than
conventional cement because of the small nitrogen bubbles. As a slurry’s compressibility
increases, each unit of volume lost corresponds to an ever-decreasing pressure reduction,
which reduces the likelihood that a gas channel will form.
2. In wells with overpressured gas zones and low fracture gradients, it is important to design the
slurry at a density sufficiently low that a column height of the length required can be
circulated.
ElastiCem slurries by definition offer enhanced elasticity and resilient properties, creating a
cement sheath capable of surviving in a high-stress downhole environment.
4. The small nitrogen bubbles in ElastiSeal cement yield a high wall-shear stress that makes
foamed cement a more effective mud displacement tool than conventional cement. If
foaming equipment is already on location, the additional cost to foam the spacer is minimal.
Foaming the spacer is one of the best tools for increasing the percentage of mud removed
prior to cementing.

5. ElastiCem™ cements are designed to have low fluid-loss characteristics. Fluid loss is a major
component of volume lost from the slurry after the plug lands. The sum of all volume loss
directly relates to the pressure loss.
6. Rapid gel strength development is one critical tool to avoid formation of gas channels
channel formation” means the less time for pressure loss. With the addition of thixotropic
additives, ElastiCem slurries can be designed to develop gel strength rapidly. ElastiSeal™
cements are naturally thixotropic.
Tuned Light Cement To Prevent Annular Gas Migration Through Unset Cement: Benefits
1. Conventional cement systems will, at low densities, contain too much water to allow proper
control of the properties and parameters that are essential for the mitigation of gas influx. In
such instances, Tuned Light™ systems may be preferable. Tuned Light cements can be
designed as light as necessary to be circulated in wells with a reduced fracture gradient
without compromising the slurry properties. If the cement slurry is too heavy, it will not
circulate.
WellLife® additives can be added to these designs (for an additional fee) to create a design
capable of surviving in a high-stress downhole environment.
3. Tuned Light cements can be designed to have low fluid-loss characteristics. Fluid loss is a
major component of volume lost from the slurry after the plug lands. The sum of all volume
loss directly relates to the pressure loss.
4. Tuned Light cements are inherently thixotropic, so it is relatively easy to design them for
rapid gel strength development, which is one critical tool to avoid formation of gas channels
channel formation” means the less time for pressure loss.
EconoCem Cement for Antigas Migration During Cementing: Benefits
EconoCem™ cement can provide the required volume of cement for a lower cost than any of the
other cementing systems. EconoCem cement should only be considered on wells with minor
GFP unless preventing gas channel formation is not a concern.
However, operators can in some instances control gas and save money by placing a less-
expensive EconoCem cement system on top of a gas migration controlling system—using a
competent system as the tail and only placing cement across the problem intervals. In such cases,
the gel development of the EconoCem lead slurry must be designed so that the possibility of job
success is maximized. This goal is accomplished by ensuring the ZGT of the lead extends past
the CGSP of the tail.

B. Risks Associated with Basic Cementing

When cementing in formation areas where the potential for annular gas migration up through
unset cement is a concern, operators have the following objectives:
• No gas flow in the annulus following the cement job
• Circulating cement up to the required height.
Basic cementing. The high yield (in terms of cubic feet of slurry per sack of cement) makes
EconoCem™ cement the lowest-cost slurry we can mix under most wellbore conditions.
EconoCem cement might work if circulating cement to a predetermined height is the only
concern for a specific well, GFP is minor, and delayed initial set is not an issue. However, the
extra water that makes an EconoCem cement design less expensive also makes it less capable of
preventing gas migration with moderate or severe GFPs.

C. Done Best vs. Basic Design

Cementing options for prevention of gas channels through unset cement. The range of
options includes foamed and conventional GasStop™ cement, LifeCem™ cement and foamed
LifeSeal™ cement, ElastiCem™ cement and foamed ElastiSeal™ cement, Tuned Light™
nonfoam cement, and EconoCem™ nonfoam cement.
GasStop LifeCem ElastiCem Tuned Light EconoCem
Feature/Benefit cement cement cement cement cement
Offers an economic solution to annular

gas migration prevention 9
Capable of providing a good gas-tight
slurry design 9 9 9 9
Provides a sheath designed to survive
years of abuse in high-stress welbores 9 9
Provides react-and-respond technology
in case annular flow appears at some 9
time in the future
Can be designed for ultra-low-pressure
applications
9
Recommended for wellbores requiring
weighted slurries 9 9 9
Low cost
9
Ability to control GFP < 8 (higher <8 < 8 (higher if < 8 (higher if <1
if foamed) (higher if foamed) foamed)
foamed)
EconoCem cement. EconoCem cement is the low-cost alternative and the new Operational
Excellence quality assurance program will help ensure that it can be successfully mixed and
pumped. However, for a GFP > 3, EconoCem cement may not be able to prevent the formation
of a gas channel through the unset cement and the resulting annular pressure buildup.
GasStop cement. Although it is a more expensive option, GasStop cement will help maximize
the chances of creating a cement sheath that has not been compromised by the formation of gas
channels. GasStop cement can offer the following cost-effective benefits:
• Presents the most economical solution capable of overcoming a well’s GFP
• Can be tuned using GasStop technology to provide various levels of control, depending on
the well’s GFP
• Works equally well in wellbores requiring low-density and high-density cementing solutions
• Can be foamed if desired or required.
LifeCem cement. As the most expensive option, recommendations for LifeCem cement should
be reserved for high approval for expenditure (AFE) wells, wells in high-stress environments, or
wells that need the best possible solution. LifeCem cement can offer the following cost-effective
benefits:
• Can be tuned to provide various levels of control, depending on the well’s GFP

• Provides a set sheath that will be more resilient and elastic than a sheath produced using
conventional cement
• Incorporates react-and-respond technology that allows small cracks in the cement sheath or
microannuli to be automatically sealed after flow begins, without intervention from the
surface
• Comes in a foamed version as LifeSeal™ cement.
ElastiCem cement. As an expensive option, recommendations for ElastiCem™ cement should
be reserved for high AFE wells, wells in high-stress environments, or wells that need our best
possible solution. ElastiCem cement can offer the following cost-effective benefits:
• Can be tuned using GasStop™ technology to provide various levels of control, depending on
the well’s GFP
• Provides a set sheath that will be more resilient and elastic than a sheath produced using
conventional cement
• Comes in a foamed version as ElastiSeal™ cement.
Tuned Light™ cement can offer the following cost-effective benefits:
• Can be tuned using GasStop technology to provide various levels of control, depending on
the well’s GFP
• Can be mixed to lower slurry densities than any other system for use in wells with very low
fracture gradients
• Can be foamed if desired or required.

D. Success Metrics: Key Performance Indicators

With Halliburton’s new Operational Excellence quality assurance program, the cement will be
placed regardless of whether the inexpensive EconoCem™ cement or the ideal Tuned® solution
is purchased. Obviously, if the goals of the cement job are different, the success metrics for the
job should be different as well.
To help ensure a win-win relationship with every customer, we should be clear on the job
objectives as well as the performance criteria. These mutually agreed objectives and performance
criteria need to be documented for review following completion of the job.
Identify cement job • No flow after cementing?
goals • Full returns?
• Cement tops at a specific depth?
Parameters monitored • Spacer volume(s)

for the Operational • Cement volume(s)
Excellence quality • Displacement volume(s)
assurance program • Pump rates
• Fluid densities
• Pump pressures
• Conditioning time
• Shutdown times
• Safety incidents
• Spill occurrences
• Annular flow
• Material balances (offshore or other remote locations)
At a minimum, the items in bold above should be captured as key

real-time data. Ideally, these actual data will be compared graphically
to the planned data, using OptiCem RT™ modeling software.
During post-job reviews, comparing the actual measured parameters

with planned parameters enables the customer to confirm that
Halliburton is truly delivering superior service quality.

