NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

A SEMINAR REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF B TECH IN
INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,SARANG.

Submitted by
AMAR MAHTO
REGD NO -2021105048
ROLL NO-382120
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MISS. SASMITA JENA
(ASST.PROFESSOR)
MR.SRITAM PARIDA
(SEMINAR CO-ORDINATOR)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SARANG,ODISHA

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “NUCLEAR POWER PLANT”

presented by AMAR MAHTO bearing Registration No.2021105048 of
Electrical Engineering in Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang has
been completed successfully.
This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Bachelor Degree in
Electrical Engineering under Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology ,Sarang ,
Odisha.
I wish him/her success in all future endeavours.

Date:
Place:

DR.PRANATI DAS
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the completion of this project
would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it
possible .I considermyself . Privileged to express gratitude towards all
those who guided me through the completion of the work.
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my guide
miss. Sasmita Jena and seminar coordinator mr. Sritam Parida of
Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology , sarang for their unflagging
support and continuous encouragement throughout the seminar work .
Without their guidance and persistent help this report would not have
been possible .
I express my immense pleasure and thankfulness to all faculties and
staff of the electrical engineering department , IGIT, sarang for their
cooperation and support .
I am very grateful to all my friend for their continuous support and
help to make this report.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Introduction

• Basics components

• System ( Operation )

• Advantage

• Disadvantage

• Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION :-

• A nuclear power plant  is a  thermal power station in which the heat

source is a nuclear reactor .
• Heat is used to generate steam  that drives a steam turbine connected to
a generator that produces electricity.
• As of 2022, the International Atomic Energy Agency reported there were
439 nuclear power reactors in operation in 32 countries around the world.
• Nuclear power plants have a carbon footprint comparable to that
of renewable energy such as solar farms and wind farms ,and much lower
than fossil fuels such as natural gas and brown coal.
• Nuclear power plants are among the safest mode of electricity generation
, comparable to solar and wind power plants.

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NUCLEAR FUEL :-
• Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive nuclear
energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel is fissile elements that can
be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear reactor.
• The most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu. Not all nuclear
fuels are used in fission chain reactions.
NUCLEAR FISSION :-
• When a neutron strikes an atom of uranium , the uranium splits into two
lighter atoms and releases heat simultaneously.
• Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large
amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of
the fragments.

NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION :-

• A chain reaction refers to a process in which neutrons released in fission
produce an additional fission in at least one further nucleus. This nucleus
in turn produces neutrons, and the process repeats. If the process is
controlled it is used for nuclear power or if uncontrolled it is used for
nuclear weapons.
• U235 + n -> fission + 2 or 3 n +200 MeV
• If each neutron releases two more neutrons , then the number of fissions
doubles each generation .

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TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR :-
• (a) Boiling water reactor (BWR)
• (b) Pressurized water reactor (PWR)
• (c)Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)
• (d) High temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR)
• (e) Liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR )

COMPONENTS OF A REACTOR :-
• 1. CONTROL RODS
Control rods made of a material that absorbs neutrons are inserted into the
bundle using a mechanism that can rise or lower the control rods

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The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers like boron ,cadmium or
indium .
2. STEAM GENERATORS
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert water into steam from
heat produced in a nuclear reactor core.
Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as the coolant.
3. STEAM TURBINE
• A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal
Energy from pressurized steam , and converts it into useful mechanical energy .
Various high performance alloys and super alloys have been used for steam
generator tubing.
4. COOLANT PUMP
The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to pressures of the order of 155 bar.
The pressure of the coolant loop is maintained almost constant with the help of
the pump and a pressurize unit
5. FEED PUMP
Steam coming out of the turbine , flows through the condenser for condensation
and recalculated for the next cycle of operation.
The feed pump circulates the condensed water in the working fluid loop.
6.CONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit which is used to condense vapor into liquid.
The objective of the condenser are to reduce the turbine exhaust pressure to
increase the efficiency and to recover high quality feed water in the form of
condensate and feed back it to the steam generator without any further treatment
7. COOLING TOWER
Cooling tower are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to
the atmosphere.
Water circulating through the condenser is taken to the cooling tower for
cooling and reuse

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 BASICS COMPONENTS :-

Fuel handling :-
• Radwaste system
• Refueling floor
• Spent fuel pool
• Online refueling machine(s) in some designs such as RBMK
and CANDU
Power generation :-
• Condenser
• Cooling tower
• Electrical generator
• Steam turbine
Safety systems :-
• Containment building
• Emergency core cooling system
• Emergency power system
• Essential service water system
• Reactor protection system
• Standby liquid control system
Steam generation :-
 Steam generator
 Boiler feedwater pump

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Reactor assembly :-
• Control rod drives
• Instrumentation such as ion chambers
• Control rods
• Coolant
• Neutron howitzer
• Neutron moderator
• Neutron poison
• Nuclear fuel
• Nuclear reactor core
• Reactor pressure vessel (In most reactors)
• Startup neutron source

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SYSTEM (Operation ):-
• The fission in a nuclear reactor heats the reactor coolant. The coolant may
be water or gas, or even liquid metal, depending on the type of reactor.
• The reactor coolant then goes to a steam generator  and heats water to
produce steam. The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-
stage steam turbine .
• After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam,
the remaining vapour is condensed in a condenser. The condenser is a
heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or
a cooling tower .
• The water is then pumped back into the steam generator and the cycle
begins again. The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle .
• The nuclear reactor  is the heart of the station. In its central part, the
reactor's core produces heat due to nuclear fission. With this heat, a
coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes
the energy from the reactor.

