UNIT 8

Differential Equations-I

5.1 INTRODUCTION
We have studied methods of solving ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree, in
chapter-7 (Ist semester). In this chapter, we study differential equations of second and higher orders.
Differential equations of second order arise very often in physical problems, especially in connection
with mechanical vibrations and electric circuits.

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND AND HIGHER

5.2
ORDER WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
A differential equation of the form
dny d n –1y dn–2y
+ a1 + a 2 + ... + an y = X ...(1)
dx n dx n – 1 dx n – 2
where X is a function of x and a1, a2 ..., an are constants is called a linear differential equation of
nth order with constant coefficients. Since the highest order of the derivative appearing in (1) is n,
it is called a differential equation of nth order and it is called linear.
Using the familiar notation of differential operators:
d d2 d3 dn
D = , D2 = , D 3
= ..., D n
=
dx dx 2 dx 3 dx n
Then (1) can be written in the form
{Dn + a1 Dn – 1 + a2 Dn – 2 + ... an} y = X
i.e., f (D) y = X ...(2)
where f (D) = Dn + a1 Dn – 1 + a2 Dn – 2 + ... an.
Here f (D) is a polynomial of degree n in D
If x = 0, the equation
f (D) y = 0
is called a homogeneous equation.
If x ≠ 0 then the Eqn. (2) is called a non-homogeneous equation.
214
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 215

SOLUTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS SECOND ORDER LINEAR

5.3
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
We consider the homogeneous equation
d2y dy
+p + qy = 0 ...(1)
dx 2 dx
where p and q are constants
(D2 + pD + q) y = 0 ...(2)
The Auxiliary equations (A.E. ) put D = m
m2 + pm + q = 0 ...(3)
Eqn. (3) is called auxiliary equation (A.E.) or characteristic equation of the D.E. eqn. (3) being
quadratic in m, will have two roots in general. There are three cases.
Case (i): Roots are real and distinct
The roots are real and distinct, say m1 and m2 i.e., m1 ≠ m2
Hence, the general solution of eqn. (1) is
y = C1 em1x + C2 em2x
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constant.
Case (ii): Roots are equal
The roots are equal i.e., m1 = m2 = m.
Hence, the general solution of eqn. (1) is
y = (C1 + C2 x) emx
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constant.
Case (iii): Roots are complex
The Roots are complex, say α ± iβ
Hence, the general solution is
y = eαx (C1 cos β x + C2 sin β x)
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants.
Note. Complementary Function (C.F.) which itself is the general solution of the D.E.

WORKED OUT EXAMPLES

d2y dy
1. Solve 2
–5 + 6y = 0.
dx dx
Solution. Given equation is (D2 – 5D + 6) y = 0
A.E. is m2 – 5m + 6 = 0
i.e., (m – 2) (m – 3) = 0
i.e., m = 2, 3
∴ m 1 = 2, m2 = 3
∴ The roots are real and distinct.
216 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

∴ The general solution of the equation is

y = C1 e2x + C2 e3x.
d3y d2y dy
2. Solve 3
– 2 –4 + 4y = 0.
dx dx dx
Solution. Given equation is (D3 – D2 – 4D + 4) y = 0
A.E. is m3 – m2 – 4m + 4 = 0
m2 (m – 1) – 4 (m – 1) = 0
(m – 1) (m2 – 4) = 0
m = 1, m = ± 2
m 1 = 1, m2 = 2, m3 = – 2
∴ The general solution of the given equation is
y = C1 ex + C2 e2x + C3 e–2x.
d 2 y dy
3. Solve – – 6y = 0.
dx 2 dx
Solution. The D.E. can be written as
(D2 – D – 6) y = 0
A.E. is m2 – m – 6 = 0
∴ (m – 3) (m + 2) = 0
∴ m = 3, – 2
∴ The general solution is
y = C1 e3x + C2 e–2x.
d2y dy
4. Solve 2
+8 + 16y = 0.
dx dx
Solution. The D.E. can be written as
(D2 + 8D + 16) y = 0
A.E. is m2 + 8m + 16 = 0
∴ (m + 4)2 = 0
(m + 4) (m + 4) = 0
m = – 4, – 4
∴ The general solution is
y = (C1 + C2 x) e– 4x.
d2y
5. Solve 2
+ w 2 y = 0.
dx
Solution. Equation can be written as
(D2 + w2) y = 0
A.E. is m2 + w2 = 0
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 217

m 2 = – w2 = w2i2 (i2 = – 1)
m = ± wi
This is the form α ± iβ where α = 0, β = w.
∴ The general solution is
y = e0t (C1 cos wt + C2 sin wt)
∴ y = C1 cos wt + C2 sin wt.
d2y dy
6. Solve 2
+4 + 13y = 0.
dx dx
Solution. The equation can be written as
(D2 + 4D + 13) y = 0
A.E. is m2 + 4m + 13 = 0
– 4 ± 16 – 52
m =
2
= – 2 ± 3i (of the form α ± iβ)
∴ The general solution is
y = e–2x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x).
d 2 y dy
7. Solve – = 0 given y′(0) = 0, y(0) = 1.
dx 2 dx
Solution. Equation is (D2 – D) y = 0
A.E. is m2 – m = 0
m (m – 1) = 0
⇒ m = 0, 1
∴ The general solution is
y = C1 e0x + C2 ex
i.e., y = C1 + C2 ex
when x = 0, y = 0 (Given)
y (0) = 0
⇒ 0 = C1 + C2 ...(1)
x
y′(x) = C2e
Given, when x = 0, y′ = 1
y (0) = 1
⇒ 1 = C2 e0
⇒ C2 = 1 ...(2)
From (1) and (2) ⇒ C 1 = –1.
∴ The general solution is y = ex – 1.
218 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

8. Solve (4D4 – 4D3 – 23D2 + 12D + 36) y = 0.

Solution. A.E. is 4m4 – 4m3 – 23m2 + 12m + 36 = 0
If m = 2, 64 – 32 – 92 + 24 + 36 = 0
⇒ m = 2 is a root of inspection.
By synthetic division,
4 –4 – 23 12 36

2 8 8 – 30 – 36

4 4 – 15 – 18 0

i.e., 4m3 + 4m2 – 15m – 18 = 0

If m = 2
32 + 16 – 30 – 18 = 0
Again m = 2 is a root.
By synthetic division
4 4 –15 –18
2 8 24 18
4 12 9 0

4m2 + 12m + 9 = 0
(2m + 3)2 = 0
–3 –3
m = ,
2 2
–3 –3
∴ The roots of the A.E. are 2, 2, , .
2 2
Thus, y = (C1 + C2 x) e2x + (C3 + C4 x) e–3x/2.
9. Solve (D5 – D4 – D + 1) y = 0.
Solution. A.E. is m5 – m4 – m + 1 = 0
i.e., m4(m – 1) – 1 (m – 1) = 0
(m – 1) (m4 – 1) = 0
(m – 1) (m2 – 1) (m2 + 1) = 0
(m – 1) (m – 1) (m + 1) (m2 + 1) = 0
∴ The roots of the A.E. are 1, 1, –1, ± i.
Thus y = (C1 + C2 x) ex + C3 e–x + (C4 cos x + C5 sin x).
10. Solve y″ + 4y′ + 4y = 0 given that y = 0, y′ = –1 at x = 1.
Solution. We have (D2 + 4D + 4) y = 0
A.E. is m2 + 4m + 4 = 0
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 219

∴ (m + 2)2 = 0
⇒ m = – 2, – 2
Hence, y = (C1 + C2 x) e– 2x ...(1)
– 2x – 2x
y′ = (C1 + C2 x) (– 2 e ) + C2 e ...(2)
Consider y = 0 at x = 1
Hence, Eqn. (1) becomes
0 = (C1 + C2) e– 2
FG 1 IJ
i.e., 0 = (C1 + C2)
He K
2

⇒ C1 + C2 = 0
Also y′ = 1 at x = 1
Hence, Eqn. (2) becomes
– 1 = (C1 + C2) (– 2 e– 2) + C2 e– 2
But C1 + C2 = 0
i.e., – 1 = C2 e–2
or C2 = – e+ 2
∴ C 1 = – C2 = e2
Substituting these values in Eqn. (1), we get
y = e2 (1 – x) e– 2x = (1 – x) e2 (1 – x).