Job Design: Gas Flow Prevention After Cementing

As a result of the follow-up customer meeting, the job design basics are determined as well as
the cementing objectives and the performance criteria. With these parameters formalized, the
final job design process can begin. In instances where the BD group has been responsible up to
this point, it will be common to hand off the project to the operations team and have its members
complete the job design and ultimately the job execution.
To properly design a gas-tight cement job, several separate steps should be completed:
• Calculate or simulate the following parameters
• Measure or test the following unknowns
• Utilize the documented best practices.
A. Calculate/Simulate
When performing job design work on wells with the potential for annular gas migration, all of
the standard job design best practices are even more important. If the basics of good job design
are not accomplished, the specialties will not be enough. In addition to using OptiCem™
modeling to help ensure the volumes and densities as well as nitrogen volumes and rates (when
foaming) are optimized, the GFP needs to be carefully calculated, analyzed, and recalculated.
Focus the design around minimizing the GFP and then design a slurry that can best handle what
ever-flow potential is left after the design changes are implemented.
Calculate/Simulate 1. BHCT—This number will most often come from offset jobs (local
knowledge), however, use WELLCAT™ software for all
nonstandard well situations. When approximating, err on the high
side. If you can get thickening times at your “high” guess and still
get strengths at the actual BHST, you have built in a sufficient
safety factor.
2. BHST—Use a local baseline temperature plus a geothermal
gradient times vertical depth.
3. Lead/tail placement times—Placement times are calculated from
volume, divided by rate, plus the placement times of fluids
following, plus any planned shutdown times (dropping plugs,
switching fluids, washing lines, etc.).
4. Minimum safe thickening times—Determine these by adding a
safety factor to the calculated placement time.
5. Maximum pre-job conditioning rate is normally to be determined by
OptiCem™ modeling.
6. Maximum displacement rate to maintain circulation (see Maximum
pre-job conditioning rate).
7. Displacement rate that will allow spacer to effectively displace the
mud—For given geometry, mud system, and spacer properties, a
rate can be determined that will provide 100% displacement
efficiency.
8. Theoretical job time can be determined from placement times
combined with the various static times.
9. GFP—Magnitude will affect both slurry and job design.
10. Water requirement and slurry yield should be determined for both
lead and tail cements.
11. With Spherelite™-based slurries, determine both surface and
downhole density and yields. An increasing amount of Spherelite

material crushes as pressure increases. As the material crushes,

the yield decreases and the density increases. To account for
these phenomena, additional slurry volume above the
conventional volume should be mixed so that after the shrinkage,
the desired downhole volume will be available, and a lighter slurry
should be mixed on the surface so that after crushing, the desired
downhole slurry density will be placed.
12. Required lead and tail volumes—Design tail to be at least 300 ft
above the critical zone. If the lead is designed to be gas-tight, the
tail should be at least 500 ft or 500 sk, whichever is less.
a. Slurry volumes
b. Bulk volumes
c. Mix water volumes
13. Additive volumes—for both lead and tail cements
a. To the bulk plant, to be blended
b. To the rig, to make the mix water
c. To the rig, for continuous metering system injection
14. With foam
a. Determination of base slurry density—The optimum N2
concentration is 10–30 vol% under downhole conditions. The
base slurry then will be 10–30% heavier. The actual base
slurry, at this heavier density, can be designed specifically for
this job or some other preexisting design can be used as long
as the density is close. If it is off slightly, the difference can be
compensated for by adding slightly more or less gas. When
selecting the gas concentration, remember that less gas yields
less elastic, less compressible cement which has better
strengths, lower permeabilities, and higher cost—and vice
versa for more gas.
b. Required base slurry volume—Less base slurry volume is
required when foaming, when compared to conventional
cementing, since the injected N2 will occupy some of that
space (typically 10–35% under downhole conditions), based
on OptiCem™-modeled output
c. Required N2 volume to decrease the base cement slurry
density to the desired downhole density, based on OptiCem-
modeled output
d. N2 concentration/rate—Determine the desired N2 injection rate
into the cement, at surface conditions and in an OptiCem-
modeled concentration (scf/bbl), so that downhole slurry is at
the desired density and yields the desired volume. Some N2
equipment is designed to deliver at a rate (scf/min) instead of
a concentration (scf/bbl). The desired N2 rate can be
determined by multiplying the measured downhole slurry rate
by the OptiCem software-calculated concentration.
e. Foamer/Stabilizer concentration based on OptiCem output
f. Foamer/Stabilizer volume based on OptiCem output
15. Total mix fluid requirement—If offshore, is there sufficient surplus
pit capacity for the lead mix fluid, the tail mix fluid, and the spacer?
(Some of the mud pits might be required for mud!)
16. Displacement volume
17. Confirm customer-requested slurry densities are safe with
OptiCem modeling.
18. Determine with OptiCem modeling if 0.5 lb/gal over mud weight is
safe for spacer density.
19. Determine with OptiCem modeling if 0.5 lb/gal over spacer weight

is safe for cement density.

20. Spacer type and volume
a. Tune the rheology to compensate for the mud system’s gel
strength.
b. Select volume from best practices then tune the volume
recommendation to a specific pit size (if offshore).
21. Calculate the CSGS—Value at start of transition time: CSGS =
(Po)(300)/((Dc – Dh)/L) where Po = pressure owing to hydrostatic
overbalance (psi) at the potential influx zone, 300 is a conversion
factor, L is cement column length above the zone (ft), Dc is casing
diameter (in), and Dh is openhole size (in).
22. Torque and drag—Not normally an issue with the large annular
gaps in riserless cementing, but sometimes it is important,
especially after a contingency string has been cemented.
23. Bottomhole pressure—Pressures should be kept above pore
pressure and below fracture pressure
24. Surge pressure—The casing should be run slowly enough to
prevent lost circulation once the pipe has entered the open hole. If
losses are induced through surging, achieving a successful
cement job becomes more difficult.

B. Slurry Design
Slurry design will be highly dependent on the well’s GFP, AFE, and planned well life.
Preventing gas migration can be accomplished through slurry modification, job design changes,
or some combination of both.
To successfully prevent the formation of a gas channel in the unset cement, conventional slurries
can be modified in five ways: decrease volume losses, extend zero gel time, decrease CGSP, add
gas influx preventing materials, and/or increase slurry compressibility.
Controlling volume losses—The easiest way to decrease volume losses is by controlling fluid
losses. Fluid loss additives can decrease, but not completely eliminate, volume loss from a static
column of cement slurry. The numerous tiny bubbles in a stable foam slurry decrease the fluid
loss when compared to the base slurry, but will not eliminate volume losses. Larger GFPs require
tighter fluid loss control than would be designed for a well with a smaller GFP. The only way to
eliminate volume losses during the critical gel period is to use in-situ gas generators such as
Super CBL™ additive. If the volume of gas generated is greater than the volume of fluid lost, a
small pressure increase is possible. If pressure decrease is minimized sufficiently or even slightly
reversed, a gas channel through the unset cement will not form.
Extending zero gel time—Volume losses do not equate to pressure losses until the start of the
CGSP. The rate of fluid loss decreases with time, typically along a square root function. Thus, by
extending the period of time before volume losses start leading to a decrease in pressure, the rate
of volume losses will have decreased by the time it really matters. Any additives that delay the
onset of the gellation process will assist in the battle against gas migration.
Controlling CGSP—Above 500 lb per 100 ft2, pressure losses will not lead to the creation of a
gas channel. Therefore, if a channel has not formed by the end of the CGSP, gas migration
through unset cement will not happen. Gas migration still could occur, but it would be through
one of the other mechanisms (mud channels, microannuli, or cracks in the cement). If pressure
loss doesn’t occur prior to the CGSP and new gas channels cannot form after the CGSP, it
becomes obvious that any gas channels which form in the unset cement will form during the
CGSP. If the CGSP could be decreased to an instant, the opportunity to form a gas channel
through the unset cement would be eliminated. The shorter the CGSP, the less likely gas
migration problems will appear. As a point of caution, remember that rapid gel strength or
thixotropy can cause problems if the slurry goes static prior to completion of the job.
Including gas-influx-preventing materials—At sufficient concentration, a microsilica gas blocker
or a colloidal silica gas immobilizer will prevent gas influx. Low fluid loss is always required to
benefit from such products. Typical charts developed for class G cement have been included in
Appendices A and B.
Increasing slurry compressibility—When a slurry is foamed or after the Super CBL additive
reacts, the slurry becomes more compressible. An increase in compressibility is beneficial
because compressibility controls the volume change versus pressure change relationship. As
compressibility increases, each unit of volume lost corresponds to an increasingly smaller unit of
pressure lost. To prevent the formation of a gas channel, the effective hydrostatic pressure at the
pressurized formation face must remain above the pore pressure. Reducing the rate of pressure
loss maintains more of the initial hydrostatic pressure. An increase in compressibility is therefore

