Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to
derive nuclear energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel is fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear reactor The most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu. Not all nuclear fuels are used in fission chain reactions
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Nuclear fission
When a neutron strikes an atom of uranium, the uranium
splits into two lighter atoms and releases heat simultaneously. Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments
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Nuclear chain reactions
A chain reaction refers to a process in which neutrons
released in fission produce an additional fission in at least one further nucleus. This nucleus in turn produces neutrons, and the process repeats. If the process is controlled it is used for nuclear power or if uncontrolled it is used for nuclear weapons
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U235 + n → fission + 2 or 3 n + 200 MeV
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Continue…
If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then the
number of fissions doubles each generation. In that case, in 10 generations there are 1,024 fissions and in 80 generations about 6 x 10 23 (a mole) fissions.
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Fig - Schematic diagram of nuclear power plant. Jahangirabad institute of technology 8 Nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain
reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a second and is uncontrolled causing an explosion.
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CONTROL RODS
Control rods made of a material that absorbs
neutrtons are inserted into the bundle using a mechanism that can rise or lower the control rods The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers like, boron, cadmium or indium.
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STEAM GENERATORS
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert
water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core. Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as the coolant.
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Steam turbine
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts
thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical Various high-performance alloys and super alloys have been used for steam generator tubing.
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Coolant pump
The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to pressures of
the order of 155bar.
The pressure of the coolant loop is maintained almost
constant with the help of the pump and a pressurized unit.
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Feed pump
Steam coming out of the turbine, flows through the
condenser for condensation and re-circulated for the next cycle of operation.
The feed pump circulates the condensed water in the
working fluid loop.
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Cooling tower
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer
process waste heat to the atmosphere. Water circulating through the condenser is taken to the cooling tower for cooling and reuse
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Advantages
Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon
dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first. It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant
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Site selection of nuclear power plant The various factors to be considered while selecting the site for nuclear plant are as follows : Availability of water. Distance from load center. Distance from populated area. Accessibility to site. Waste disposal.
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Hydro-electric plants Power = W.Q.H.η watts Hydro projects are developed for the following purposes: To control the floods in the rivers. Generation of power. Storage of irrigation water. Storage of the drinking water supply.
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Non Conventional Power Plants
Solar power plant:In the solar power plant, solar energy is
used to generate electricity. Sunrays are focused using concave reflectors on to copper tubes filled with water and painted black outside. There are three main types: Parabolic-trough systems A dish/engine system A power tower system
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Wind power plant the wind has velocity it has kinetic energy. This is the energy of the wind. We shall see how the kinetic energy of the wind can be used to produce electricity. Recent developments: The present windmill technology is inadequate for the low wind speed regions in the plains. Artificial Winds. Aeroelectric Plant.
Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Engineering School of Electrical and Nuclear Engineering Department of Nuclear Engineering Assignment On: Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)