EXERCISE 5.1
Solve the following differential equations:
d2y dy
1. 2
–2 + 3 y = 0. Ans. y = C1 e 3 x + C2 e – x
dx dx
LMAns. y = C e + C e 1
x
1
− x OP
MN PQ
2 3
2. 6y″ – y′ – y = 0. 1 2

LMAns. y = C e + C e2x
−
3
x OP
MN PQ
2 2
3. (2D – D – 6) y = 0. 1 2

4. (D2 + 4D + 4) y = 0. Ans. y = bC + C x g e
1 2
–2 x

LMAns. y = bC + C xg e 1
x OP
MN PQ
3
5. 9y″ – 6y′ + y = 0. 1 2

6. y″ + 9y = 0. Ans. y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x

7. (D2 – 2D + 2) y = 0. b
Ans. y = e x C1 cos x + C2 sin x g
220 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

LMAns. y = e F C cos 1
I OP
GH JK PQ
− x 3 3
x + C2 sin
MN
2 2 x
8. (D + D + 1) y = 0. 1
2 2

9. y″ + 4y′ + 5y = 0. Ans. y = e bC cos x + C sin x g −2 x

1 2

10. (D3 – 8) y = 0. Ans. y = C e + e eC cos 3 x + C sin 3 x j

1
2x –x
2 2

11. (D3 + 6D2 + 11D + 6) y = 0. Ans. y = C1 e – x + C2 e –2 x + C3 e –3 x

12. (D3 – 4D2 + 5D – 2) y = 0. b

Ans. y = C1 + C2 x e x + C3 e 2 x g
13. (D3 + 6D2 + 12D + 8) y = 0. d
Ans. y = C1 + C2 x + C3 x 2 e –2 x i
14. (D4 – 2D3 + 5D2 – 8D + 4) y = 0. b g
Ans. y = C1 + C2 x e x + C3 cos 2 x + C4 sin 2 x
x
15. (D4 – 4D3 + 8D2 – 8D + 4) y = 0. Ans. y = e C1 + C2 x cos x + C3 + C4 x sin xb g b g
16. (D4 – D3 – 9D2 – 11D – 4) y = 0. d
Ans. y = C1 + C2 x + C3 x 2 e – x + C4 e 4 x i
5.4 INVERSE DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR AND PARTICULAR INTEGRAL
Consider a differential equation
f (D) y = x ...(1)
1
Define
b g
f D
such that

b gRS| f b1Dg UV| x

T W
f D = x ...(2)

Here f (D) is called the inverse differential operator. Hence from Eqn. (1), we obtain
1
y =
f D b g
x ...(3)

Since this satisfies the Eqn. (1) hence the particular integral of Eqn. (1) is given by Eqn. (3)
1
Thus, particular Integral (P.I.) =
b g
f D
x

1
The inverse differential operator
b g
f D
is linear.

b g lax q
1 1 1
i.e.,
f D
1 + bx 2 = a
b g
f D
x1 + b
f D b g
x2

where a, b are constants and x1 and x2 are some functions of x.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 221

5.5 SPECIAL FORMS OF X

e ax
Type 1: P.I. of the form
b g
f D
We have the equation f (D) y = eax
Let f (D) = D2 + a1 D + a2
We have D (eax) = a eax, D2 (eax) = a2 eax and so on.
∴ f (D) eax = (D2 + a1 D + a2) eax
= a2 eax + a1 . aeax + a2 eax
= (a2 + a1 . a + a2) eax = f (a) eax
Thus f (b) eax = f (a) eax
1
Operating with on both sides
f ( D)

We get, eax = f a . b g f b1D g . e ax

1 e ax
or P.I. =
f D b g
e ax =
f D b g
In particular if f (D) = D – a, then using the general formula.

1 e ax 1 e ax
We get,
D–a
e ax =
b g b g
D–a φ D
= .
D–a φ a bg
i.e.,
e ax
b g
f D
=
1
φ a bg z
e ax 1 . d x =
1
φ a
. x e ax
bg …(1)

∴ f′(a) = 0 + φ (a)
or f′(a) = φ (a)
Thus, Eqn. (1) becomes
e ax e ax
b g
f D
= x.
f′ Db g
where f (a) = 0
and f′ (a) ≠ 0
This result can be extended further also if

e ax e ax
b g bg
2
f′(a) = 0, = x . and so on.
f D f ′′ a

sin ax cos ax
Type 2: P.I. of the form
b g
f D
,
f D b g
We have D (sin ax) = a cos ax
222 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

D2 (sin ax) = – a2 sin ax

D3 (sin ax) = – a3 cos ax
D4 (sin ax) = a4 sin ax
= (– a2)2 sin ax and so on.
Therefore, if f (D2) is a rational integral function of D2 then f (D2) sin ax = f (– a2) sin ax.

{ f d D i sin ax} = f d D i f d – a i sin ax

1 2
1 2

f dD i
Hence 2 2

1
i.e., sin ax = f (– a2)
f D2 d i sin ax

1 sin ax
d i d i
i.e., sin ax =
f D2 f – a2
Provided f (– a2) ≠ 0 ...(1)
Similarly, we can prove that
1 cos ax
d i d i
cos ax =
f D2 f – a2
if f (– a ) ≠ 0
2

1 cos ax
d i d i
In general, cos ax =
2
f D f – a2
if f (– a2) ≠ 0 ...(2)
1
b
sin ax + b g 1
b
sin ax + b g
d i
f D 2
=
d i
f – a2
1
b
cos ax + b g 1
b
cos ax + b g
and
d i
f D 2
=
d i
f – a2
These formula can be easily remembered as follows.
1
D +a 2
sin ax =
2
x
2 z sin ax dx =
–x
2a
cos ax

1
D +a 2
cos ax =
2
x
2 z cos ax ax =
x
2a
sin ax.

φ x bg
Type 3: P.I. of the form
f D b g
where φ (x) is a polynomial in x, we seeking the polynomial

Eqn. as the particular solution of

f (D)y = φ (x)
where φ (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn – 1 + ... an – 1 x + an
Hence P.I. is found by divisor. By writing φ (x) in descending powers of x and f (D) in
ascending powers of D. The division get completed without any remainder. The quotient so obtained
in the process of division will be particular integral.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 223

e ax V
Type 4: P.I. of the form
b g
f D
where V is a function of x.

1 1
We shall prove that
f Db g
e ax V = e ax
f D+a
V.
b g
ax ax ax
Consider D (e V) = e DV + Va e
ax
= e (D + a) V
2 ax ax
and D (e V) = e D2 V + a eax DV + a2 eax V + a eax DV
= eax (D2 V + 2a DV + a2 V )
= eax (D + a)2 V
Similarly, D3 (eax V ) = eax (D + a)3 V and so on.
∴ f (D) eax V = eax f (D + a) V …(1)
1
Let f (D + a) V = U, so that V =
b
f D+a
U
g
Hence (1) reduces to
1
f (D) eax
f D+abU = eax U
g
1
Operating both sides by
b g
f D
we get,

1 1
e ax
b g
f D+a
U =
b g
f D
e ax U

1 1
f b Dg b g
ax ax
i.e., e U = e U
f D+a
Replacing U by V, we get the required result.
xV xn V
Type 5: P.I. of the form
b g b g
,
f D f D
where V is a function of x.

By Leibniz’s theorem, we have

Dn (x V ) = x Dn V + n·1 Dn – 1·V
RS d D UV V
T dD W
n
= x Dn V +

∴ f (D) x V = x f (D) V + f ′ (D) V ...(1)

Eqn. (1) reduces to

xV LM x – f ′b Dg OP V
f Db g =
MN f bDg PQ f b Dg ...(2)

This is formula for finding the particular integral of the functions of the xV. By repeated
application of this formula, we can find P.I. as x2 V, x3 V ...... .
224 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

WORKED OUT EXAMPLES

Type 1
d2y dy
1. Solve –5 + 6y = e 5x.
dx 2 dx
Solution. We have
(D2 – 5D + 6) y = e5x
A.E. is m2 – 5m + 6 = 0
i.e., (m – 2) (m – 3) = 0
⇒ m = 2, 3
Hence the complementary function is
∴ C.F. = C1 e2x + C2 e3x
Particular Integral (P.I.) is
1
P.I. = e5x (D → 5)
D – 5D + 6
2

1 e5 x
= e 5x
= ·
52 – 5 × 5 + 6 6
∴ The general solution is given by
y = C.F. + P.I.
e5x
= C1 e2x + C2 e3x + ·
6
d2y dy
2. Solve 2
− 3 + 2y = 10e 3x.
dx dx
Solution. We have
(D2 – 3D + 2) y = 10 e3x
2
A.E. is m – 3m + 2 = 0
i.e., (m – 2) (m – 1) = 0
m = 2, 1
C.F. = C1 e2x + C2 ex
1
P.I. = 10e 3 x (D → 3)
D – 3D + 2
2

1
= 10e 3 x
3 – 3×3+ 2
2

10 e 3 x
P.I. =
2
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
10 e 3 x
= C1 e2x + C2 ex + .
2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 225

d2y dy
3. Solve 2
–4 + 4y = e 2x.
dx dx
Solution. Given equation is
(D2 – 4D + 4)y = e2x
A.E. is m2 – 4m + 4 = 0
i.e., (m – 2) (m – 2) = 0
m = 2, 2
C.F. = (C1 + C2) e2x
1
P.I. = e2x (D = 2)
D2 – 4 D + 4
1
=
2 –4 2 +4
2
bg
e2 x (Dr = 0)

Differentiate the denominator and multiply ‘x’

1
= x. e2 x (D → 2)
2D – 4
1
= x.
bg
2 2 –4
e2x (Dr = 0)

Again differentiate denominator and multiply ‘x’