directly related to the foam quality or the amount of Super CBL™ additive that reacts with the
foam.
To prevent the formation of a gas channel in unset cement, the job design can be modified in
four ways: decrease effective column height, increase overbalance pressure, interfere with the
gellation process, and/or drill a larger diameter hole.
Decreased effective column height—From the GFP and MPR equations (see Definitions), it can
be seen that the cement column length is directly related to the GFP. Options are available for
changing the effective column height and thus decreasing the GFP. The most straightforward
method would be to simply design the job for a lower TOC. If the TOC needs to reach where it
was initially planned, several options remain. For single-slurry designs, a lead slurry of the same
density could be added. If the lead slurry is designed to have a zero gel time that lasts until the
tail reaches 500 lb per 100 ft2, the tail length needs to be considered in the equation for GFP
purposes only. If the job design already calls for a lead and tail design and the gellation rates can
be manipulated, the effective column length can be considered (just the tail for calculation
purposes). Alternatively, a middle-weight slurry can be added if necessary for well control. The
transition point between lead and tail is something that can be adjusted to reduce GFP, if the gel
strength profiles on the lead and tail are sufficiently favorable.
Increased overbalance pressure—The difference between pore pressure and overbalance
pressure is the true gas migration safety factor. If we lose less than this difference in pressures
during the CGSP, a channel will not form in the unset cement. Therefore we can increase our
true safety factor by increasing the overbalance pressure. This strategy can be accomplished by
increasing spacer and/or cement densities as well as by increasing spacer and/or cement volumes,
as long as these fluids are heavier than the mud and adding extra volume will displace more mud
out of the well. Remember that increasing spacer density will not reduce the GFP (or increase
overbalance pressure) if cement is being brought back to the surface. Also keep in mind that, if
you increase cement volume, you might increase MPR, unless you are increasing the lead and
have properly coordinated the gellation rate.
Gellation interruption—Papers have been written describing techniques for disrupting the
gellation process, enabling downhole maintenance of the initial hydrostatic pressure. It is
recommended to still do what can be done conventionally and to use this service as an additional
level of protection.
Drill a bigger hole—Obviously, drilling a larger hole cannot be implemented at the last minute.
Going back to the GFP equation, it can be seen that the GFP is inversely proportional to the
annular gap. Normally, casing is sized to deliver a certain production rate, so smaller pipe is not
an acceptable solution. A larger annular gap would come from a larger hole. If you are drilling in
an area where conventional corrective measures have been tried with varying levels of success,
drilling a bigger hole may be discussed for future wells.
Four methods for slurry modification and four methods for job modification have been discussed
so far. The relative challenge (based on the magnitude of the GFP) will determine whether one,
two, three, or more of these options are implemented. Any of them could work by themselves
and there is no reason not to combine them when conditions warrant. If the GFP can be modified
down to 0.99, gas channels should not be capable of forming in the unset cement.

Several of these design modifications include using foam. A foam job can be designed for
constant gas or constant density. Both have advantages and disadvantages. For more details,
review the playbooks dedicated to foam cementing or the ZoneSeal® Isolation Process document.

Technique Property Effect Benefits, Reference

Alteration Drawbacks, and
Applications
Cement Reduced fluid Minimizes Always beneficial but Cook and
Property loss volume will only work as a Cunningham
Changes reduction stand-alone solution (1976)
with relatively low
GFP.
Thixotropic Reduces Viscous, effective Sutton et al.
cement CGSP only with relatively (1984)
low GFP. Potential
for problem with
extended shutdowns.
Delayed gel Minimizes Difficult to control, Sykes and
strength volume especially at high Logan (1987)
reduction temperature.
and could Improved fluid loss
reduce control.
CGSP Effective at high
GFP.
Increased Minimizes Increased treatment Watters and
compressibility volume complexity. Safety Sabins (1980)
by gas reduction considerations.
generation or and amount Nonshrinking.
entrainment of pressure Effective at high
lost for each GFP.
unit of
volume lost
After-Job Shortened Minimizes Increased job Levine et al.
Conditions cement column maximum complexity, lower top (1979)
via stage tool, pressure of cement.
decreased reduction
cement volume,
or delayed
gelling lead
slurry
Stabilized Prevents Improved rheology Steward and
invading gas in upward flow and fluid loss control. Schouten
fluid cement in if gas enters Difficult to mix die to (1988)
annulus using annulus surface foaming.
foam- Effective at moderate
stabilizing GFP.
surfactants
Increased Increases ∆p Formation Levine et al.
cement density breakdown. (1979)
Applied back Increases ∆p Formation breakdown Levine et al.
pressure at must be added (1979)
surface or immediately after job.
increased
drilling fluid
density
External casing Seal annulus Seal leaks occur. Gas Voorman et al.
packer prevents invasion below (1992)
flow path for packer can be worse.
invading gas Effective at high
GFP.
Flushed Displaces May damage Teichrob
formation gas gas with producing formation. (1993)
into formation fluid less Operationally
away from able to complex.
borehole face invade
using high annulus
fluid-loss
squeeze prior to
cementing

C. Slurry Testing
When performing slurry testing work on designs for wells with the potential for annular gas
migration, all of the standard job design best practices are as important as ever. If the basics of
slurry testing are not accomplished, the specialties will not be enough. Fluid loss is a major
driver in loss of initial hydrostatic pressure once the CGSP begins. In wells with a BHCT >
200°F, if reduced fluid loss volume is your primary design solution for addressing annular gas
migration prevention or wells with severe flow problems, consider using a stirred fluid loss
chamber at the BHCT to help substantially reduce fluid loss.
The shape of the static gel strength development curve is critical to understanding any slurry’s
ability to prevent annular gas migration. Without measuring a slurry’s static gel strength
development, it is very difficult to effectively design an antigas migration solution. How long or
short is the zero gel time? Both are desirable, depending on the situation. How long or short is
the CGSP? How do the relative gel strength curves from the lead and tail designs compare to
each other? The relative differences between the lead and tail curves will either help or hurt. If
foam cement is going to be or may be a part of the solution, review the ZoneSeal® Isolation
Process testing best practices document.
Measure/Test 1. Use a calculated test pressure, not the standard API value, if well
conditions are nonstandard. (The API number could be
nonstandard too.) Higher pressure reduces thickening times (at
low pressures). Thus the designs might be underaccelerated or
overretarded.
2. Perform all tests under as realistic conditions as possible. Room
temperature thickening times or compressive strength tests are
meaningless if downhole temperatures are 40°F or 60°F.
a. Exception—To get thickening times at the too-high BHCT of
80°F and still get desirable compressive strengths at the
easier-to-calculate, realistic, lower BHST is a worst-case
scenario.
b. Turn off the cooler on the Ultrasonic Cement Analyzer system
after initial set when testing at unusually low temperatures.
3. Use a stacked blade blender jar with foam.
4. Measuring the CGSP on the base slurry of a foamed design is
pointless unless the bottom 50 ft are considered to be part of the
critical flow zone.
5. Consider a reduced thickening time middle-lead stage with very
large volumes. When thickening times exceed 7–10 h, strength
development can be affected. By utilizing a second lead, this
portion of the wellbore can still gain strength in a timely manner.
6. With foam designs, measure the compressive strength of foamed
lead(s), foamed tail, and unfoamed tail.
7. CGSP (formerly transition time)—Aim for < 30 min with moderate
to high flow potential. With a low to moderate potential, time < 45
min should work.
8. ZGT is the span from once the slurry goes static, until the CSGS is
reached. Tail slurries should have a short ZGT. If the ZGT is long
for the lead slurry, hydrostatic pressure can be maintained at the
top of the tail for a longer period of time.
9. Thickening time (pilot and field blend)—Placement time plus 1–3 h
or 30% lead, 45–90 min tail.
10. Fluid loss (nonfoamed)—Aim for < 35 cm3 over 30 min with severe

GFP and < 75 cm3 over 30 min for the lower moderate range.
11. Free water < 1% at 45° incline (BP settling test if critical design);
with higher GFP values, design a free water of nil or trace.
12. Foamed stability—Avoid lignins, dispersants, and oil suspensions
(like Halad® EXP additives). Use BP settling test. Try a 12-in
length of 1-in PVC pipe. After set, cut into quarters and compare
sections.
13. Marsh funnel time (Tuned Light™ cement) < 1 min for 250 cm3 is
ideal.
14. Compressive strength—500 psi after 12 h tail, initial set < 12 h
lead
15. Young’s modulus—Use the WellLife® advanced long-term zonal
isolation service.
16. Mud ultimate gel strength—Measure to use in spacer tuning.
17. Rheologies—Include low temperatures.
18. Fluid compatibilities
19. Tuned® Spacer™ design—Use OptiCem™ software’s Tuned
Spacer wizard to determine required yield point. The spreadsheet
or OptiCem model only provides a starting recipe to achieve a
given yield point. Adjust the blend-to-water ratio until the required
yield point is achieved. This tuning process needs to be done with
rig water and rig barite as well as the surfactant package (with
OBM and SBM). Once the desired design has been determined,
measure the rheology of the blend and water, the blend water and
barite, and the complete package including the surfactants. If we
are trying to tune the rheology of the spacer to set properties, we
do it correctly. Intermediate rheologies can help the field properly
mix and deliver this premium spacer technology.
Best practices 1. Follow HMS procedures (see Appendix E), have copies on
location, and observe stated guidelines.
2. Review the ZoneSeal® Isolation Process best practices document
if foam cement is to be used.
3. Consider batch mixing when small volumes are being used with
complex slurry designs.
4. Do not batch mix slurries containing in-situ gas-generating
additives such as Super CBL™ additive.
5. Pay attention to any surface gas generation in the mixing tub
during shutdowns. If it becomes likely that the shutdown could last
for an extended period of time, consider dumping the slurry in the
tub to prevent gas locking of the pumps. Only restart slurry mixing
after such a problem has been remedied.
6. On foam jobs, utilize the ZoneSeal isolation process.
7. On foam jobs, cut off the N2 before finishing the tail cement to
avoid gas in the shoe track. Drilling out the gas has the potential
for causing problems at the surface.
8. In wells where cement is to be circulated to the surface with in-situ
gas-generating additives such as Super CBL additive, be prepared
for the liberation of gas when and where the slurry is discharged. If
a separate return line will be used, make sure it is securely staked
down to avoid excessive movement. Consider using a small first
stage without the in-situ gas-generating additive.
9. After the job, perform a material balance on
a. Liquid additives
b. Mix fluid
c. Cement silos
d. Pits and tanks.

