Definitelntegrationtntegoah.

cn with

[a. ☐
limits .

If 1- (x) is continuous in

flxldx

and
§F,d✗
=jF¥×T¥d✗ =/ ᵈ✗
=j¥ -

! '÷r .
"

=
Eirik ] ! -
1- ✗2=t

[
-

2Xd✗ = dt

✗ DX =
-

dtlz
when ✗ =o -1=1
,
0
✗ t :O

@
= I

Sinko ]
,

=
in 'd )
f
-

_dt_
-

2ft
,
0

I !Éʰdt
=
+
±

2ft ] ?
= IT
+
-2
I

=
+ [ ro -

ri ] =

I
?⃝
 IT
/y
Que Asia
§
.

calm DX

/
¥ .
4- Sinful = t when ✗ =o
,

0 -

North ) DX = dt t =
4

an when ✗ %
d✗= deyz
=
-

3
t =
4- sin
(B)
/ rt
( ¥) =3

: 1T¥ ] !
=

=
It" ]? =
[ Csi" -
a) %)
=

-1,130-1
Eyes :{ ✗ e✗d✗

ex ex ex
El : f✗e✗d✗
I
= ✗ -

/ ex = ✗ -

e)
[
'

[e =L
[ ✗ ex ex ]
◦ +
✗ édx
e
-

= -

= -

,
OWE
[
IT
IT

!a!: ! :÷:→
=
=
"

f
when ✗ = °
,
t = • cot ✗ = t
when ✗ = it t =
- °
-
• , -

head ✗ dx = dt

=
I
00
-9¥ = -

¥ [ earn
"

÷ ]?
1 C- 9 tail
toy
'
= tan -

¥1 E]
-

=
E
-

-
=

*
 *

heonfoialgim.me?;;aa.?aue!nitehtoraan:-1Tlz
÷"
/ Sink = I

fsinx = 2

21T
31-42

§ sinx = I fsinx -0
-

PYaliesofdefin{itetntegoatimi.at
☆

①
G) DX =
fltldt

§
a
②
flx ) DX = -

/ 1- G) DX
-

③
[ 1-1×7 DX =

i.
ftcx [ ) DX + 1-1×1 DX .

Integrals is broken at the point of

the points where definition
discontinuity or at

of 1-1×1 Changes .

IT
1172 IT

{ tan ✗ DX =

{ tanxdxt / ᵗan✗ᵈ×

+12
Aug
[
^¥Éi
:
[ ✗7d✗

I
2
=
[✗7d✗ +
) G) d✗
°

, 2
'

Ang .
.

10 !
=

+ I DX

I
◦ + [✗ 3,2
2- I
=L
1- 5

ÉÉ
0¥
1 [ 4-
:
✗ DX =

/ •→

V2 1.5
=
to + fdx +
I '-d✗
0
, I

" "5
[
=
[×? -1 2x ]
52
≤ 1.5
(52-1)+[3-252]
◦
≤ ✗
=

2
2.25
◦ ≤ ✗ ≤
= 2- [
2

=
 Owes :
§
ÉÉ¥
=
It -
✗ I DX 2

If :
§ 1×-11 DX

=
I G- 1) dxt
/
3
¥ "" ""

=
-

(x-D DX
°
I
{ +2

:[ ¥ -1×1 +
[ E- ] ? ×

% % ,
, ,
,
, , , , , ,,
,
IT

Outs
] Ilona
:
DX
.