2 1 2x
= x e
2
x 2 e2 x
P.I. =
2
x 2 e2 x
y = C.F. + P.I. = (C1 + C2 x) e2x + ·
2
d4x
4. Solve + 4x = cosh t .
dt 4
Solution. We have
(D4 + 4) x = cosh t
A.E. is m4 + 4 = 0
i.e., (m2 + 2)2 – 4m2 = 0
or [(m2 + 2) – 2m] [m2 + 2 + 2m] = 0
m2 – 2m + 2 = 0; m2 + 2m + 2 = 0
2± 4–8 –2± 4–8
∴ m = ; m=
2 2
2 ± 2i – 2 ± 2i
m = ;m=
2 2
226 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

m = 1 ± i, m = – 1 ± i
C.F. = e (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) + e–t (C3 cos t + C4 sin t)
t

cosh t
P.I. =
D4 + 4

et + e–t
where cos h t =
2
LM OP
1 et + e –t
=
N
2 D4 + 4 Q
1L e O 1L e OP
M P + M
t –t

2 N D + 4Q 2 N D + 4Q
= 4 4

D→1 D → –1

LM
1 et e–t
+
OP = 1 . 1 de t
+ e–t i = 15 cos h t
=
2 5 N5 Q 52
y = C.F. + P.I.
1
= et (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) + e–t (C3 cos t + C4 sin t) + cos ht.
5

5. Solve
d3y
dx 3 d2
– y = ex + 1 . i
Solution. Given equation can be written as
(D3 – 1) y = e2x + 2ex + 1
A.E. is m3 – 1 = 0
i.e., (m – 1) (m2 + m + 1) = 0
Hence, m = 1
–1± 3 i
D =
2
1
FC I
GH JK
− x 3 3
C.F. = C1 e + e x + C3 sin
x 2
2 cos x
2 2
1
P.I. = 3 (e2x + 2ex + 1)
D –1
1 1 1
= 3
e2x + 3 2 ex + 3 e0
D –1 D –1 D –1
= P.I.1 + P.I.2 + P.I.3
e2 x
P.I.1 = D→ 2
D3 – 1
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 227

e2 x e2 x
= 3 =
2 –1 7
1
P.I.2 = 2 ex
3 (D → 1)
D –1
1
= 3
2 ex (Dr = 0)
1 –1
Differentiate the Dr and multiply x
2 xe x
= (D → 1)
3 D2
2 ex
P.I.2 = x ⋅
3
1
P.I.3 = e0 (D → 1)
D3 – 1
= –1
e2 x 2x e x
P.I. = + –1
7 3
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.

= C1 e + e
−
1
x LMC 3
x + C3 sin
3OP
x +
e2 x 2
+ x ex – 1
MN PQ
x 2
2 cos
2 2 7 3
6. Solve (D3 + 2D2 – D – 2) y = 2 cos h x.
Solution. Given equation is
(D3 + 2D2 – D – 2) y = 2 cosh x
A.E. is m3 + 2m2 – m – 2 = 0
m2 (m + 2) – 1 (m + 2) = 0
(m + 2) (m2 – 1) = 0
(m + 2) (m + 1) (m – 1) = 0
m = – 2, – 1, 1
C.F. = C1 e–2x + C2 e–x + C3 ex
F where cos h x = e + e− x I
GH JK
x
1
P.I. = 2 cos h x
D + 2 D2 – D – 2
3 2
F
e x + e– x I
=
2
D3 + 2 D2 – D – 2 2 GH JK
ex e– x
= +
D3 + 2 D2 – D – 2 D3 + 2 D2 – D – 2
= P.I.1 + P.I.2
228 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

ex
P.I.1 = (D → 1)
D 3+ 2 D 2 – D – 2
1
ex
=
1 + 2 1 –1– 2
3
bg 2 (Dr = 0)

x ex
= (D → 1)
3 D2 + 4 D – 1
x ex
=
6
1
P.I.2 = e– x (D → – 1)
D + 2D2 – D – 2
3

1
e– x
=
b g b g b g 3
–1 + 2 –1 – –1 – 2
2 (Dr = 0)

x
= e– x (D → – 1)
3D + 4 D – 1
2

– x e– x
=
2
x e x x e− x
P.I. = –
6 2
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.
x ex x e−x
= C1 e–2x + C2 e–x + C3 ex + – ⋅
6 2

Type 2
1. Solve (D2 + 9) y = cos 4x.
Solution. Given equation is (D2 + 9) y = cos 4x
A.E. is m2 + 9 = 0
i.e., m = ± 3i
C.F. = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x
1
P.I. = cos 4 x (D2 → – 42 = – 16)
D +9 2

1 1
= cos 4 x = – cos 4 x
– 16 + 9 7
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
1
= C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x – cos 4x.
7
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 229

2. Solve (D2 + D + 1) y = sin 2x.

Solution. The A.E. is
m2 + m + 1 = 0

– 1± 1– 4 – 1± 3 i
i.e., m = =
2 2
Hence the C.F. is
−
x
LMC cos 3
x + C2 sin
3 OP
MN PQ
2
C.F. = e 1 x
2 2
1
P.I. = sin 2 x (D2 → – 22)
D2 + D + 1
1
= sin 2 x
– 2 + D+1 2

1
= sin 2 x
D–3
Multiplying and dividing by (D + 3)

=
b D + 3g sin 2 x
D2 – 9

=
b D + 3g sin 2 x =
–1
b g
2 cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x
2
–2 –9 13
LMC cos 3 O 1
−x
x P – (2 cos 2x + 3 sin 2x).
3
x + C2 sin
MN 2 PQ 3
∴ y = C.F. + P.I. = e 2
1
2
3. Solve (D2 + 5D + 6) y = cos x + e–2x.
Solution. The A.E. is
m2 + 5m + 6 = 0
i.e., (m + 2) (m + 3) = 0
m = – 2, – 3
C.F. = C1 e–2x + C2 e–3x
1
P.I. = ⋅ [cos x + e–2x]
D + 5D + 6
2

cos x e –2 x
= +
D 2 + 5D + 6 D 2 + 5D + 6
= P.I.1 + P.I.2
cos x
P.I.1 = (D2 = – 12)
D + 5D + 6
2

cos x cos x
= =
– 1 + 5D + 6
2
5 D+5
230 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

1 b g
cos x D – 1
=
5 b gb gD +1 D –1

1 b D – 1g cos x
=
5 D2 – 1
1 – sin x – cos x
=
5 – 12 – 1
– 1 sin x + cos x
=
5 –2

=
1
10
b
sin x + cos x g
e– 2x
P.I.2 = (D → – 2)
D 2 + 5D + 6

e –2 x
b – 2g
= 2
(Dr = 0)
+ 5× – 2 + 6
Differential and multiply ‘x’
x e –2 x
= (D → – 2)
2D + 5
x e –2 x x e –2 x
=
b g
2 –2 +5
=
1
= x e –2 x

1
P.I. = (sin x + cos x) + x e– 2x
10
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
1
y = C1 e–2x + C2 e–3x + (sin x + cos x) + x e–2x.
10
4. Solve (D2 + 3D + 2) y = cos2 x.
Solution. The A.E. is
m2 + 3m + 2 = 0
i.e., (m + 1) (m + 2) = 0
∴ m = – 1, – 2
C.F. = C1 e–x + C2 e–2x
1
P.I. = . cos 2 x
D + 3D + 2
2

1 + cos 2 x
where cos2 x =
2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 231

1 LM
1 + cos 2 x OP
=
D + 3D + 2
2
2 N Q
1 LM 1
e0x + 2
1 OP
N Q
= cos 2 x
2 D 2 + 3D + 2 D + 3D + 2

1
= P.I.1 + P.I.2
2

e0x
P.I.1 = (D → 0)
D 2 + 3D + 2

e0x 1
= =
2 2
cos 2 x
P.I.2 = (D2 → – 22)
D + 3D + 2
2

cos 2 x
=
– 2 + 3D + 2
2

cos 2 x 3D + 2
= ×
3 D – 2 3D + 2

=
b3D + 2g cos 2 x (D2 → – 22)
9 D2 – 4

bg
– 3 sin 2 x ⋅ 2 + 2 cos 2 x
9 b – 2g – 4
= 2

– 6 sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x
=
– 40

6 sin 2 x – 2 cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x – cos 2 x

= =
40 20

LM
1 1 3 sin 2 x – cos 2 x OP
P.I. =
2 2N+
20 Q
1 3 sin 2 x – cos 2 x
= +
4 40
y = C.F. + P.I.
1 1
= C1 e–x + C2 e–2x + + (3 sin 2x – cos 2x).
4 40
232 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

5. Solve (D3 + D2 – D – 1) y = cos 2x.

Solution. The A.E. is
m3 + m2 – m – 1 = 0
i.e., m2 (m + 1) – 1 (m + 1) = 0
(m + 1) (m2 – 1) = 0
m = – 1, m2 = 1
m = – 1, m = ± 1
∴ m = – 1, – 1, 1
C.F. = C1 ex + (C2 + C3 x) e–x
1
P.I. = 3
cos 2 x (D2 → – 22)
D + D2 – D – 1
1
b D + 1g d D – 1i
= cos 2 x
2