10. If any in-situ gas-generating additives such as Super CBL™

additive are used across the shoe track, discuss the ramifications
with the operator.
a. The small volumes of gas under downhole conditions can
represent large volumes at the surface.
b. Circulating at a higher rate and drilling at a slower rate will
dilute the gas.
c. Standard gas separators are not designed to burn H2.
Extinguish the pilot light on the flare and the gas will be vented
harmlessly. Since H2 is so light, it will immediately float up and
not collect to create a fire hazard. If the flare is left burning, it is
possible for the flame front to propagate back into the
separator, causing a hazardous incident.
Case Histories, EVC Profiles, and Industry Papers

The PJRs and KPI data can be the basis for case histories and EVC profiles. The more complete
this job performance summary is, the easier it should be to expect and to receive a premium for
our work.
May 2003
DeepWater FlowStop Cementing Saves Texaco at Least $250,000
Texaco was drilling in the Green Canyon block of the Gulf of Mexico. The drill ship Discovery was drilling in 4,289
ft of water. Texaco needed efficient, trouble-free cementing for 24-in conductor casing at 4,829 ft MD, 20-in surface
casing at 6,300 ft MD, and 16-in drilling liner at 8,610 ft MD.
Gas Flow Potential Diagnostic Tools Result in a Successful Liner Cementing Job and $6,000 in Slurry Savings
A west Texas operator was preparing to cement a liner in a high-profile well with TD below 15,000 ft. The operator
expected gas flow to be a problem and had decided to incur the expense of rotating the liner. The operator solicited
proposals from Halliburton and another service company. Halliburton's price per sack of cement was about half the
other company's but the operator had favorable experience with the other service company on similar wells. Well
specifications included setting a 5-in liner in a 6⅛-in hole. Liner top was at 11,650 ft. Bottom of 7-in casing in the
upper portion of the hole was at 12,000 ft. Pore pressure was 8,650 psi and BHST was 225ºF.
Inventive Use of Super CBL Material Saves Operator over $19,000
The operator was very concerned about gas migration into the cement causing a bad cement job. Halliburton was
already on location with cement blended to meet the well requirements prior to the gas migration problem.
New Drill Stem Diverter Sub Saves Operator $50,000 Worth of Rig Time
A Gulf of Mexico operator needed to bring cement to the top of a 16-in liner on a subsea well without allowing
cement or some other settable material to remain in the subsea wellhead seal assembly. Well specifications included
water depth of 3,790 ft with the 16-in liner set at 6,200 ft or 2,410 ft below mud line.
Super CBL [Additive] Offsets Gas Influx Caused by Liner Top Packer
A Gulf of Mexico operator was experiencing problems with cement bonding across the productive zone on liner
jobs. Cement bond logs indicated excellent bonding above and below the zones of interest, indicating good
displacement efficiency. Block squeezing was necessary, however, to provide zonal isolation prior to sand control
operations. The operator was very concerned about the cost of remediation and the potential of perforation failure
during sand control operations.

August 2004
Super CBL Slurry, SCR-100 Retarder, Fas Drill Plugs, and CTU [Coiled Tubing] Help Operator Save $125,000
A south Texas operator needed to cement a well drilled to below 11,000 ft with a 1,300-ft section of a series of
sands as the objective. By not needing to perform remedial work, the operator saved USD 75,000. By using high-
pressure coiled tubing instead of a snubbing unit, the operator saved USD 50,000 (the cost differential between the
two). In addition, by setting Fas Drill plugs between fracturing stages, the operator was able to test the zone for
zonal isolation and obtain better information to evaluate future wells in the area.
May 2006
Super CBL Additive Stopped Yates Gas Migration on Well in Andrews County, West Texas
The operator needed to control a Yates formation gas migration problem in Andrews County, Texas, using a cost-
effective technique. The cementing operation was successful. The ability to stop the migration of the Yates gas was
achieved. The well also had excellent bond logs showing no channeling of gas.
Super CBL Expansion Additive Helped Prevent Yates Gas Migration in Production Casing Cementing Job
The operator wanted to reduce the cost of cementing the production casing while preventing shallow high-pressure
Yates formation gas from migrating up the production casing annulus. Utilizing the Super CBL expansion additive
in the cement slurry placed across the gas flow potential zone, Halliburton was able to successfully cement the
production casing, circulate cement to surface, and prevent the migration of the Yates gas.
June 2006
Cement Blend Using GasStop Gas Migration Control Additive Helped Operator Prevent Blow Out and Reduce
Drilling Costs
The operator was 700 ft from TD and in a potential downhole blowout situation: One zone was making a significant
amount of gas and another shallower zone would not support the hydrostatic column of drilling mud heavy enough
to control the gas influx from the lower interval. Mud losses into the upper interval could be up to 250 bbl/d. The
customer needed to control the gas influx.
Innovative Cementing Design Approach Solves Extreme Gas Migration Challenge
Numerous squeeze jobs were the rule rather than the exception. This was the first high-temperature well in the area
the customer could complete without doing remedial cementing work.
The industry papers listed below can also be used to demonstrate job performance under a
variety of conditions.
Ravi, K., Bosma, M., and Hunter, L. 2003. Optimizing the Cement Sheath Design in HPHT Shearwater Field. Paper
SPE 79905 presented at the SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, 19–21 February.
Ravi, Kris, Reddy, B.R., Gray, Dennis, and Pattillo, Phil. 2006. Procedures to Optimize Cement Systems for
Specific Well Conditions. Paper AADE-06-DF-HO-35 presented at the AADE Fluids Conference, Houston, 11–12
April.
Sabins, Fred L., Tinsley, John M., and Sutton, David L. 1982. Transition Time of Cement Slurries Between the
Fluid and Set States. SPEJ 22 (6): 875–882. SPE-9285-PA.
Soter, Kevin, Medine, Felix, and Wojtanowicz, A.K. 2003. Improved Techniques to Alleviate Sustained Casing
Pressure in a Mature Gulf of Mexico Field. Paper SPE 84556 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference
and Exhibition, Denver, 5–8 October.
Tahmourpour, Farzad, Hashki, Khaled, and Hassan, Hassan. 2007. Different Methods To Avoid Annular Pressure
Buildup by Appropriate Engineered Sealant and Applying Best Practices (Cementing and Drilling). Paper SPE
110040 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Anaheim, California, 11–14 November.