Ty , *

! Corxdxt

Ttz
f- loixdx
IT

[ sinxj.tk [ Sini
]
FEE
=
-

%
=
[ i - o
] -

[ ° -

i ]
=
②
✗ f- 1,37
{ 112 I
-

i
{ '
?⃝
 OWE
§ ,
[ ✗ E)
+
d✗

42 312
512
f [ lift
✗+ '
[ ✗ +427 /
=

/[
+
1×+42 ] +
-
✗
+42 ]
f
Yz 42
-

312

42 '
12 312
+ § [ ✗ +1k)
512
f- dx f f
2d✗
+ Ot
=
ᵈ✗ + 3

I
-112 42 +
/ 2d✗
312

Ii %
" 512
f- [ [ 2×3512 13×7%3
= ✗ ✗
+ +
+
%

[÷ I ] [ I] [5-3] +
[9-1%2]
-

_
-

+ +

÷ + I + 2 + 3-2 = ⑨

☆ Boperty
a a

/ f- G) DX =

/ (G) + 1- C- D) DX
-

a
0

§
= ' it +1×1 is odd
a
txn .

, 1- G) dx ,
if f- 64 is
even
◦
txn .
?⃝
Ives
jʰ([ )
:
×] +
ln(Y ᵈ✗

-112 °

odᵈt_
k¥ →
'
"2
=
f a] +
I
12 -42
-
'

◦
42
=
% [× ] =
J -

Ida +
/ ◦ DX

-42 -42 °

=
f- ) ×
] ,
+ 0

=
[ o -

Yi

0m¥ % [ ✗
2
+
ln(÷) ] ✗ ok
-1172
ʰ
[
0

so
-11-12
✗ 2am
DX
+
% en
'[¥G✗d✗
-412
Tk
2am
! ✗ Koi ✗
=
✗ dx = 2 dx

Tk
-

Tk

[
26in ? )
]
✗
2
2×(-9.2/1) 2fs.in
-

=
+ ✗ I
d
 =2[ ¥-2 ] =

[
,
☆
Boperty f- G) DX =
ffcatb -
× )d✗
a

:ffcxldx ✗ =
atb -
d-
DX = -
dt
a
a

f f- (att -
t ) C- dt) = -

ffcatb -

t)dt
b
b

[ 1- ( att -

tldt

=
[ f- (atb -
×) DX

too
a
_

0¥ :
-1=1 tax -1 In / 150 ×)-
ᵈ✗
50

too

I=!en%!:d×
/ °

↓%::%i
II. =

•×
 '

F)
°

2I = DX =

50

50

2I =
too -50

I-
*
12
0¥ : .

f ✗h DX
I + ex
-

ñk

5¥ .

✗2w
.

I =

da
/ + ex
%
-

✗→
E- E- ✗

T.io#..--FY:::x-
I =

→
12
-72
IT /2
2I
f
%# ✗2e¥
=

+ ax

%
-

2I =

% ✗%^✗,¥- dx
-
IT
/z

2¢
=

% ✗ hoax =
2/1×2
Tk

lox
-72 0
?⃝
 "
I =

§ ✗ Hoax

+12
1×2
I
( sine ) 2×1-61×1 -12 C- Sing ) ]
=
-

[ ¥ 2)
I =
-

Owes
=
: .

F-
sin¥¥si÷jd✗
⑨
⑨ ten (f) ⑥ Ibn (2) ② ln( E) jlnl?)

Il : It 2✗d✗=

debrisdtz
✗

✗ DX =

/ ÷¥ianF¥ =±↑ˢ
I =

at

Sint + Sinlbntt)
ln2 em ,

e- → ln3+ln2 -

links it

I =

± ↑ Sin(ln dt

lnz Sint + sinllnb -

t)
 ↑
} ln3
2I=
{ dt
=
{ ( t ]enz
ln2

2I =

Iz / ln } -
ln2 ]

I=tyln
311-14

OWE f "✗_
¥igd✗
:
I
'