1
=
b D + 1g d – 2 – 1i cos 2 x
2

–1 1
= cos 2 x
5 D +1
– 1 cos 2 x D – 1
= ×
5 D +1 D –1

=
b g
– 1 D – 1 cos 2 x
(D2 → – 22)
5 D2 – 1

LM
– 1 – 2 sin 2 x – cos 2 x OP
N Q
=
5 – 22 – 1
–1
= (2 sin 2x + cos 2x)
25
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
1
= C1 ex + (C2 + C3 x) e–x – (2 sin 2x + cos 2x).
25
6. Solve (D3 + 1) y = sin 3x – cos2 (1/2) x.
Solution. The A.E. is
m3 + 1 = 0
i.e., (m + 1) (m2 – m + 1) = 0
m + 1 = 0, m2 – m + 1 = 0
m = –1
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 233

1± 1– 4
m =
2
1± 3 i
m =
2
LM 3
x + C3 sin
3 OP
C.F. = C1 e–x + ex/2 C2 cos
MN 2 2
x
PQ
1 FG 1 IJ
P.I. =
D +1
3 H
sin 3x – cos2 x
2 K
1 F 1 + cos x I
=
D +1
3 G
H sin 3x –
2
JK
1 1 1 1 1
= sin 3x – . e0x – cos x
D +1
3
2 D +1
3
2 D +1
3

= P.I.1 – P.I.2 – P.I.3

1
P.I.1 = sin 3x
D3 + 1
1
= sin 3x (D2 → – 32)
D ⋅D +1
2

1
= sin 3x
– 9D + 1
1 1 + 9D
= sin 3x ×
1 – 9D 1 + 9D

=
b1 + 9 Dg sin 3x (D2 → – 32)
1 – 81 D 2
sin 3x + 27 cos 3x
=
d i
1 – 81 – 32

1
P.I.1 = (sin 3x + 27 cos 3x)
730
1 e0x
P.I.2 = (D → 0)
2 D3 + 1
1
=
2
1 1
P.I.3 = . cos x
2 D +1
3

1 1
= cos x (D2 → – 12)
2 D ⋅D +1
2
234 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

1 1
= cos x
2 – D +1
1 1 1+ D
= cos x ×
2 1– D 1+ D
LM
1 cos x – sin x OP (D2 → – 12)
N Q
=
2 1 – D2
1 cos x – sin x
=
2 2
1
P.I.3 = (cos x – sin x)
4
1 1 1
P.I. = (sin 3x + 27 cos 3x) − – (cos x – sin x).
730 2 4
7. Solve: (D2 + 4) y = sin2 x.
Solution. The A.E. is
m2 + 4 = 0
i.e., m2 = – 4
m = ± 2i
C.F. = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x
1
P.I. = sin 2 x
D +42

1 – cos 2 x
where sin2 x =
2
1 LM
1 – cos 2 x OP
=
D +42
N
2 Q
1 1
= (1 – cos 2x)
2 D +4
2

1 e0x LM
cos 2 x OP
N Q
= – 2
2 D +4 D +4
2

1
= P.I.1 – P.I.2
2
e0 x
P.I.1 = (D → 0)
D2 + 4
1
=
4
1
P.I.2 = cos 2 x (D2 → – 22)
D +42

1
= cos 2 x (Dr = 0)
– 22 + 4
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 235

Differentiate the Dr and multiplying by ‘x’

1 D
= x cos 2 x ×
2D D
– x sin 2 x ⋅ 2
= (D2 → – 22)
2 D2
– 2 x sin 2 x
=
2 – 22d i
2 x sin 2 x x sin 2 x
= =
8 4
LM
1 1 x sin 2 x OP
P.I. =
2 4N–
4 Q
1 x sin 2 x
= –
8 8
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
1 x
y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + – sin 2x.
8 8
8. Solve y″ + 9y = cos 2x · cos x.
Solution. We have
(D2 + 9) y = cos 2x cos x
A.E. is m2 + 9 = 0
m2 = – 32
m = ± 3i
C.F. = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x
cos 2 x ⋅ cos x
P.I. =
D2 + 9
where cos 2x · cos x = 1/2 (cos x + cos 3x)

LM
1 cos x + cos 3x OP
=
2 N D2 + 9 Q
1 cos x 1 cos 3x
= +
2 D2 + 9 2 D2 + 9

= P.I.1 + P.I.2
1 cos x
P.I.1 = (D2 → –12)
2 D2 + 9
236 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

1 cos x 1
= = cos x
2 8 16
1 cos 3x
P.I.2 = (D2 → – 32)
2 D2 + 9
1 cos 3x
= (Dr = 0)
2 – 32 + 9

Differentiate the Dr and multiplying by ‘x’

1 x cos 3 x D
= ×
2 2D D

=
b g
1 x – sin 3x ⋅ 3
(D2 → – 32)
2 2 D2
– 3x sin 3x
=
d i
4 –32

– 3x sin 3x
=
– 36
x sin 3x
P.I.2 =
12
1 1
∴ P.I. = cos x + x sin 3x
16 12
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
1 1
= C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x + cos x + x sin 3x.
16 12

EXERCISE 5.2
Solve the following equations:
LM Ans. y = C cos x + C sin x – 1 sin 2 x OP
1. (D2 + 1) y = sin 2x.
N 1
3
2
Q
LM Ans. y = C e + C e – 1 sin 2 x − 1 cos 3x OP
N Q
2x –2 x
2. (D2 – 4) y = sin 2x + cos 3x. 1 2
8 13
LM Ans. y = C cos 3x + C sin 3x – x cos 3x OP
3. (D2 + 9) y = sin 3x. N 1 2
6 Q
LM Ans. y = C cos 4 x + C sin 4 x + x sin 4 x OP
4. (D2 + 16) y = cos 4x. N 1 2
8 Q
LM Ans. y = C cos x + C sin x + 1 b4 x sin x + cos 3xgOP
5. (D2 + 1) y = sin x sin 2x. N 1 2
16 Q
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 237

LM Ans. y = C e gOPQ 1
b
N + C2 e –2 x – 3 cos 2 x + sin 2 x
4x
6. (D2 – 2D – 8) y = 4 cos 2x. 1
10

LM Ans. y = C e + C e + xe – 1 bcos x − sin xgOP

N Q
–3x –2 x –2 x
7. (D2 + 5D + 6) y = sin x + e . –2x
1 2
10

LM Ans. y = C e + C e + 1 + 1 b3 sin 2 x − cos 2 x gOP

N Q
–x –2 x
8. (D2 + 3D + 2) y = 4 cos x. 2
10
1 2

LMAns. y = C e + C e – 1 FG 1 cos 3x + 1 cos xIJ OP

2 H 13 KQ
2x –2 x
9. (D2 – 4) y = cos x cos 2x.
N 5
1 2

LM Ans. y = bC + C xge + 1 bcos 2 x − sin 2 x g OP

N Q
2x
10. (D2 – 4D + 4) y = sin 2x + cos 2x. 1 2
8

11. (D2 + 8D + 25) y = 48 cos x – 16 sin x. b

Ans. y = e –4 x C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x + 2 cos x g
12. (D3 + D2 + D + 1) y = sin 3x.
LM Ans. y = C e + C cos x + C sin x + 1 b3cos 3x − sin 3xgOP
N Q
–x
1 2 3
80

LM Ans. y = bC + C xg e + bC + C xg e + 1 cos xOP

N Q
4 2 x –x
13. (D – 2D + 1) y = cos x. 1 2 3 4
4

L
14. (D + 8) y = sin 2x. M Ans. y = C e + e e C cos 3 x + C sin 3x j +
1
b O
cos 2 x + sin 2 x gP
N Q
3 –2 x x
1 2 3
16

L
15. (D – 16) y = sin x cos x. M Ans. y = C e + C e
1 O
x cos 2 x P
N + C cos 2 x + C sin 2 x +
Q
4 2x –2 x
1 2 3 4
64

LM Ans. y = dC + C x + C x ie – 1 – 1 b2 sin 2 x − 11cos 2 x g OP

N Q
3 2 2 x
16. (D – 1) y = cos x. 1 2 3
2 250

LM Ans. y = bC + C x ge + C e + 1 b7 cos 2 x + sin 2 xgOP

N Q
3 x –2 x
17. (D – 3D + 2) y = sin 2x. 1 2 3
100

18. (D2 + 1)(D2 + 4) y = cos 2x + sin x.