Vargo Jr., Richard F., Payne, Mike, Faul, Ronnie, LeBlanc, John, and Griffith, James E. 2002. Practical and
Successful Prevention of Annular Pressure Buildup on the Marlin Project. Paper SPE 77473 presented at the SPE
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, 29 September–2 October.
http://halworld.corp.halliburton.com/internal/PS/cem/contents/Papers_and_Articles/TECH/Predicting_Potential_Gas
_Flow.pdf
http://halworld.corp.halliburton.com/internal/PS/cem/contents/Technical_Alerts/TECH/MM/eb001.pdf
Gas Migration Database Helps Improve Vent Flow Risk Assessment
Gas Migration: What Causes It, How to Prevent or Control It
Gas Migration Update
ICMA: Microscopical Analysis of Cement Used to Halt Gas Migration
Conoco Stops Annular Gas Flow with Special Cement
Preventing Annular Gas Flow, Parts 1 and 2
CIM 80-31-17: Study of Annular Gas Flow, Primary Cmtg
Well Design, Drilling, & Cmtg Practices to Help Prevent Annular Flows
Annular Gas Migration
New Gas Migration Technology
H06019: "High Static Gel Strength Cement Slurries to Hold Gas Migration—Laboratory Surveys" by J. Pereira
H05511: "Lightweight Cement Provides Solution for Curing Loss in Depleted Formation" by M. Amer and D.
Kulakofsky

Appendix A: Well Information Data Collection Form

This page is intended to be copied and used during the customer visit to help ensure all pertinent
data are collected.
1. Offset data
2. Particular and general goals for the
cementing operation
3. Wellbore schematic
• Hole/bit size
• Pipe size
• Excess for lead and for tail
• Casing points
4. Flow potential: negligible, minor, moderate,
severe
5. Initial set focus: mudline or shoe conditions
• Does cement need to set before slackoff?
Could the casing weight pull drive pipe down
with it?
• How long is it from the end of the cement job
until the casing must be self-supporting (100
psi is a conservative initial set number)?
6. Fracture pressure curve
Pore pressure curve
7. Directional profile
8. Interval mud weight vs. depth
9. Interval mud rheology
10. Mudline temperature, BHST, and possibly
BHCT
11. Tail cement length
12. If foamed, unfoamed tail length
13. Shoe track length
14. Depth of last casing
15. Top of liner (Omit for casing jobs)
16. Rat-hole length
17. Thickening time safety factor
18. Slurry density
19. Pipe movement option
20. Centralizer options
21. Collapse pressure rating of the casing just
above the shoe
22. Bulk cement storage silo data
23. Pit volumes
24. Available deck space for N2 equipment
25. Maximum circulating rate

Appendix B: Engineering Design Checklist

1. BHCT of Calculated from
2. BHST of Calculated from
3. Test pressure
4. Lead cement placement time Tail cement
placement time
5. Minimum safe thickening times Actual thickening
times (blend & pilots)
6. Maximum pre-job conditioning rate
7. Maximum displacement Displacement rate
that allows spacer to
effectively displace
the mud
8. Water requirement and slurry yield for
both lead and tail cements
9. Tuned Light™ cement surface and
downhole density and yields (with
Spherelite™ additive)
10. Lead cement slurry volume, bulk volume,
and mix water volume
11. Tail cement slurry volume, bulk volume,
and mix water volume
12. Additive volumes needed at rig site
13. With foam

a. Base slurry volume
b. N2 volume
c. N2 concentration/rate
d. Foamer/Stabilizer concentration
e. Foamer/Stabilizer volume
14. Total mix fluid requirement per stage
15. Displacement volume
16. Spacer volume
17. CSGS
18. Torque and drag
19. Bottomhole pressure
20. Base mud required for foamed sweep
21. Base mud density required for foamed
sweep
22. Amount of N2 required for foamed sweep
23. Differential pressure just above the shoe
24. Surge pressure
25. CGSP
26. Compressive strengths
27. Zero gel times (Does tail cement reach
2
500 lb per 100 ft static gel strength prior
to lead cement reaching its CSGS in
areas with SWF?)

28. Fluid loss

29. Free water at 45° incline
30. Foamed stability
31. Marsh funnel time
32. Initial set times
33. Young’s modulus
34. Mud ultimate gel strength
35. Rheologies (including low temperature)
36. Fluid compatibilities
37. Gas flow potential
38. High-temperature, long-testing results
(7, 30, 60, and 90 d)

Appendix C: Engineering Operations Checklist

3
1. Perform site survey
2. Arrive on location 72 h early to begin job preparation
3. Update OptiCem™ designs with MWD data
4. Calibrate CMS, N2, cement units, and water meter
5. Test communications between CMS, N2, and cement units
6. Hook up and test all equipment brought to location for job
7. Inspect bulk system—air compressors, leaky valves, spiders (ports open and legs pointed in the correct
direction)
8. Verify volumes for job
9. Double-check all calculations
10. Verify correct type and volume of additives
11. Deliver double volumes of spacer, cement, and additives for N2—bring double + 30%
12. Use radios with headsets
13. Use a Hi-Port upjet-type float shoe
14. Centralization—Place 1 per joint, bottom three joints, and 1 per joint, bottom two joints in lap (on surface
pipe when used in combination with conductor pipe). Do not place centralizers near the mudline.
15. Place diverter tool at the bottom of the drill pipe
16. Circulate at least 1 inner-string volume of pad mud ahead of the spacer. (Do not condition with sea water,
unless sea water is in the wellbore.)
17. Use pressurized mud balance to measure fluid density
18. Pump as fast as possible (safely) for better displacement efficiency
19. Use OptiCem RT™ system to measure pressure, rates, densities, etc.
20. Inject ZoneSealant™ cement additive into suction side of HT-400™ pump
21. Use float to visually confirm ZoneSealant additive tank level is decreasing while we are pumping N2
22. Identify tracer returns before switching to tail (using best picture available in remotely operated vehicle
shack)
23. Stop N2 for shoe track
24. Displace with Halliburton unit
25. Leave annular valve open to maintain transmission of sea water via hydrostatic pressure until initial set
26. Perform a material balance on

• Liquid additives
• Mix fluid
• Cement silos
• Pits and tanks

Appendix D: Tuned Solutions Process Guide
Tuned Solutions Process Guide

Planning
1. Understand Tuned Solutions™ concepts
2. Studied Major Challenges & Design Considerations
3. Identified cement design options
4. Data collection
A. Received data packet in person
B. Reviewed Appendix A
C. Added additional questions
D. Filled in Appendix A
E. Asked for customer's primary job concern
Design
1. Done Right® and Basic designs completed
2. Benefits vs. Risks comparison completed
3. Reviewed Best Practices
4. Considered Major Challenges during design work
5. Considered Design Considerations during design work
6. Used OptiCem™ software
7. Performed Tuned Solutions calculations
8. Performed Tuned Solutions tests
Consensus
1. Presented slurry options
2. Reviewed risks and benefits for each option
3. Agreed on Done Right or Basic design option
4. Agreed on KPIs with the customer
Execution
1. Followed HMS procedures
2. Followed Tuned Solutions best practices
3. Recorded basic pressure, rate, volume, and density data
4. Used OptiCem RT™ software
A. For downhole calculations
B. To track planned vs. actual
Follow-up
1. Provided customer with PJR
2. Included analysis of agreed on KPIs
3. Delivered within 5 days of job
4. EVC or case history completed
Total number of boxes checked

Appendix E: HMS Process Links

CEMENTING HMS ADHERENCE Links Critical to Critical to Quality (CTQ)
Expectations Safety (CTS)
1. Customer Fully comply with Develop Solutions process PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI- PM-US-HES-CMT-100 section 1.2
map PM-US-HES-CMT-100 and service 100 104 Gather Customer Information
standards ST-GL-HES-ZI-101, ST-GL-HES-ZI- ST-GL-HES-ZI-101
104
Objectives PM-US-HES-CMT-100 section 1.6
Review Job Proposal with Customer
Develop Solutions
2. Job Design Fully comply with Develop Solutions process PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI- PM-US-HES-CMT-100 section 1.3
map PM-US-HES-CMT-100 and service 100 103 Initiate Job Design and Proposal
standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-103
PM-US-HES-CMT-100 section 1.5
Internal Review and Approval of Job
Proposal
Finalize Job Design Program
3. Cement Fully comply with Develop Solutions process PM-US-HES-CMT- PM-US-HES-CMT-100 section 1.3.8
Testing map PM-US-HES-CMT-100 and service 100 Identify Laboratory Testing needs
standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-205 ST-GL-HES-ZI-205 as per laboratory testing matrix
Schedule pre-job quality assurance
4. Job Packet Fully comply with Prepare Resources process PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI- ST-GL-HES-ZI-201, Complete Call
map PM-US-HES-CMT-200 and service 200 221 Sheet
standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-201, ST-GL-HES-ZI- ST-GL-HES-ZI-201
221
ST-GL-HES-ZI-221, Complete Call
Sheet Zone Seal
5. Match Fully comply with Prepare Resources process PM-US-HES-CMT- PM-US-HES-CMT-200 section 2.2
Resources map PM-US-HES-CMT-200 and service 200 Match Resources
standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-202, ST-GL-HES-ZI- ST-GL-HES-ZI-202
Prepare Resources
222 ST-GL-HES-ZI-222
ST-GL-HES-ZI-202 Match
Resources for Job Design
ST-GL-HES-ZI-222 Match
Resources for Job Design—Zone
Seal
6. Prepare for Fully comply with Prepare Resources process PM-US-HES-CMT- PM-US-HES-CMT-200 section 2.3
Job map PM-US-HES-CMT-200 and service 200 Prepare for Job
standards ST-GL-HES-ZI-203, ST-GL-HES-ZI- ST-GL-HES-ZI-203
223 ST-GL-HES-ZI-223
Additional Requirements for
Offshore
Additional Requirements for Inland
Barge