=
dx
Hsin "
My My _

3
✗→
+ - ✗

IT -
✗

31T / y 31174

/
I
/
=
d✗ =

/ + sins -
My ay ,
31T/ y

di
21=1
ITH

"
2I=
↑ f¥✗d×
Thy
"T 311-14
LI = IT
/ "' = "
/ '
ax

% 74
My
2I = IT
/ [ seek - Sea tax ] DX
 31T/
y
[
I
Ia See × ]
=
tan ✗ -

IT
/y

I
I [ f-
=
I + V4 ) -

(1-54)
IT
[252-2]
=

-2
= 11-(52-1)
-
IT

✓
0¥
It 21Wh
③

✗ → IT -
✗

IT
IT it

! ! ,÷
"
l
=
=

IT

21m ✗
!
I DX
=

/
+
IT

! [HE
II =
IT
dx = =

I-
0¥
s!¥ ᵈ✗
:

I =

%s¥¥
0
"

I =

↳"+ᵈ✗
 at =

ˢi¥¥d✗
2I =
( sink + cook - Sin ✗ Cory dx

21
( Sink ) DX
=
I -

2I =

[
✗ +
coins ]

]
2T
[I ; ;
-
= -
-

2I
[ E- E)
=

|I=-
"

QE ¥ then 271=2 ?
G+e¥¥ag
: -

I =
'
=

-
¥ ,,
My
I
¥ ) a+esiᵈn-
=

cord
-144
ayy
I esinl DX
¥
¥µi-G2✗)
=

!
"
¥
=

,
 My
2I =
2,7 / 2-ᵈ,
Fly
MY
I

!::¥÷
1

I
=

- IT
/y ,

'T"ˢ¥¥→
I =

¥
Fly

.
tan ✗ = t deck DX = dt

I=÷j¥ -

[ Ii
[ -ˢ]
# 3¥
=
=
¥ ,

271=2 ⑨
274¥
=
=
 1172
OWE f
É¥
I
.

=
-
do
•
,
I

C¥s
=

do
◦

2I=
%caE.si "
•

2I =
2Se do
◦
( it Fmo )
"

Frano = t

It
2¥ Seto

=i÷÷÷
do =

?
•

[
2I

! 1¥iᵈᵗ
6
=

. .

!
I =3
¥yᵈᵗ
=3
!°[¥p -

¥1m] ᵈt
 I :*, +
¥+1,1 ?

31-0+0
=

(-1-2+5) ]
-

=3
/ E- ÷ ] =3 (E) =

La
Property
a
☆
! ftcxldx §fkal✗
fcxidx
_

=
+

1%-1×1 DX +

i.
fH✗)d✗

✗ = 2A -
t

◦ d✗= - dt

/ f- Ga -
t ) C- dt)
a
O

J f- Ga - t) dt
a
a

[ fka - t> dt

IT
1T£
OUI
! ✗
f(sin✗)d✗
§ f- (Sind DX
.

= A .

then A ?
 1172 %
§ᵈ
§
:
✗ fcsinx ) DX 1-
! f- ( Sind DX

Tlz Tlz The

/ fCi § ✗fH✗
=

O
✗
+ f tf Gini)d✗ -

ñk
= IT
! f- Gina DX

21T
Tk
0¥ : I / Sin" ✗ dx K

f
=
coik
=
DX .

find K =
?
21T

0¥ :
) ✗ GÉ✗ DX .

°
LIT
IT
IT

f
"
5¥ .
.
I =
sin ✗ DX =

f sink -1
/ Sin "
( 21T x) -

°
0 0

IT
,
=

°
/ Sink +
/ Sink
T, O

2)
=

Sink

/2
°
IT

11-12
=
2
[ ! Sink + f "
sin 11TH
]
°

The 11-12
= 2
[ 2) 0
sink] = 4
,
/ sink

✗→ ◦ +
% ✗
"
§
"
12
= 4 "
sin (Ia ) _
×
= 4
! coil
Ed : I
=) ✗ GÉ✗ DX .

21T

/
I
CoF✗
=
( 21T -

)
× d ✗

°
21T

2I =
/ 21T Coil DX

0 21T

II = 21T
[ 6nF DX

I = IT

[§ cons'✗d✗ +

°
↑ consult -
×
)
]
IT

I
12 ! Cons ✗
)
IT
=
DX

IT
/2
[ Coil
I 21T
CoF(ñ-✗dF
=

+
0
/
=
≥

IT

0¥ I 2✗•
:

d✗
-

IT

IT IT

¥ 7¥ / %%
=

+
.