LM Ans. y = C cos x + C sin x + C cos 2 x + C sin 2 x – 1 x sin 2 x – 1 x cos x OP
N 1 2
12
3
6 Q 4

d 3y
19. + y = 65 cos (2x + 1) + e–x.
dx 3
LMAns. y = C e x
R|S 3 3 U|V 1
b g b g OP
|T
+ e 2 C2 cos x + C3 sin
|W
x + cos 2 x + 1 – 8 sin 2 x + 1 + xe – x
–x

MN 1
2 2 3 PQ
238 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

Type 3
1. Solve y″ + 3y′ + 2y = 12x2.
Solution. We have (D2 + 3D + 2) y = 12x2
A.E. is m2 + 3m + 2 = 0
i.e., (m + 1) (m + 2) = 0
⇒ m = –1, – 2
C.F. = C1e–x + C2e–2x
12 x 2
P.I. =
D 2 + 3D + 2
We need to divide for obtaining the P.I.
6x2 – 18x + 21
2 + 3D + D2 12x2
Note:
12x2 + 36x + 12 3D(6x2) = 36x
– 36x – 12 D2(6x2) = 12
– 36x – 54
42
42
0
Hence, P.I. = 6x2 – 18x + 21
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
y = C1e–x + C2e–2x + 6x2 – 18x + 21.

d2y dy
2. Solve 2
+2 + y = 2x + x 2 .
dx dx
Solution. We have (D2 + 2D + 1) y = 2x + x2
A.E. is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0
i.e., (m + 1)2 = 0
i.e., (m + 1) (m + 1) = 0
⇒ m = – 1, – 1
C.F. = (C1 + C2 x) e– x

2x + x2 x2 + 2x
P.I. = =
D2 + 2 D + 1 1 + 2 D + D2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 239

x2 – 2x + 2
1 + 2D + D2 x2 + 2x
x2 + 4x + 2
– 2x – 2
– 2x – 4
2
2
0

∴ P.I. = x2 – 2x + 2
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.
= (C1 + C2 x) e–x + (x2 – 2x + 2).
d2y dy
3. Solve 2
+5 + 6y = x 2 .
dx dx
Solution. We have
(D2 + 5D + 6) y = x2
A.E. is m2 + 5m + 6 = 0
(m + 2) (m + 3) = 0
i.e., m = – 2, – 3
C.F. = C1e–2x + C2e–3x
x2 x2
P.I. = =
D 2 + 5D + 6 6 + 5D + D 2
P.I. is found by division method
x 2 5x 19
– +
6 18 108
F x I = 5x
GH 6 JK 3
2
6 + 5D + D2 x2
5D
5x 1
x2 + +
3 3 Fx I 1
D G J =
2

H 6K 3
2
5x 1
– –
3 3
−5x 25
– FG – 5x IJ – 25
3 18
19
5D
H 18 K =
18

18
19
18
0
240 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

x 2 5x 19
∴ P.I. = – +
6 18 108
1
= (18x2 – 30x + 19)
108
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.
1
= C1 e– 2x + C2 e– 3x + (18x2 – 30x + 19).
108
4. Solve (D3 + 2D2 + D) y = x3.
Solution. A.E. is
m3 + 2m2 + m = 0
i.e., m (m2 + 2m + 1) = 0
i.e., m (m + 1)2 = 0
⇒ m = 0, –1, –1
C.F. = C1 + (C2 + C3 x) e– x

x3 x3
P.I. = =
D3 + 2 D2 + D D + 2 D2 + D3

D + 2D2 + D3
x4/4 – 2x3 + 9x2 – 24x
x3
Note:
x3
D
= z x 3 dx =
x4
4
Fx I
4
x3 + 6x2 + 6x
2
2 D2 GH 4 JK = 6x2
– 6x – 6x
Fx I4
– 6x2 – 24x – 12 D3 GH 4 JK = 6x

z
18x + 12
18x + 36 – 6x2
= – 6x 2 dx = – 2x3
D
– 24
– 24
18x
D
= z 18x dx = 9 x 2

x 4
0 – 24
D
= zb g
– 24 dx = – 24 x

∴ P.I. = – 2x3 + 9x2 – 24x

4
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.

–x x4
= C1 + (C2 + C3 x) e + – 2x3 + 9x2 – 24x.
4
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 241

EXERCISE 5.3
Solve the following equations:
LM Ans. y = C e gOPQ 1
b
N + C2 e – 3 x –
3x
1. (D2 – 9) y = 2x – 1. 1 2x – 1
9
LM Ans. y = C cos 2 x + C sin 2 x + 1 d2 x – 2 x – 1iOP
N Q
2
2. (D2 2
+ 4) y = x – x. 1 2
8
LM Ans. y = bC + C xg e + 1 d2 x + 4 x + 3iOP
N Q
2x 2
3. (D2 – 4D + 4) y = x . 2
1 2
8
LM Ans. y = C e + C e – 1 b6x + 1gOP
N Q
2x – 3x
4. (D2 + D – 6) y = x. 1 2
36

5. (D2 2
+ 2D + 1) y = x + 2x. Ans. y = bC + C x g e + x – 2 x + 2
1 2
–x 2

LM Ans. y = e eC cos 2 x + C sin 2 x j + 1 d9 x + 12 x + 2iOP

N Q
x 2
6. (D2 – 2D + 3) y = x . 2
1 2
27
LM Ans. y = C e + C e + 1 d9 x + 24 x – 1iOP
N Q
2x 3x 2
7. (D2 2
– 5D + 6) y = x + x – 2. 1 2
54
LMAns. y = C e + e F C cos 3 x + C sin 3 xI + x – 6OP
GH 2 JK
x
–x 3

MN PQ
2
8. (D3 + 1) y = x .3 1
2
2 3

LMAns. y = C + C x + C e – x b x – 2gOP x
3

N Q
3 2 2
9. (D – D ) y = x – 3x + 1. 1
12
2 3

10. (D3 4
+ 8) y = x + 2x + 1.
LM Ans. y = C e + e eC cos 3x + C sin 3x j + 1 d x – x + 1iOP
N Q
– 2x x 4
1 2 3
8

Type 4

d2y dy
1. Solve 2
+2 – 3y = e x cos x.
dx dx
Solution. We have
(D2 + 2D – 3) y = ex cos x
A.E. is m2 + 2m – 3 = 0
i.e., (m + 3) (m – 1) = 0
i.e., m = – 3, 1
C.F. = C1 e– 3x + C2 ex
1
P.I. = e x cos x
D + 2D – 3
2

Taking ex outside the operator and changing D to D + 1

242 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

x 1
= e
b D + 1g b g
2
cos x
+ 2 D +1 – 3

x 1
= e cos x (D2 → – 12)
D + 4D
2

x 1
= e cos x
– 1 + 4D

x LM cos x × 4 D + 1OP
= e
N 4 D – 1 4 D + 1Q
x LM – 4 sin x + cos x OP (D2 → – 12)
= e
N 16 D – 1 Q 2

x LM – 4 sin x + cos x OP
= e
N – 17 Q
ex
= (4 sin x – cos x)
17
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.

–3x ex x
y = C1 e + C2 e + (4 sin x – cos x).
17
2. Solve (D3 + 1) y = 5ex x2.
Solution. A.E. is
m3 + 1 = 0
i.e., (m + 1) (m2 – m + 1) = 0
(m + 1) = 0, m2 – m + 1 = 0
m = –1
1 ± 3i
m =
2
x
F I
GH JK
3 3
C.F. = C1 e + e 2 C2 cos x + C3 sin
–x
x
2 2
1
P.I. = 5e x x 2
D +13

Taking ex outside the operator and changing D to D + 1

1
x
⋅ 5x 2
= e
b D + 1g 3
+1

x 5x 2
= e
D 3 + 3D 2 + 3D + 2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 243

5e x LM
2x2 OP
=
N
2 2 + 3D + 3 D 2 + D 3 Q
(For a convenient division we have multiplied and divided by 2)
3
x2 – 3x +
2
2 + 3D + 3D2 + D3 2x2
2x2 + 6x + 6
– 6x – 6
– 6x – 9
3
3
0
Fx I
3 5e x
H − 3x + ⋅
K
2
∴ P.I. =
2 2
5e x
= (2x2 – 6x + 3)
4
y = C.F. + P.I.
x
|RSC 3 3 |UV
5e x
+
|T x + C3 sin
|W
–x
= C1 e e 2
2 cos x + (2x2 – 6x + 3).
2 2 4
3. Solve (D2 – 4D + 3) y = e2x sin 3x.
Solution. A.E. is
m2 – 4m + 3 = 0
i.e., (m – 1) (m – 3) = 0
m = 1, 3
C.F. = C1 ex + C2 e3x
1
P.I. = e 2 x sin 3x
D – 4D + 3
2

Taking e2x outside the operator and changing D to D + 2

1
2x
⋅ sin 3x
= e
b D + 2 g – 4 b D + 2g + 3
2

2x LM 1 OP sin 3x (D2 → – 32)

= e
N D – 1Q
2

1 2x
= – e sin 3x
10
y = C.F. + P.I.
1 2x
= C1 ex + C2 e3x – e sin 3x.
10
244 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

d2y
4. Solve 2
+ 4y = 2e x sin 2 x.
dx
Solution. We have
(D2 + 4) y = 2ex sin2 x
A.E. is m2 + 4 = 0
i.e., m2 = –4
m = ± 2i
C.F. = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x
1
P.I. = 2 e x sin 2 x
D +4 2

1 – cos 2 x
where sin2 x =
2
1
= ex (1 – cos 2x)
D2 + 4
1
= (ex – ex cos 2x)
D +4 2

ex e x cos 2 x
= –
D2 + 4 D2 + 4
= P.I.1 – P.I.2
1
P.I.1 = ex (D → 1)
D +4 2

ex
=
5
e x cos 2 x
P.I.2 =
D2 + 4
Taking ex outside the operator and changing D to D + 1
x 1
= e
b D + 1g + 4 2
cos 2 x

x LM 1 OP cos 2 x
= e
N D + 2D + 1 + 4 Q
2

x LM 1 OP cos 2 x (D2 → – 22)