Additional Requirements for Zone
Seal
ST-GL-HES-ZI-203 Pre-Job
Location Review
ST-GL-HES-ZI-223 Pre-Job
Location Review—Zone Seal
7. Distribute Fully comply with Mobilize Resources process PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI-201 Complete Call
Job Info map PM-US-HES-CMT-300 300 Sheet
and service standards ST-GL-HES-ZI-201, ST- ST-GL-HES-ZI-201 ST-GL-HES-ZI-221 Complete Call

GL-HES-ZI-221 ST-GL-HES-ZI-221 Sheet—Zone Seal
ST-GL-HES-ZI-301 Communicate
Job Requirements, Give Job Packet
8. CMT Fully comply with Mobilize Resources process PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI-204 Cement
Blending & map PM-US-HES-CMT-300 and service 300 Blending and Loading
Loading standards ST-GL-HES-ZI-204 ST-GL-HES-ZI-204
Resources
Mobilize
9. Mobilize Fully comply with Mobilize Resources process PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI- RED RULES
map PM-US-HES-CMT-300 300 304
Equipment, and service standards ST-GL-HES-ZI-302, ST- ST-GL-HES-ZI-302 Pre-Job Safety Pre-Job Plug Container Inspection
Materials, GL-HES-ZI-303, ST-GL- Meeting Checklist
People HES-ZI-304, ST-GL-HES-ZI-305, WM-GL-HES- ST-GL-HES-ZI-303 ST-GL-HES-ZI- Casing Equipment Inspection
ZI-301 305 Checklist
Facility Pre-Job Safety Meeting Report ST-GL-HES-ZI-304 Facility Pre-Job ST-GL-HES-ZI-303 Load Out Job
Safety and Confirm Equipment Preparation
Pre-Job Plug Container Inspection Checklist ST-GL-HES-ZI-305 Meeting Report
Casing Equipment Inspection Checklist WM-GL-HES-ZI-301
RED RULES Facility Pre-Job Safety Meeting Report
10. Pre-Job Fully comply with Perform Services process PM-US-HES-CMT- RA-US-HES- ST-GL-HES-ZI- ST-GL-HES-ZI-402 Perform Job
Check— map PM-US-HES-CMT-400, 400 CMT-4021B 401 Calculation
Equipment service standards ST-GL-HES-ZI-401, ST-GL- ST-GL-HES-ZI-401 PM-GL-HES-PSL- Establish On- PM-US-HES-CMT-400 section 4.0.4
HES-ZI-402, Risk Assessment Tool, 501 Site Pre-Job Check of Equipment and
Materials
Perform Services
& Materials Completed Risk Assessments RA-US-HES- ST-GL-HES-ZI-402 Risk Assessment Safety PM-GL-HES-PSL-501 Manifold
CMT-4021A, RA-US-HES-CMT-4021B, Tool Procedures Equipment Qualification
HSE Standards & Guidelines, RA-US-HES-CMT- HSE Standards & PM-GL-HES-
4021A Guidelines, PSL-501
Manifold Equipment Qualification process map Risk
PM-GL-HES-PSL-501 Assessments,
Tool
11. Rig Up Fully comply with Perform Services process PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI- ST-GL-HES-ZI-403 Perform Rig Up
map PM-US-HES-CMT-400 400 403 Perform
Rig Up
and service standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-403 ST-GL-HES-ZI-403


12. Job Fully comply with Perform Services process PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI-402 Perform Job
Calculations map PM-US-HES-CMT-400 400 Calculations
and service standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-402 ST-GL-HES-ZI-402
13. Data Fully comply with Perform Services process PM-US-HES-CMT- PM-US-HES-CMT-400 section 4.0.7
Acquisition map PM-US-HES-CMT-400 and service 400 Set Up Data Acquisitions and
Controls
standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-408 and RECORD ST-GL-HES-ZI-408 ST-GL-HES-ZI-408 Set Up Data
ALL JOB PRESSURE DATA INCLUDING Acquisitions and Controls and
CEMENT DISPLACEMENT UNTIL TOTAL RECORD ALL JOB PRESSURE
END OF JOB. DATA INCLUDING CEMENT
DISPLACEMENT UNTIL TOTAL
END OF JOB.
14. Customer Fully comply with Perform Services process PM-US-HES-CMT- PM-US-HES-CMT-400 section 4.0.8
Job Plan map PM-US-HES-CMT-400 and service 400 Review Job Plan with Customer
Review standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-405 ST-GL-HES-ZI-405 ST-GL-HES-ZI-405 Review Job
Plan with Customers
15. Pre-Job Fully comply with Perform Services process PM-US-HES-CMT- PM-US-HES-
Operations & map PM-US-HES-CMT-400 400 CMT-400
Safety Meeting and service standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-406 ST-GL-HES-ZI-406 section 4.0.9
Pre-Job
Safety Meeting
and ST-GL-
HES-ZI-406
Establish Job
Communication
16. Pressure Fully comply with Perform Services process PM-US-HES-CMT- PM-US-HES-CMT-400 section
Test System map PM-US-HES-CMT-400 and service 400 4.0.10 Pressure Test System, ST-
GL-HES-ZI-407
ST-GL-HES-ZI-407 and RECORD ALL JOB ST-GL-HES-ZI-407 Pressure Test System and
PRESSURE DATA INCLUDING CEMENT RECORD ALL JOB PRESSURE
DISPLACEMENT UNTIL TOTAL END OF DATA INCLUDING CEMENT
JOB. DISPLACEMENT UNTIL TOTAL
END OF JOB.
17. Job Fully comply with Perform Services process PM-US-HES-CMT- PM-US-HES-CMT-400 section
Execution map PM-US-HES-CMT-400, service 400 4.0.11 Job Execution
standard ST-GL-HES-ZI-404 and RECORD PM-US-HES-CMT ST-GL-HES-ZI-404 Perform Quality
ALL JOB PRESSURE DATA INCLUDING 401 (see links to Assurance Requirements on
CEMENT DISPLACEMENT UNTIL TOTAL 402–420 at the end Location and RECORD ALL JOB
END OF JOB. Use PM-US-HES-CMT 401 of 401) PRESSURE DATA INCLUDING
through 420 as minimum process maps for CEMENT DISPLACEMENT UNTIL
different types of jobs. TOTAL END OF JOB.
18. Rig Down Fully comply with Demobilize Resources SERVICE ST-GL-HES-ZI-504 Rig Down, ST-
Demobilization
process map PM-US-HES-CMT-500, PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI- STANDARDS GL-HES-ZI-506 Equipment

500 510 Maintenance,
Demobilize service standards ST-GL-HES-ZI-501 through ST-GL-HES-ZI-501 ST-GL-HES-ZI- 501 Post-Job ST-GL-HES-ZI-507 Iron
511, completed risk assessments 511 Safety Meeting Maintenance, ST-GL-HES-ZI-508
RA-US-HMS-CMT-501A and 501B, HSE 503 - Plug Manifold Certification, ST-GL-HES-
ST-GL-HES-ZI-502 RA-US-HMS-


Standards and Guidelines, WM-GL-HES-ZI- CMT-501A Container ZI-509 Transport Resources, ST-
301, PM-GL-HES-ZI-501, PM-GL- GL-HES-ZI-510 Surface Circulating
HES-ZI-502, WM-GL-HES-ZI-502 RA-US-HMS- 504 - Rig Down Equipment Qualification
ST-GL-HES-ZI-503 CMT-501B
506 -
WM-GL-HES-ZI- Equipment
ST-GL-HES-ZI-504 301 Maintenance
PM-GL-HES-ZI- 507 - Iron
ST-GL-HES-ZI-505 501 Maintenance
PM-GL-HES-ZI- 508 - Manifold
ST-GL-HES-ZI-506 502 Certification
WM-GL-HES-ZI- 509 - Transport
ST-GL-HES-ZI-507 502 Resources
HSE Stds & 511 -
Guidelines, Environmental
ST-GL-HES-ZI-508 Impact
WM-GL-HES-
ZI-301 Job
ST-GL-HES-ZI-509 Travel
19. Field Fully comply with Reports & Field Tickets PM-US-HES-CMT- ST-GL-HES-ZI- PM-US-HES-CMT-600 section 6.0
Reports
Tickets process map PM-US-HES-CMT-600 600 602 Complete Standard Job Reports
and service standards ST-GL-HES-ZI-601 and ST-GL-HES-ZI-601 and section 6.0.3 Minimum list of
602 reports to provide customer
20. Review Fully comply with Review Performance process PM-US-HES-CMT- PM-US-HES-CMT-700, ST-GL-
Performance map PM-US-HES-CMT- 700 HES-ZI-701 Conduct Post-Job
EJCS/KPI Review
Review 21. 700 and service standards ST-GL-HES-ZI-701 ST-GL-HES-ZI-701 CPI and ST-GL-HES-ZI-702 Perform
KPI/EJCS/CPI and 702; Fully comply with EJCS/KPI and CPI ST-GL-HES-ZI-702 Post-Job Performance Evaluation
standards.