IT
I
-

L
odd .
Even

IT

! Y!w;d×
=
◦ + 2
 IT

41 TE
sin ✗
I =
✗
di
✗ → IT -
✗
◦

I =
y
↑ (T-✗)Si DX
◦
It Conk

2I= "

%%÷d✗
I
I
,¥÷,d✗
=
21T

Cox = t

I =
21T
]
1
:#
→in ✗ d✗=dt

"
I = -21T
[ tan 't ] ,

= -21T [ -
I
, ] = -
21T
(E)
11-12 Tk
Tk
☆
f lnlsinx) =

1 ln( coax)
=
/ lnlsin 2×1 =
ln2
O O

11-12

f
I =

lnlsinx)
✗ →% -
✗
°

Tk
I =

) lnlcosx)
◦

%
2I =

/ [lnlsinx) + lnlcosx)) DX
0
 2

sinx.com/dx2I=.F/2@n(sin2x)-ln2)dX1T/z2I- f#ln(Sin2x
2I = ln (

)
f ln2
-

DX
0

II =
ln ( sinh ) -
I @ 2) =) 2I= I -

lnz
-
2

ñk
|I=-Éln
! ln ( sin 2×1 dx

2X = t

2d ✗ =
dt
it
,

=
/ ln @ int) dt
I
=
± ! lnlsint ) dt

[ [ʰln(
IT/
2

1-
f ]
=
Sint )
Z
+
lnlsintl
o

=
F%n§initDdt
0

= I
 IT

¥s : -

I =
f _ DX
◦ arak + Mink

IT
↓✗ → IT -
✗

↓ ¥inI
I =

2I=

0
↑ ae"¥+isiT✗ᵈ✗
IT

a÷¥ᵈ×
2I=
!
Cot ✗ = b-

Comix dx =dt
- 00

21=1
•

titan ( ¥1 :P
2I

a¥
= "
"
=

-
to
•
-

2I=÷{ taika -

eat to
]
Ia [
2 I
E)
=

+
,

I=
?⃝
 IT

OWE .
.

J lcosxidx
0

⑨ 0 ⑥ 413 ② 2b ⑨ -413
IT /
2 IT

fᵈ ! Coin dx +
) -
oik dx
IT /2
Tlz IT

!
=

cook dx -

s 6P✗ dx
I "

[ sinx-sinY-J.tk _

[ sinx-sinY-3.fi
:[ -51
'
-

[ l - ' -

;) ] =
[ 31-1-31

/ cost DX =
/ to > ✗ G-sink ) DX =
/ ( 1- t4dt = t -

¥
sinx
sin¥
=
-

☆ periodic with
Property It fix ) is
: _

fundamental period T .

⑨
it/ f- G) DX = n
0
[ flxldx
"

[
5

§ 1×3 dx = 5
! { ✗ 3d✗ = 5 ✗ dx =
51¥11
 atnt
⑥

a
Jfk )d✗ =

:
nffcx ) DX .

,
NII ,
AER .

MT
②

MT
f fix )d✗ = (n -
m )
:/ fcxldx
,
m ,ntI

NFMT Tfn -
m )

f fcxldx =

/ fcxldx
O O

real number
OWE : -

let -1>0 be a fixed .

continuous fxn such that

Suppose g- is

for all ✗ ER
,
f- ( ✗ + =
tcx )
T
value
3+3-1
It I =/ tlxldx ,
then the of
O

f f- ( 2×1 is ,

⑨ 3/21 ⑥ 2I ② 3I ⑨ GI

T
I
! HM DX
=

I -13T

/ tax )d✗ 2X = t

3 2d✗ = dt
 6 -16T 6T

f fltldt
2-
=
I / flttdt

6 0

§ [
=
fctidt

=3I_
2

0¥ d }d✗
1
: "