N D + 2 D + 5Q
= e 2

x 1
= e cos 2 x
– 22 + 2D + 5
1 2D – 1
x
= e . cos 2 x ×
2D + 1 2D – 1
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 245

x LM – 4 sin 2 x – cos 2 x OP
= e
N 4D – 1 Q 2 (D2 → – 22)

x LM – 4 sin 2 x – cos 2 x OP
= e
N – 17 Q
ex
= (4 sin 2x + cos 2x)
17
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.
ex
y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + (4 sin 2x + cos 2x).
17
5. Solve (D2 – 4D + 3) y = 2x e3x.
Solution. A.E. is
m2 – 4m + 3 = 0
i.e., (m – 1) (m – 3) = 0
i.e., m = 1, 3
C.F. = C1 ex + C2 e3x
1
P.I. = 2 x e3x
D – 4D + 3
2

Taking e3x outside the operator and changing D → D + 3

3x 2x
= e .
b D + 3g – 4 b D + 3g + 3
2

3x LM 2 x OP
= e
N D + 2D Q
2

By division method
x2/2 – x/2
2D + D2 2x
2x + 1

z
–1
2x x2
–1 Note: = x dx =
2D 2

Fx
0

I
–1
2D
= z –1
2
dx = −
x
2
GH 2 JK
2
3x x
P.I. = e –
2
y = C.F. + P.I.
Fx I
GH 2 JK
2
x 3x 3x x
= C1 e + C2 e + e – ·
2
246 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

Type 5
d2y
1. Solve + 4y = x sin x.
dx 2
Solution. We have
(D2 + 4) y = x sin x
A.E. is m2 + 4 = 0
m2 = – 4
m = ± 2i
C.F. = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x
1
P.I. = x sin x
D +4
2

xV LM x – f ′b Dg OP V
Let us use
b g
f D
=
MN f b Dg PQ f b Dg
x sin x LM x – 2 D OP sin x (D2 → – 12)
D2 + 4
=
N D + 4Q D + 4
2 2

x sin x 2 D b sin x g
– (D2 → – 12)
D + 4 d D + 4i
= 2 2
2

x sin x 2 cos x
= –
3 32
x sin x 2 cos x
= –
3 9
1
P.I. = (3x sin x – 2 cos x)
9
y = C.F. + P.I.
1
= C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + (3x sin x – 2 cos x).
9
2. Solve (D2 + 2D + 1) y = x cos x.
Solution. A.E. is
m2 + 2m + 1 = 0
i.e., (m + 1)2 = 0
m = – 1, – 1
C.F. = (C1 + C2 x) e–x
x cos x
P.I. = .
D + 2D + 1
2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 247

xV LM x – f ′b Dg OP . V
Let us we have
b g
f D
=
MN f b Dg PQ f b Dg
LM x – 2 D + 2 OP . cos x
=
N D + 2 D + 1Q D + 2 D + 1
2 2

=
x cos x
–
b2 D + 2g cos x
2
D + 2 D + 1 d D + 2 D + 1i
2 2

= P.I.1 – P.I.2
x cos x
P.I.1 = (D2 → – 12)
D + 2D + 1
2

x cos x × D
=
2D × D
– x sin x
= (D2 → – 12)
2 D2
x
P.I.1 = sin x
2
b2 D + 2g cos x (D2 → – 12)
d D + 2 D + 1i
P.I.2 = 2
2

– 2 sin x + 2 cos x
=
b 2 Dg 2

– 2 sin x + 2 cos x
= (D2 = – 12)
4 D2
2 sin x − 2 cos x
=
4
1
= (sin x – cos x)
2
1 1
P.I. = x sin x – (sin x – cos x)
2 2
1
= (x sin x – sin x + cos x)
2
y = C.F. + P.I.
1
y = (C1 + C2 x) e– x + (x sin x – sin x + cos x).
2
248 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

d2y
3. Solve – y = x ex sin x.
dx 2
Solution. We have the equation (D2 – 1) y = x ex sin x
A.E. is m2 – 1 = 0
m2 = 1
m = + 1, – 1
C.F. = C1ex + C2e–x
1
P.I. = x e x sin x
D2 – 1
Taking ex outside the operator and changing D → D + 1
x 1
= e
b D + 1g – 1
2
x sin x

e M
x L x sin x OP
= 2
N D + 2D Q
xV LM x – f ′b Dg OP V
Let us use
b g
f D
=
MN f bDg PQ f b Dg
e Mx –
x L 2 D + 2 OP . sin x (D → – 1 )
N D + 2D Q D + 2D
2 2
= 2 2

R| x sin x 2 b D + 1g U|
e S
|T 2 D – 1 D b D + 2g V|W
x
= – sin x
2
2

R| x b2 D + 1g sin x 2 b D + 1g U|
e S
x
sin x V
|T 4 D – 1 – 1 dD + 4 D + 4i |W
= 2
– 2

e S
x R 2 x cos x + x sin x + 2 b D + 1gb4 D – 3g sin xUV
=
T –5 2
16 D – 9 W
e S
R – 1 x b2 cos x + sin xg – 2 d4 D + D – 3i sin x UV
T5 W
x 2
=
25

e S
R – 1 x FG 2 cos x + sin x – 2 b– 4 sin x + cos x – 3 sin xgUV
T5 H
x
=
25 W
–1 x
P.I. = e {(5x – 14) sin x + 2 (5x + 1) cos x}
25
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
1 x
= C1ex + C2 e–x – e {(5x – 14) sin x + 2 (5x + 1) cos x}.
25
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 249

d2y dy
4. Solve 2
–4 + 4y = 3x2 e2x sin 2x.
dx dx
Solution. We have
(D2 – 4D + 4) y = 3x2 e2x sin 2x
A.E. is m2 – 4m + 4 = 0
i.e., (m – 2)2 = 0
m = 2, 2
C.F. = (C1 + C2 x) e2x
1
P.I. =
b D – 2g 2 . 3x2 e2x sin 2x

2x
Taking e outside the operator and changing D to D + 2
2x 1 2
= 3e x sin 2 x
D2
1 2
We shall find x sin 2x Integrating twice
D2
1
D
(x2 sin 2x) =

Applying Integration by parts

z x 2 sin 2 x dx

FG – cos 2 x IJ – 2 x FG – sin 2 x IJ + 2 FG cos 2 x IJ

H 2 K H 4 K H 8 K
2
= x

– x 2 cos 2 x x sin 2 x cos 2 x

= + +
2 2 4

Hence,
1
D2
d
x 2 sin 2 x i =
–1 2
2 z
x cos 2 x dx +
1
2 z x sin 2 x dx +
1
4 z cos 2 x dx

LM
– 1 2 sin 2 x FG
– cos 2 x IJ FG
– sin 2 x IJ OP
=
2 Nx
2
– 2x
H4
+2
K 8 H KQ
1 L F – cos 2 x I F – sin 2 x IJ OP + 1 . sin 2 x
+ Mx G J – 1G
2N H 2 K H 4 KQ 4 2
–1
= (2x2 sin 2x + 4x cos 2x – 3 sin 2x)
8
– 3 2x
∴ P.I. = e (2x2 sin 2x + 4x cos 2x – 3 sin 2x)
8
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
3 2x
= (C1 + C2 x) e 2 x – e (2x2 sin 2x + 4x cos 2x – 3 sin 2x).
8
250 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

d2y dy
5. Solve 2
–2 + y = x ex sin x.
dx dx
Solution. We have
(D2 – 2D + 1) y = xex sin x
A.E. is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0
i.e., (m – 1)2 = 0
m = 1, 1
C.F. = (C1 + C2 x) ex
1
P.I. = x e x sin x
D – 2D + 1
2

1
x e x sin x
=
b D – 1g 2 (D → D + 1)

x 1
= e x sin x
D2

Now
1
D2
b
x sin x g =
1
D z
⋅ x sin x dx

1
Since is the Integration
D

=
1
D
b
x – cos x – 1 – sin x g b g
On integration by parts
1
= (– x cos x + sin x)
D

z
= – x cos x dx + sin x dx z
m
= – x sin x – 1 – cos x b gr – cos x
= – x sin x – 2 cos x
= – (x sin x + 2 cos x)
Hence P.I. = – ex (x sin x + 2 cos x).
∴ The complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
= (C1 + C2x) ex – ex (x sin x + 2 cos x).
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 251