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• The heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam, which runs
through turbines which in turn power the electrical generators.
• Nuclear reactors usually rely on uranium to fuel the chain reaction.
Uranium is a very heavy metal that is abundant on Earth and is found in
sea water as well as most rocks. Naturally occurring uranium is found in
two different isotopes : uranium-238 (U-238), accounting for 99.3% and
uranium-235 (U-235) accounting for about 0.7%. U-238 has 146 neutrons
and U-235 has 143 neutrons.
• Different isotopes have different behaviors. For instance, U-235 is fissile
which means that it is easily split and gives off a lot of energy making it
ideal for nuclear energy. On the other hand, U-238 does not have that
property despite it being the same element. Different isotopes also have
different half-lives . U-238 has a longer half-life than U-235, so it takes
longer to decay over time. This also means that U-238 is less radioactive
than U-235.
• Since nuclear fission creates radioactivity, the reactor core is surrounded
by a protective shield. This containment absorbs radiation and
prevents radioactive material from being released into the environment.
In addition, many reactors are equipped with a dome of concrete to
protect the reactor against both internal casualties and external impacts
• The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam
into mechanical energy. The engine house with the steam turbine is
usually structurally separated from the main reactor building. It is aligned
so as to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from
flying towards the reactor.
• The electric generator converts mechanical power supplied by the turbine
into electrical power. Low-pole AC synchronous generators of high rated
power are used.
• A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and transports it to
another area of the station, where the thermal energy can be harnessed to
produce electricity or to do other useful work. Typically the hot coolant is
used as a heat source for a boiler, and the pressurized steam from that
drives one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators .
• In the event of an emergency, safety valves can be used to prevent pipes
from bursting or the reactor from exploding. The valves are designed so
that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in
pressure. In the case of the BWR , the steam is directed into the
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 suppression chamber and condenses there. The chambers on a heat
exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit.
• The main condenser is a large cross-flow shell and tube heat exchanger
that takes wet vapour a mixture of liquid water and steam at saturation
conditions, from the turbine-generator exhaust and condenses it back into
sub-cooled liquid water so it can be pumped back  to the reactor by the
condensate and feedwater pumps .
ADVANTAGE :-
Overall low cost of operation
• Nuclear power is relatively one of the most cost-effective and reliable
energy compared to other sources. Other than the initial cost of
construction, the cost of generating electricity is cheaper and more
sustainable than other forms of energy such as oil, coal, and gas. One of
the additional benefits of nuclear power is that it experiences minimal
risk of cost inflation instead of traditional power sources that regularly
fluctuate over periods.
Consistent source of energy
• Nuclear power has a consistent and predictable output. It is not affected
by weather conditions compared to other sources such as wind and solar
power.
Generates low amount of pollution
• Nuclear power is the lowest carbon emission energy source and a lower
carbon footprint Compared to other sources such as fossil fuels.
DISADVANTAGE :-
Expensive to Construct :-
• Nuclear power plants are affordable to operate but are relatively
expensive to construct. The expected cost of nuclear plant construction
has increased from $2- $4 billion to $9 billion between 2002 and 2008
and often, their cost estimates are surpassed during construction.
Generation of radioactive waste :-
• While no emissions are produced in nuclear energy generation, a bi-
product of radioactive waste is developed. The waste must be stored in
secure facilities to avoid polluting the environment. Radiation is not

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 harmful in small quantities, but radioactive waste from nuclear plants is
hazardous.
• Storage of radioactive waste is a significant concern and cost for nuclear
power plants. There is no way to destroy nuclear waste; the only current
solution is to seal and store it in deep underground facilities. As
technology improves, there will hopefully be the development of better
ways of storing radioactive waste in the near future.

CONCLUSION

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• India’s nuclear power industry is undergoing rapid expansion with plans
to increase nuclear power output to 64,000 MW by 2032 . The country is
involved in the development of nuclear fusion reactors through its
participation in the ITER project and is a global leader in the
development of the thorium – based fast breeder reactors .
• Nuclear power is the fourth largest source of electricity in India after
thermal ,hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity .

REFERENCE :-

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• john, M. S., & Borgnino, A. (1996). Coordinating overcurrent
equipments. IEEE computer applications in power, 9(3), 41-44.

• Flurscheim, C. H., & Flurscheim, C. H. (Eds.). (1982). Power circuit

breaker theory and design (Vol. 17). Iet.

• Yoshizumi, T., Matsuda, S., & Nitta, T. (2013). Fast transient

overvoltages in GIS caused by the operation of isolators. In Gaseous
Dielectrics III (pp. 456-465). Pergamon.

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