,
311 = t
6

f et
"
It sd✗=dt
3-
3
-

"
↑ e
't>

D;
= (6+3) jet dt
-34 ) ◦
3-

3
[ etdt
'

=3
"
[ d- =

yy

0¥ :

/ FEY DX
°
to 10

=
) JÉd d✗ =

frat sin
1¥11
!
"
↓
[
0

raisin I Period -_ 2
 = 5
[ V2 / Sin 1T¥ /

=
552
[ sin
( Eg ) DX

[ •"[
sa
-
-

10,5¥ [ con
]
= -

(ñ ) -1 Cor lol

2°
=

kih.Y.ie?Theorem:.9fFCX1--fFCt1dt
☆

gal
[ FIN ] = ffhcxi.tn 'C✗ ) -
F( gcx ) ) g' G)
.

2
✗

FCX )
=/ Sinltl dt

[
0

F' (✗ I =
Sin (✗ 2) .

12×1

f- Cost ] #
≥

f- (x ) = = -
coax -1 1

F' ( ✗ I = Sinai ) ( 2×7 .

0¥ : let 1- G) =

§ At dt ,
then the real

roots
of the leg .

2- '
✗ f- 1×1--0
② ④ 0,1
⑨ ✗ =
It ⑥
±fz It .

Ed :
×
'
-
'
f- a) = 0

✗ 2- G✗i=0
" 2
✗ = 2- ✗

✗ 4-1×2-2=0
(+2+211×2-1)=0
" l
✗
✗-_
✗ 4,
OWE qf Fig =

/ e- Edt ,
then Fat
2
increases in ✗
,

⑨ C- 2,2) ⑥ No value of ✗ ⑨ (90120*-90)

fee : F' G) =
e-
(✗ ↳
i. (2×1 -
e- .
2x

☒" i
[
"

]
= 2x ×
e- _
e- > 0

/
2 4
☒ 1) > ✗

-1×4152 -
✗
4
 1×4 "

↓
"
e- < e-
×

ék*i.e
1×4 't
[ e-
"
2x
]
×
-

e- > o

tire
✗ LO
sc-C-oo.co#-

Ques :
tim § G- Cont )
dt
✗→ °

✗¥tt
50€ lim [ 1- Coin )
✗→

✗[¥-f✗Ñt
=
lim 2Sin-
×> ◦
✗ Seek -1 tanx + tanx

him
✗sei¥¥
= 251

:÷÷÷- =÷
= him
×.

×
=
?⃝
 one limo ÷ [ ᵗ¥
:

,
dt

✗lnlt
lim
. ✗ no
¥¥-
lim
¥¥÷
=

×.
,
=

¥ .

which
let f. R→R be a continuous fan
Alf :

value
of
satisfies text =

[ Heydt .
Then the

f- ( lns ) is

fcxl =
fltldt

f' (f) = f- ( X)

_|
= I

/ ⇐ Stax

In / fall = ✗ c- C

1-1×1 = e✗+c = e? e
'
= ke✗

|f(✗1=1
f- G) =ke° = 0
k
?⃝
 tcx.CO
f(ln5
OWE : wtf :R→R be a continuous odd fxn ,
which

at point and 1-41=14

exactly
one
vanishes
.

Suppose that fix )=↑f( tide for all ✗ c- f- 1,2 )

✗ -

all ✗ c- f- ' it
and 41×1 =

ftlfcflt ) ) / dt for
.

I
-

%
¥7 % then the value of flit
÷
.
-

,
,

; 4¥ :-, ,
=

him [ tctldt
" I
E- =
÷
[ tlflflt ) / )

4%1%1*1=4
F¥fÑ =
%
i÷-¥
 21¥51 ¥7=

11-(441--7
442) = ± 7 .

f(Y
☆ Reduction formula : .