Appendix F: EVC Case History Template

A. Basic EVC Information
Minimum requirements for EVC approval
Halliburton contact: Individual’s name and phone number for more information
Location of job: Country, state, geographic area, field, NWA, BD
Operator’s name: Representative’s name, company, and phone number
Type of job: Cementing, acidizing, well test, etc.
Halliburton PSLs involved:
Operator Challenge (from the operator’s point of view): The reason for performing the job. Be
specific (e.g., well producing XXXX bbl/d of water and YYYY bbl/d of oil, needed to increase
oil production and to reduce water, etc.).
Halliburton Solution: Halliburton recommended XYZ treatment in order to obtain ABC results.
Pertinent job details:
• formation type
• well depth
• well conditions
• equipment used (wireline, coiled tubing, etc.)
• tools/chemicals used (uplink, K-Max Plus™ service, etc.)
• job procedure
• other
Results: Halliburton decreased drilling time by XXXX days, saving customer YYYY dollars
(QUANTIFY in PHYSICAL and MONETARY terms)
• EVC
• Halliburton revenue
Customer testimonial: Comments about job performance, results achieved, etc. (if available)
Uniqueness of job: Unique features, techniques, or applications (first, longest, deepest, new
applications, etc.)

B. Example EVC Case History

Halliburton contact Steve Bertram, Technical Advisor
Location of job Olessia #1
Lincoln Co. Sec. 27-12n-5e
Mid-Continent NWA
Operator’s name Dick Romine, Owner
The Striker Group LLC
Type of job Production Enhancement
StimGun™ Completion on wireline
Halliburton PSLs W&P
Operator Challenge: Produce Wilcox sand formation from 4,670–4,685 ft. The Wilcox sand
has about 19% porosity with very good permeability, but water contact starts at approximately
4,678 ft. Operator wanted a natural completion without having to acidize formation and believed
if well was acidized there would be very good chance in channeling into water.
Halliburton Solution: Our solution was to perforate with a StimGun assembly, achieve 3–6 ft of
penetration into the formation, and obtain zero skin or less.
Pertinent job details: Several other wells in area were completed using standard types of
perforating guns. After perforating was performed, wells would not give up very much fluid and
had to be broken down with acid. After acidizing, wells produced large quantities of water and
small quantities of oil.
Formation: Wilcox sand
Interval: Perforation from 4,670–4,672 ft, 6 shots/ft StimGun assembly
Casing: 5.5 in, 17#, J55
Tubing: 2⅞ in, 6.5#
Well Type: New
Production: Oil
BHT: 120°F
Job procedure: Rig up cased hole logging unit for a trip in hole with cement evaluation logging,
cement bond log/gamma ray, and positron emission tomography tools. Cement quality is critical
with this particular well because of its close proximity to the oil/water contact. After cement was
determined to be of good quality, the well received a swabdown, leaving 1,000 lb of hydrostatic
fluid pressure over formation. (Note: Halliburton recommends at least 1,000 lb of hydrostatic
fluid pressure to help ensure propellant goes into formation.) Trip into hole with 2-ft StimGun
assembly loaded 6 shots/ft; perforate Wilcox sand 4,670–4,672 ft.
Results: After perforating, the StimGun assembly operator ran tubing and packer in the well.
Well received swabdown after load water was recovered and the well started giving up oil cut.
By day’s end, the well was swabbing 30 bbl/h of total fluid with a 40% oil cut—using the
StimGun assembly method over conventional perforating and acidizing well. Halliburton
provided a positive impact to the operator of USD 100,000. Completion time was reduced from 3
d to 1 d, saving customer 2 d of workover unit rental and also saving the operator the cost of an

acid job. Reduced salt water production and savings in disposal fee accrue at 50 cents per barrel.
Oil production in well averaged USD 18 per barrel. Offset well produces 324 bbl/d of salt water
and 32.5 bbl/d of oil. Olessia #1 is producing 194 bbl/d of salt water and 129 bbl/d of oil.
EVC: Estimate cost and savings
Workover unit—2 d @ USD 115 per hour (10 h/d) USD 2,300
Consultant fees—2 d @ USD 400 per day 800
Total savings 3,100
One year savings, salt water disposal fees—130 bbl/d @ USD 0.50 per barrel USD 23,725
One year increase, oil production revenues—96.6 bbl/d @ USD 18.00 per barrel 63,466
Total economic impact 90,291
Halliburton total completion revenue:
Cement bond log/gamma ray
Positron emission tomography/gamma ray
StimGun assembly 2-ft, 6 shots/ft USD 4,560
TOTAL 4,560
Customer testimonial: Customer was very pleased with results of StimGun assembly
perforations. He made comment that this is the best well in field by far.
Uniqueness of job: First time tried in this area of Oklahoma with very good results. Operator
agreed to help spread news about the good results.
StimGun is a trademark of Marathon and used under a license agreement.

C. Information to Develop EVC

Please respond to one or more of the following that best fits the situation to quantify point.
Estimate the value of incremental production over a specified period of time (two years, for
example). Time period may vary to suit the particular situation. Use net present value
calculations where appropriate.
Estimate the total cost saving and/or additional revenue for our customer as a result of our
approach or the application of our technology. Examples include
• rig time savings
• increased barrels of oil produced
• wells on production faster
• problems avoided or trouble costs saved
• comparatively lower cost for our services
• decreased equipment or manpower needed
• reduced remedial work
• decreased valve changeouts or increased equipment life
• saved environmental or safety expenses
• increased reserves, and so on.
Estimate costs (e.g., drilling another well or abandoning a well, platform, or field) that have that
been avoided by using Halliburton services.
Estimate the benefit vs. cost of our service compared with benefit vs. cost of similar services
performed by our closest competitor for this work.
Estimate the benefit vs. cost of our service compared with a benchmark or customer’s previous
experience.
Other value parameters may be less easy to quantify in monetary terms, such as the following:
• less time exposure to openhole risks such as stuck pipe, tool failure, washouts, etc.
• less formation damage
• less drilling fluid or other commodity
• successful operation never performed before.
Estimates of EVC can be provided even when noting milestones such as depth and/or distance
records and first successful technology applications of a particular service or technology.

D. Demonstrating EVC
* The reference product/service should be the customer’s next best alternative to using Halliburton; it could be the status
quo or a competitive offering.
For EVC statements to be meaningful, the net value from Halliburton should be compared with
the net value from a reference product or service. Halliburton’s goal is to provide more value
than alternative offerings.

Appendix G: Typical Microsilica Liquid Concentration Chart

This chart has been developed with Norcem and Dyckerhoff class G cement for the Norwegian
Microsilica liquid F. When using other cements or materials, the particle-size distribution
should be compared and the concentration (with SSA-1™ additive) is required to be adjusted
accordingly.
Recommended minimum Microsilica liquid F concentration for improved gas migration

protection (Use compensated curve for SSA-1 concentration)
60,0
55,0 Microsilica liquid F
50,0
Required concentration (l/100kg)
MIcrosilica liquid F with 35 % SSA-1

45,0
40,0 Poly. (Microsilica liquid F)
35,0
Poly. (MIcrosilica liquid F with 35 % SSA-1)
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
1,50 1,60 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,80 1,90 1,95 2,00 2,05 2,10
Slurry density (SG)
Recommended minimum Microsilica liquid F concentration for improved gas migration

6,50
6,00 Microsilica liquid F
5,50
Required concentration (gal/sack)
MIcrosilica liquid F with 35 % SSA-1

5,00
4,50 Poly. (Microsilica liquid F)
4,00
3,50 Poly. (MIcrosilica liquid F with 35 % SSA-1)
3,00
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
12,5 13,4 13,8 14,2 14,6 15,0 15,9 16,3 16,7 17,1 17,5
Slurry density (ppg)

This chart has been developed with Norcem and Dyckerhoff class G cement for the Elkem
material Microblock cement. When using other cements or materials, the particle-size
distribution should be compared and the concentration is required to be adjusted accordingly.
Recommended minimum Microblock concentration for improved gas migration

55,0
Microblock
50,0
MIcroblock with 35 % SSA-1
45,0
Poly. (Microblock)
40,0 Poly. (MIcroblock with 35 % SSA-1)
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
1,50 1,60 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,80 1,90 1,95 2,00 2,05 2,10
Slurry density (SG)
Recommended minimum Microblock concentration for improved gas migration