EXERCISE 5.4
Solve the following equations:
LM Ans. y = C cos 3x + C sin 3x + 1 b4 x cos x + sin xgOP
1. (D2 + 9) y = x cos x.
N 1
32
2
Q
LM Ans. y = bC + C xg e + 1 bsin x + cos x – 1gOP
N Q
–x
2. 2
(D – 2D + 1) y = x sin x. 1 2
2
LM Ans. y = C e + C e – 1 b5x sin 3x + 3 cos 3x gOP
N Q
x –x
3. 2
(D – 1) y = x sin 3x. 1 2
50
4. 2
(D – 3D + 2) y = x cos 2x.
LM Ans. y = C e + C e – 1 x (3 sin 2 x + cos 2 x) – 1 b7 sin 2 x + 24 cos 2 xgOP
N Q
x 2x
1 2
20 200
2
d y L
+ a y = x cos ax. M Ans. y = C cos ax + C sin ax +
1
d O
ax sin ax + x cos ax iP
N Q
2 2
5. 2 1 2 2
dx 4a
2
d y LM Ans. y = C e + C e – 1 d x – 1i cos x – 2 x sin x OP
N Q
x –x 2
6. 2
– y = x cos x. 1 2
dx 2 2
7. (D2 – 4D + 4) y = 4x2 e2x cos 2x.
LM Ans. y = bC + C xg e 1 2x
d2 x i OP
N Q
2x 2
1 2 – e – 3 cos 2 x – 4 x sin 2 x
2

d4y
8. – y = x sin x.
dx 4
LM Ans. y = C cos x + C 1 2
d i OP
N 1 2 sin x + C3 e x + C4 e – x +
8
x + 2 cos 5x – 3x sin x
Q
5.6 METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
Here we consider a method of finding the particular integral of the equation f (D) y = φ(x). When
φ(x) is of some special forms. In this method first we assume that the particular integral is of certain
form with some coefficients. Then substituting the value of this particular integral in the given
equation and comparing the coefficients, we get the value of these “undetermined” coefficients.
Therefore, the particular integral can be obtained. This method is applicable only when the equation
is with constant coefficients.
In the following cases we give the forms of the particular integral corresponding to a special
form of φ(x).
Case (i): If φ(x) is polynomial of degree n
i.e., φ(x) = a0 + a1 x + ....... an xn
Then particular integral is of the form
y p = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ........ + an xn
252 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

Example: φ (x) = 3x2

y p = a + bx + cx2
Case (ii): If φ (x) = emx then the particular
integral is y p = a emx
Example: 5ex is the φ (x)
∴ φ (x) = 5ex
∴ Particular Integral y p = a e x.
Case (iii): If φ (x) = sin ax or cos ax or p sin ax + q cos ax
then P.I. is of the form y p = A cos ax + B sin ax
Example 1: φ (x) = 2 sin 5x
∴ y p = a cos 5x + b sin 5x
Example 2: φ (x) = 3 cos 2x
∴ y p = a cos 2x + b sin 2x
Case (iv): If φ (x) = emx sin bx
or φ (x) = emx cos bx
or φ (x) = emx (a sin bx + b sin bx) then
Particular Integral of the form
y p = emx (a sin bx + b cos bx)
Example: φ (x) = 2e2x cos 3x
y p = e2x (a cos 3x + b sin 3x).

WORKED OUT EXAMPLES

1. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients,
y″ – 3y′ + 2y = x2 + x + 1.
Solution. For the given equation is (D2 – 3D + 2) y = x2 + x + 1
A.E. is m2 – 3m + 2 = 0
i.e., (m – 1) (m – 2) = 0
m = 1, 2
C.F. = C1 ex + C2 e2x
Here φ (x) = x2 + x + 1 and 0 is not a root of the A.E.
We assume for P.I. in the form
y p = a + bx + cx2 ...(1)
We have to find a, b and c such that
y″p – 3y′p + 2yp = x2 + x + 1 ...(2)
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 253

From Eqn. (1) y′p = b + 2cx

y″p = 2c
Now Eqn. (2) becomes
2c – 3 (b + 2cx) + 2 (a + bx + cx2) = x2 + x + 1
(2c – 3b + 2a) + (– 6c + 2b) x + (2c) x2 = x2 + x + 1
Equating the coefficients
2c – 3b + 2a = 1 ...(3)
– 6c + 2b = 1 ...(4)
2c = 1 ...(5)
1
Eqn. (5) ⇒ c =
2
–6
Eqn. (4) ⇒ + 2b = 1
2
2b = 1 + 3
b = 2
2
Eqn. (3) ⇒ – 3 × 2 + 2a = 1
2
2a = 1 – 1 + 6
a = 3
Eqn. (1) becomes
1 2
P.I. = yp = 3 + 2x + x
2
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
FG 3 + 2 x + 1 x IJ ·
H 2 K
2
y = C1 ex + C2 e2x +

2. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients

y″ – 2y′ + 5y = e2x.
Solution. We have
(D2 – 2D + 5) y = e2x
A.E. is m2 – 2m + 5 = 0
m = 1 ± 2i
C.F. = ex (C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x)
Here φ (x) = e2x and 2 is not a root of the A.E.
We assume for P.I. in the form yp = ae2x ...(1)
We have to find ‘a’ such that
y″p – 2y′p + 5yp = e2x ...(2)
254 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

From Eqn. (1) y′p = 2a e2x

y″p = 4a e2x
Eqn. (2) ⇒ 4a e2x – 4a e2x + 5a e2x = e2x
5a e2x = e2x
Equating the coefficients
5a = 1
1
a =
5
1 2x
Eqn. (1), yp = e
5
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.
1 2x
y = ex (C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x) + e ·
5
3. Solve using the method of undetermined coefficients
y″ – 5y′ + 6y = sin 2x.
Solution. We have
(D2 – 5D + 6) y = sin 2x
A.E. is m2 – 5m + 6 = 0
i.e., (m – 2) (m – 3) = 0
m = 2, 3
∴ C.F. = C1 e2x + C2 e3x
φ (x) = sin 2x and 0 is not a root of the A.E.
We assume for P.I. in the form
y p = a cos 2x + b sin 2x ...(1)
We have to find ‘a’ and ‘b’ such that
y″p – 5y′p + 6yp = sin 2x ...(2)
From Eqn. (1), y′p = – 2a sin 2x + 2b cos 2x
y″p = – 4a cos 2x – 4b sin 2x
Eqn. (2) becomes
– 4a cos 2x – 4b sin 2x – 5 (– 2a sin 2x + 2b cos 2x) + 6 (a cos 2x + b sin 2x) = sin 2x
(10a + 2b) sin 2x + (2a – 10b) cos 2x = sin 2x
Comparing the coefficients, we get
10a + 2b = 1
and 2a – 10b = 0
5
Solving we get, a =
52
1
b =
52
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 255

Eqn. (1) becomes

5 1
P.I. = yp = cos 2x + sin 2x
52 52

1
y = C.F. + P.I. = C1 e2x + C2 e3x + (cos 2x + sin 2x).
52
4. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients
y″ + y′ – 2y = x + sin x.
Solution. We have
(D2 + D – 2) y = x + sin x
A.E. is m2 + m – 2 = 0
i.e., (m – 1) (m + 2) = 0, m = 1, – 2
C.F. = C1ex + C2e– 2x
φ (x) = x + sin x and 0 is not root of the A.E.
We assume for P.I. in the form
y p = a + bx + c cos x + d sin x. ...(1)
We have to find a, b, c, and d such that
y″p + y′p – 2yp = x + sin x ...(2)
From (1),
y′p = b – c sin x + d cos x
y″p = – c cos x – d sin x
Eqn. (2), becomes
– cos x – d sin x + b – c sin x + d cos x – 2 (a + bx + c cos x + d sin x) = x + sin x
(– 2a + b) – 2bx + (– 3c – d ) sin x + (c – 3d ) cos x = x + sin x
Comparing the coefficients, we get
– 2a + b = 0, – 2b = 1, – 3c – d = 1, c – 3d = 0
Solving, we get

–1 –1 –3 –1
a = ,b= ,c= ,d=
4 2 10 10
Eqn. (1), becomes
1 1 3 1
yp = − − x − sin x − cos x
4 2 10 10

= −
1
4
b
2x + 1 −g 1
10
b
3 sin x + cos x g
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.

= C1e x + C2 e –2 x –
1
4
b g
2x + 1 –
1
10
b g
3 sin x + cos x .
256 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

5. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients

y″ + 4y = x2 + e–x.
Solution. We have (D2 + 4) y = x2 + e–x
A.E. is m2 + 4 = 0
i.e., m2 = – 4
i.e., m = ± 2i
C.F. = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x
φ (x) = x2 + e–x
where 0 and – 1 is not a root of the A.E.
We assume for P.I. in the form
yp = a + bx + cx2 + de–x ...(1)
We have to find a, b, c, and d such that
y″p + 4yp = x2 + e–x ...(2)
From (1), y′p = b + 2cx – de–x
y″p = 2c + de–x
Eqn. (2) ⇒ 2c + de–x + 4(a + bx + cx2 + de–x) = x2 + e–x
(2c + 4a) + 4bx + 4cx2 + 5de–x = x2 + e–x
Equating the coefficients
2c + 4a = 0, 4b = 0, 4c = 1, 5d = 1
Solving we get
–1 1 1
a = , b = 0, c = , d =
8 4 5
Equation (1) becomes

P.I. = yp =
–1 1 2 1 − x 1
8 4 5 8
1
5
d
+ x + e = 2 x 2 − 1 + e− x i
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.