In=ÉM✗dx
/ sink dx =
-

SiP"✗nc +
÷ In -2

+12
%
! sinnxdx =

[ siñ"✗n ¥ -21
-

+ In

The
=

[ _sin"✗n)% +
In / Siri?

=
fancy .%
Sinⁿ✗d✗=IÑSinⁿ2
Io
=

=
I

Kin ✗ idx
|IniIgIn
= [✗ 3.*?
0¥ : I
n
=
in '°✗d✗

Is
=

=( %) / Is

(5) ( % / In
=

3) E) ( ÷)Iz
=

=¥✗%✗¥,F✗±I◦
=

✗ =

11-12
☆
! Coikdx =
( %) In -2

{
( 7.) 1¥ )(ⁿ÷)Ci ¥:
In -_
. .
- -

Ifni.

even
,

En / cnn.TT/nn?-)------ 2-3.1

.it?::Ou-us-:. Consult do
0
 ¥ .
. 40 = t

4dO=dt

do =
dtly
11-12 72
cos't
f her 't dt
0
dt_ = 1
, 1
[¥
=

✗
3- xD
=

Tty
:

☆
.

In =

f tank
.
.

|IntIn-z=
IT
/y
Qʰˢ I cannot
.

:
Seto ) do

9Th

§ [ tanto tank )
=
+ -11 do .

Thy
=
¥ +
/ do
0

@
=§+I①
"
=

3- +

"

g
KAGOME [É✗
i +12
.

! y+ᵈ%(
d. ✗
.

ᵗ
?
.

MK
=
=

)
.
.

⑨ 4 ⑥ 8 ④ 12 ⑨ 16

21T

! aÉ
.

I =

IT

!¥¥ +a%¥ñ ]
=

IT
DX

/i 2%1%1]
=

◦
Fusing ,
"

IT

!n¥ y
=

IT

! >+÷,d✗
=

11-12
=

! É t.FI#--uxT "

=
¥ ,
" +
&ᵈ✗
 =

% ÷☒ ,
"

2x = t

T1 2d ✗ = dt

/
0
É ,
¥

The

n+¥→ᵈᵗ 11+6%-3
=
+

I n+"Éᵈt

°¥÷"Y¥¥i-31174
•×

51T/
y 51T
I
I
ˢin¥e÷! =/ Yé¥d✗
=

ax
-
IT / y

-311-14

9¥¥÷_ Y¥É÷É
=
+

31T /
-

y
 5*14
( i
:¥¥
Con ✗ + Sint)
2I =

f +

31T/
y
+i
"
2I = [ coax c- Sinx ) DX

31T/y
51T /
y
II =
[ sin ✗ -
↳ ✗
1311-1 ,

=
[÷ .
+

¥1 -

I %)
=
≥

BAE IT

*ÉEIᵈ×
:

IT

I =

) ,+É÷+É
-
IT
IT
,

/ Hsin¥T✗ .fi?sinxi-sT-Tiix
I =
=

-
IT .

2I =

§ |+¥+Fi✗+1-¥É
-

IT
IT

=
s
-
IT
 =i×¥÷:¥÷¥
÷
f
.+¥¥÷÷÷*
= 2x

§ ✗
2
dx =

¥]
'

I
-
IT
=

¥ ( -

2I
=2ñ
I=1T
Bae :
I. =

I ,
Iz=§¥%
then
II. = ?
¥: Iz =

§¥&
'
✗ = t

3×2 DX dt

I }¥a.ñ
=

I. =
?⃝
?⃝
 ft → a -16 -
t

Ii =

z&tt)
I. =

§Éᵈ

;÷¥÷÷÷
'