6,00
5,50 Microblock
MIcroblock with 35 % SSA-1
5,00
Poly. (Microblock)
4,50 Poly. (MIcroblock with 35 % SSA-1)
4,00
3,50
3,00
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
12,5 13,4 13,8 14,2 14,6 15,0 15,9 16,3 16,7 17,1 17,5

Appendix H: Typical Colloidal Silica Concentration Chart

This chart has been developed with Norcem and Dyckerhoff class G cement for the Gascon
469™ additive. When using other cements or materials, the particle-size distribution should be
compared and the concentration is required to be adjusted accordingly.
Recommended minimum Gascon concentration for improved gas migration protection

(Use compensated curve for SSA-1 concentration)
14,00
13,00 Gascon 469
12,00 Gascon 469 if 35 % SSA-1
11,00
10,00
9,00
8,00
7,00
6,00
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
1,50 1,56 1,60 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,80 1,90 1,95 2,00 2,05 2,10
Slurry density (SG)
Recommended minimum Gascon concentration for improved gas migration protection

(Use compensated curve for SSA-1 concentration)
1,60
1,50 Gascon 469
1,40 Gascon 469 if 35 % SSA-1
1,30
1,20
1,10
1,00
0,90
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
12,5 13,0 13,4 13,8 14,2 14,6 15,0 15,9 16,3 16,7 17,1 17,5
Slurry density (lb/gal)

This chart has been developed with Norcem and Dyckerhoff class G cement for the Gascon™
III additive. When using other cements or materials, the particle-size distribution should be
compared and the concentration is required to be adjusted accordingly.
Recommended minimum Gascon III concentration for enhanced gas migration protection
(Use compensated curve for SSA-1 designs)
11,00
10,00 Pass
Borderline
9,00
Fail
8,00 Pass SSA-1
7,00 Recommended Neat

Recomended W/SSA-1 35%
6,00
Expon. (Pass)
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
1,50 1,56 1,60 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,80 1,90 1,95 2,00 2,05 2,10
Slurry density (SG)
Recommended minimum Gascon III concentration for enhanced gas migration protection
(Use compensated curve for SSA-1 designs)
1,20
1,10
1,00
0,90 Recommended Neat
0,80 Recomended W/SSA-1 35%
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
12,5 13,0 13,4 13,8 14,2 14,6 15,0 15,9 16,3 16,7 17,1 17,5

Approval for Use of Well Information

A Request to Our Customer
Everyone enjoys good news! The recent service we performed for you was very successful for
both of us. We’d appreciate your approval for us to use pertinent information about this success
in various communications such as advertising, proposals, and sales literature. Please review the
topics listed below and indicate which we may use. Thank you for your business and your
assistance.
Would you give a testimonial? Yes No

I hereby authorize that details of well _________________________ may be used by
Halliburton Energy Services for publication and promotional purposes with the above noted
limitations.
Approved by: ____________________________________________________________

(Name and title of authorized individual)
Signed: _______________________________________________________ for
(Name of operating company)
NOTE TO HALLIBURTON REPRESENTATIVE: In order for us to use EVC case histories in

our publications, we need to secure approval from the customer for whom the services were
performed. Please ask an authorized operator individual fill out and sign this form. The form
should be submitted with the case history to your Business Development Tech Team for review.
Thank you for your help and cooperation.
Name of Halliburton representative: __________________________________________

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronyms
AADE—American Association of Drilling Engineers

AAPG—American Association of Petroleum Geologists
AC—alternating current
AFE—approval for expenditure
ANARCS—[pending]
APB—annular pressure buildup
API—American Petroleum Institute
BD—business development
BHA—bottomhole assembly
BHCT—bottomhole circulating temperature
BHST—bottomhole static temperature
BHT—bottomhole temperature
BP—British Petroleum
BWOC—by weight of cement
CBL—cement bond log
CBM—coalbed methane
CGSP—critical gel strength period
CMS—continuous metering system
CPI—correction prevention improvement
CSGS—critical static gel strength
DOE—U.S. Department of Energy
ECD—equivalent circulating density
EJCS—end-of-job customer satisfaction
ERD—extended-reach development
EVC—economic value created
FIT—formation integrity test
GFP—gas flow potential
HGS—hollow glass spheres
HMS—Halliburton Management System
HOC—height of cement
HPHT—high-pressure/high-temperature
IADC—International Association of Drilling Contractors
ICoTA—Intervention & Coiled Tubing Association
ID—inner diameter
IORS—Improved Oil Recovery Symposium
KPI—key performance indicator
LAS—log ASCII standard
LCM—lost circulation material
LLC—limited liability corporation
LOT—leakoff test
LWD—logging while drilling

MD—measured depth
MMC—Micro Matrix cement
MMS—Minerals Management Service
MPR—maximum pressure reduction
MWD—measurement while drilling
NEMA—National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NPT—nonproductive time
NWA—natural work area
OBM—oil-based mud
OD—outer diameter
OTC—Offshore Technology Conference
PHPA—partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide/polyacrylate
PJR—post-job report
PLC—programmable logic controller
PLT—production logging tool
POOH—pull out of hole
PPE—personal protection equipment
PSL—product/service line
PV/YP—plastic viscosity/yield point
PV—plastic viscosity
PVC—polyvinyl chloride
PVT—pressure/volume/temperature
QA—quality assurance
QC—quality control
ROV—remotely operated vehicle
SBM—synthetic-based mud
SPE—Society of Petroleum Engineers
SPEJ—SPE Journal
SWF—shallow water flow
SWR—slurry-to-water ratio
TD—total depth
TLMS—Tuned Light mixing system
TLP—tension leg platform
TOC—top of cement
TVD—total vertical depth
UAE—United Arab Emirates
UCA—ultrasonic cement analyzer
USD—U.S. dollar
WBM—water-based mud
WITS—Wellhead Information Transfer Specification
WOC—wait on cement
W&P—Wireline & Perforating (Halliburton PSL)
XLOT—extended leakoff test
Y/N—yes or no
YP—yield point
ZGT—zero gel time

Abbreviations (units)
bar—bar
bbl—barrel
Bc—Bearden consistency
C—Celsius
c—count or cycle
cm—centimeter
cP—centipoise
d—day
F—Fahrenheit
ft—feet
gal—gallon
h—hour
Hz—hertz
in—inch
L—liter
lb—pound
mg—milligram
min—minute
ml—milliliter
mm—millimeter
psi—pounds per square inch (lb/in2 preferable)
qt—quart
s—second
scf—standard cubic feet (ft3 preferable)
sk—sack
V—volt
vol%—volume percent
Abbreviations (chemical)
CaCl2—calcium chloride
CO2—carbon dioxide
H2S—hydrogen sulfide
HCl—hydrochloric acid
HF—hydrofluoric acid
KCl—potassium chloride
N2—nitrogen (gas)
NaCl—sodium chloride

Gas Migration Playbook

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gas Migration Playbook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tuned Solutions™

Gas Migration Prevention through Unset Cement

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

Tuned Solutions Overview

A. Post-Job Reporting Halliburton requirements (Operations)

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

Appendix G: Typical Microsilica Liquid Concentration Chart ............................................. 55

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

B. Presenting Tuned Solutions to Customers

Before the job 1. Finalize slurry design

After the job 1. Prepare PJR

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

C. Data to Collect from the Customer

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

D. Preparing for the Follow-up Customer Visit

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

Differentiate with Operational Excellence. In addition to increased revenue from upselling to

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

F. Follow-up on All Jobs

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

Gas Tight Cementing

OP = initial theoretical hydrostatic overbalance pressure as the plug lands (psi),

300 = conversion factor (lb/in),

L = length of the cement column (ft),

DOH = Diameter of open hole (in),

DC = Diameter of casing (in).

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

OP = initial theoretical hydrostatic overbalance pressure as the plug lands (psi),

1.67 = conversion factor at 500 lb per 100 ft2

L = length of the cement column (ft),

DOH = diameter of open hole (in),

DC = diameter of casing (in).

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

Preparing for the Initial Customer Visit

Slurry design 1. Can we get the fluid loss low enough?

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

Contingency planning 1. What must we do to circulate out hydrogen gas?

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

Preparing for the Follow-up Customer Visit

Increased compressibility for

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

B. Risks Associated with Basic Cementing

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

C. Done Best vs. Basic Design

Offers an economic solution to annular

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

D. Success Metrics: Key Performance Indicators

Parameters monitored • Spacer volume(s)

At a minimum, the items in bold above should be captured as key

During post-job reviews, comparing the actual measured parameters

© 2008 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. Halliburton Confidential—Not for Distribution

Job Design: Gas Flow Prevention After Cementing