÷
8B€ :
fcx / =
[ CᵗsinC✗ ) dt
'

and
gk)±fC✗ ) -1
-
t
◦

f "H )
which are correct ? i

⑧ gcx ) > O f ✗ ER

① gas is constant
gC✗I-
☒
go )=e
Eg 'd =
gcx )
 ✗
SI f G)
{ et sink t) dt
= -

f- ( X ) =

[ et sinxcostdt -

Jet co
°
,
-

✗
Sint dt

= Sinx
f et cost dt -
coax

0
/ etsintdt

inG✗)
✗
f' ( x) =
+
fetcostdt Con ✗

¥+5m ]
-

✗ +
fetsintdt C- Sinn
-

✗
✗
=
et
coax
! cost dt -
sinx
§ ctsintdt

"

1- G) = Con ✗
[ é coax ] +
[ et cost dt tsinx )

[sinx ( ex sin ✗ ) +
[ etsintdt -

]
↳×

=
☆
D te9IegralE : -

"" "
%'
h =
¥

a
¥ ;i¥E¥Ii¥
-
.
%
,

:*
a

& fcx ) DX = hfca) -1 h f- Cath) + h flat 2h ) + - -

a -
-
-

t hf(a+Cn -11h)
=
h [ f- (a) +
f- Cath , + flatten ) e -
- -

Him
NTN
6¥ ) [ f- (a) + 5- Cath ) + flat 2h ) + -
-

)
-

Quefi%✗2d✗ as limit
of sum .

5¥
a- [
lim b- a
flat -1 Hath ) + flatten + - - + 1- Catena
n, •

= lim
n> •
2- [ f- G) +
fkn / + f-
(f) +
-
-
- -

+1-(21%-1)
him
In [ Knit Knit (2%2-5)
=
0 + - - -
- - -
+

nooo
 =
lim
n> • 4-3 [ 22+44 -
- - -

+ ( 2n -212]

lim
=

n > • ÷ ✗ 2211424 - - - -

+
]
In -15

lim f
[ ⁿ"nl% '
=

n> •

H% ÷
µp,,n, ngy
him ÷
=

{ n'
nln*)%ⁿ
=

g.
=
Ig ✗ I ✗
2 =

f①
_

In → ✗ In → DX

time { =
/
Owes :
=
-

finna +
¥ ,
+
n÷e + - - -
-
+
÷n]
3m 3M
him
É¥r %7• ¥ n¥
=
=

nooo .

him :& ÷ ±
=

.
.
 =

[¥ DX ◦

◦
≤ r≤ In
≤ In ≤ 3
0

]?
of ✗ ≤ 3

= [end -1×1

= ln4 - lnci ) =|lny]

n→ooM+;m;;-+ñ_
Owes : lim
=

see: %:& ,
Yi ,
= him .

'
É ,
I :P ±
=
f ✗ Mdx
-

a ≤n
I ≤
=E:÷1
'

÷ ≤
G- ≤ i

=
≤
* I
✗
him
man
◦
2- ✗ ≤ I

let
OWE .
for each positive integer n ,

Yn =
In [ In -111 In -121 - - -
entry ]%
L then [↳ ?
If lnim→Yn = =
,
 Sol : "n
Yn
[ cntYCn+4n;n---Cn+m#
.

=
=

""
A-
[ (1%111+3) - - - -

(1+2) ]
bn Yn =
tnfln (1+4)-1 blitz ) . _
- -

+
]
ln( " Ed

limlnYn-gg.tn I
V70 ln( '+
%)
÷
/
=
1. ln ( I -1×1 DX

[ tnlltx )
f# ]!
=
-
✗ d✗

=
[ ✗ lnlitxl -

f d✗
]!
[ ✗ errata
=

fdx / ¥ ]!
-

+
,

[ lnI
✗ -

It Anata ] !
lnL =
[ 2ln2 -
I ]
M2 '

[
e2b÷
-

L = =
=
?⃝
 [ =

Ie
[↳
[ E) '
=
=

Oates : .
For AER ,
fat > 1
,
let .

I
:÷÷ ÷÷;÷→-→
lim
"• .

Then is
possible values
of a / are ?
⑨ -9 ⑥7 ① -6 ⑨8

%
:[ ÷¥¥÷ = "

hi:3 For
59
=

É%a¥
lim
"•

÷÷ = "

¥:Éñ÷¥ .
:÷÷÷
km
= "

a
m •
Me :|
,

lim
N→ • § Fn G
,
=
54

¥:i ÷

¥:÷= .

%!¥ = "

÷ =
5"

¥a
÷ -

¥ ,
=

É¥
=
¥
 Éea-
Offa -72--0
a2t9a -
fa - 72--0

Cata ) (a-8) = 0

a=④

Estimationoflntegrali-Rectanglem-thodi.t
☆

① fat is continuous in

is the
[a. D .
and m

the value
least value and M is greatest
then
of fat on Caio ] ,
,

Mlb -

a) ≤
Jfk )d✗ ≤ Mlb -

a)
a

M - - - - -
- -
- -

metal
↓a←( b- a) →b

b
Mlb a) ≤
ffcxldx ≤ ma a)
-

a
② Usingknownfxni
≤ hey
If gcx)≤fC✗)

[ gcx) ≤
[ fast
[ hcx )

OWE :
§ # dx

't
¥: ④ fix ) : e

fco) = I

f- (1) = e

I (1-0) ≤
[ ≤ e. (1-0)

I ≤ g' ≤ e

m ◦
≤ ✗ ≤ i

02×2 ≤ ✗
"
e°≤ e' ≤ ex
"
I ≤ e' ≤ ex

fi ≤
jei≤je✗
fi
"
I 2- ≤ e- i
?⃝
OWE
2
Estimate Rectangle method
:

Sing Using
.

f- G) =

Sigg + ve -
ve

L L
f ""
an✗¥ta
-

t.ve
f' ( x ) ( 0
,
t ✗ C-
(9*12)

f- 1×1 is decreasing ,

f- G)

bing.si?+- -l.fEhl- SinifY#--

=

¥
±,
≤
Sing ≤ 1
( %)
72
≤ %
≤
! ¥n✗
'

Owes : let F-
§ Yfd✗ and k=§si dx .

Then which is true ?

k( 43 & 522 ⑥ K>

2g
& 5) 2

④ kL4 } & 572 ⑨ 14213 & 5<2

¥
§
: F-
•¥-d✗
.

O L Con ✗ L 1
Tx Tx

I :-. ¥ <

< @ rift
J L 2

k =

I %¥-d✗
!¥✗4É .

2
[ rx

4¥.li
K L
}
☆ : -

[M 1) ( ] [Cn
[ Sinmx m -37cm -51 2081 1) In -371ns )
Cosh
-

- - - - -

✗ d✗ = . - -

2o# µ

[ (Mtm ) (Mtn -
2) - - - - -
2001 ]

12

[
it m & n are both even
¢ =
, .

I
,
otherwise

IT

Qiu:/ ✗ sins coin DX

°

IT

¥! I =

! ✗ Sink conk DX

✗→ Ott -

✗
IT
I =

/ ) sink coix DX
0

IT

2I = IT / Sink cook DX
0

[ # Sing
I %
=
Iz cod ✗ ]
TIE
dx +
f sink coixdx

IT
§ sins ✗ Cork
=

d✗

"-[¥¥!F¥
=

]
OWE lim
n÷( FE +2mHz think )
.

-1
-
- -
-

man

⑨
3522-1 ⑥
252¥ ②
3T¥ ⑨ 253-1
2-

s lim
!
{ 12h ≤ n

⇐ f-
moos ≤ I

=
him II. FEET ÷ lim
✗ ≤ 1
MPs :| NP

≤ ✗ ≤ ,

/
◦

=
✗ TEDx
◦
lt✗2=t-
=
[ rtdt 2✗d✗=dt

:[ᵗ÷I=¥[ñ¥ ]
=

÷t