= c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x +
1
8
d i
1
2x2 − 1 + e−x .
5
6. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients
y″ + y′ – 4y = x + cos 2x.
Solution. We have
(D2 – D – 4) y = x + cos 2x
A.E. is m2 – m – 4 = 0
+1± 1+ 4 1± 5
∴ m = =
2 2
1+ 5 1– 5
∴ C.F. = ,
2 2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 257

F1+ 5I x F 1– 5I x
GH 2 JK G 2 JK
C.F. = Ce
1 + C eH
2

We assume for P.I. in the form

y p = a + bx + c cos 2x + d sin 2x ...(1)
Since 0, ± i are not roots of the A.E.
We have to find a, b, c and d such that
y″p – y′p – 4yp = x + cos 2x ...(2)
From Eqn. (1)
y′p = b – 2c sin 2x + 2d cos 2x
y″p = – 4c cos 2x – 4d sin 2x
Now Eqn. (2) becomes,
– 4c cos 2x – 4d sin 2x – (b – 2c sin 2x + 2d cos 2x) – [4 (a + bx + c cos 2x + d sin 2x)]
= x + cos 2x
Comparing the coefficients, we have
– 4a – b = 0, – 4b = 1 and
– 8c – 2d = 1, 2c – 8d = 0
Solving these we get,
1 −1 −2 −1
a = , b = , c = , d =
16 4 17 34
Therefore
1 1 2 1
P.I. = − x− cos 2 x − sin 2 x
16 4 17 34

=
1
16
b
1 − 4x − g1
34
b
4 cos 2 x + sin 2 x g
Hence the complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
F1+ 5I x F1− 5I x
GH 2 JK G 2 JK
= C1 e + C eH
2 +
1
16
b
1 − 4x −g 1
34
b g
4 cos x + sin 2 x .

7. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients

(D2 + 1) y = sin x.
Solution. Here A.E. is
m2 + 1 = 0 and its roots are m = ± i
Hence C.F. = C1cos x + C2 sin x
Note that sin x is common in the C.F. and the R.H.S. of the given equation.
(± i is the root of the A.E.)
Therefore P.I. is y the form
y p = x (a cos x + b sin x) ...(1)
Since ± i is root of the A.E.
258 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

We have to find a and b such that

y″p + yp = sin x ...(2)
From Eqn. (1) y′p = x (– a sin x + b cos x) + (a cos x + b sin x)
y″p = x (– a cos x – b sin x) + (– a sin x + b cos x) – a sin x
+ b cos x
= x (– a cos x – b sin x) – 2a sin x + 2b cos x
Then the given equation reduces to using the Eqn. (1)
x (– a cos x – b sin x) – 2a sin x + 2b cos x + x (a cos x + b sin x) = sin x
Equating the coefficients, we get
i.e., – 2a sin x + 2b cos x = sin x
– 2a = 1, 2b = 0
–1
a = , b=0
2
–1
Thus P.I. is yp = x cos x
2
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.
1
= C1 cos x + C2 sin x – x sin x .
2
8. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients
(D2 + 1) y = 4x – 2 sin x.
Solution. A.E. is
m2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ± i
∴ C.F. = C1cos x + C2sin x
φ (x) = 4x – 2 sin x. We assume for P.I in the form
y p = a + bx + x (c cos x + d sin x) ...(1)
Since 0 is not the root of the A.E. and ± i is the root of A.E.
We have to find a and b such that
y″p + yp = 4x – 2sin x ...(2)
From Eqn. (1) y′p = b + x (– c sin x + d cos x) + (c cos x + d sin x)
y″p = x (– c cos x – d sin x) + (– c sin x + d cos x)
+ (– c sin x + d cos x)
Eqn. (2), becomes
x (– c cos x – d sin x) + (– c sin x + d cos x) + (– c sin x + d cos x) a + bx
+ x (cos x + d sin x) = 4x – 2 sin x
i.e.,a + bx + (– 2c sin x + 2d cos x) = 4x – 2 sin x
Comparing the coefficients, we get,
a = 0, b = 4, – 2c = – 2, 2d = 0
i.e., a = 0, b = 4, c = 1, d=0
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 259

Therefore the required P.I. (using Eqn. (1)

From Eqn. (1) ⇒ P.I. = 4x + x cos x
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.
= C1 cos x + C2 sin x + 4x + x cos x.
9. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients
y″ + 3y′ + 2y = x2 + ex.
Solution. A.E. is
m2 – 3m + 2 = 0
i.e., (m – 1) (m – 2) = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 2
∴ C.F. = C1ex + C2e2x
φ(x) = x2 + ex
with reference to the form x2 we assume the P.I. in the form a + bx + cx2. Since 0 is not a root of
the A.E. and with reference to ex. We assume the P.I. to be d xex, since Eqn. (1) is a root of the A.E.
We assume for P.I. in the form
y p = a + bx + cx2 + d xex ...(1)
We have to find a, b, c and d such that
y″p – 3y′p+ 2yp = x2 + ex ...(2)
From Eqn. (1) y′p = b + 2cx + d (xex + ex)
y″p = 2c + d (xex + 2ex)
Now Eqn. (2) becomes,
(2c + dxex + 2dex) – 3 (b + 2cx + dxex + dex) + 2 (a + bx + cx2 + dxex) = x2 + ex
i.e., (2a – 3b + 2c) + (2b – 6c) x + 2cx2 – dex = x2 + ex
Comparing the coefficients, we get,
2a – 3b + 2c = 0, 2b – 6c = 0, 2c = 1, – d = 1
1 3 7
∴ d = – 1, c= , b= ,a=
2 2 4
7 3 1
Hence from Eqn. (1) yp = + x + x 2 – xe x
4 2 2

∴ P.I. = yp =
1
4
d
7 + 6x + 2 x 2 – 4 xe x i
∴ y = C.F. + P.I.
1
y = C1ex + C2e2x + (7 + 6x + 2x2 – 4xex).
4
10. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients
(D2 + 1) y = 4x cos x – 2 sin x.
Solution. A.E. is
m2 + 1 = 0
m = ±i
260 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

C.F. = C1cos x + C2 sin x

Note that both cos x and sin x are common in the C.F. and the R.H.S. of the given equation.
Now P.I. corresponding to 4x cos x is of the form
y 1 = x {(a + bx) cos x + (c + dx) sin x}
and P.I. corresponding to 2 sin x is
y 2 = x {e cos x + f sin x}
Hence, we take P.I. in the form
y p = y1 + y2
= (ax + xe + bx2) cos x + (cx + fx + dx2) sin x
= {(a + e) x + bx2} cos x + {(c + f ) x + dx2} sin x
P.I. must be of the form a + e = c1, b = c2
c + f = c3, d = c4
y p = (c1x + c2x2) cos x + (c3x + c4x2) sin x ...(1)
Differentiating, we get
y′p = (c1x + c2x2) (– sin x) + cos x (c1 + 2xc2) + (c3x + c4x2) cos x
+ sin x (c3 + 2xc4)
y″p = (c1x + c2x2)(– cos x) + (– sin x) (c1 + 2xc2) + cos x (2c2)
+ (c1 + 2xc2) (– sin x) + (c3x + c4x2) (– sin x)
+ (cos x) (c3 + 2xc4) + sin x (2c4) + (c3 + 2xc4) cos x
y″p = [(– 2c1 + 2c4) + (– 4c2 – c3) x – c4x2] sin x + [(2c2 + 2c3)
+ (4c4 – c1) x – c2x2] cos x
Substituting these values in the given equation and simplifying, we get
{(2c2 + 2c3) + 4c4x}cos x + {(– 2c1 + 2c4) – 4c2x} sin x
= 4x cos x – 2 sin x
Comparing the coefficients, we obtain,
2c2 + 2c3 = 0, 4c4 = 4, 2c1 + 2c4 = – 2, 4c2 = 0
Solving we get c 2 = 0, c4 = 1 and hence
c 3 = 0, c1 = 2
From Eqn. (1), the required P.I. is
y p = (2x + 0) cos x + (0x + x2) sin x = 2x cos x + x2 sin x
= 2x cos x + x2 sin x
∴ The general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
= C1 cos x + C2 sin x + 2x cos x + x2 sin x.
11. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients
(D3 + 3D2 + 2D)y = x2 + 4x + 8.
Solution. A.E. is
m3 + 3m2 + 2m = 0
i.e., m(m2 + 3m + 2) = 0
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 261

m(m + 1)(m + 2) = 0
Hence the roots are m = 0, – 1, – 2
∴ C.F. = C1 + C2e–x + C3e–2x
Since the constant term appears in both C.F. and the R.H.S. of the given equation we take P.I.
in the form,
y p = x (a0 + a1x + a2x2)
= a0x + a1x2 + a2x3 ...(1)
We have to find a0, a1, and a2 such that
y′″ 2
p + 3y″p + 2y′p = x + 4x + 8 ...(2)
From Eqn. (1) ⇒ 2
y′p = a0 + a1(2x) + 3x a2
y″p = 2a1 + 6a2x
y ′′′
p = 6a2
Eqn. (2) becomes,
6a2 + 3 (2a1 + 6a2x) + 2 (a0 + 2a1x + 3a2x2) = x2 + 4x + 8
i.e., 6a2x2 + (4a1 + 18a2) x + 2a0 + 6a1 + 6a2 = x2 + 4x + 8
Comparing the coefficients, we get
6a2 = 1, 4a1 + 18a2 = 4, 2a0 + 6a1 + 6a2 = 8
Solving these equations, we get
11 1 1
a0 = , a1 = , a2 =
4 4 6
Eqn. (1) becomes
FG 11 + 1 x + 1 x IJ
H4 4 6 K
2
yp = x

∴ The general solution is

y = C.F. + P.I.
−x 11 x 2 x3
= C1 + C2 e + C3e + x+ + .
–2 x
4 4 6
12. Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients;
(D3 + 2D2 – D –2) y = x2 + ex.
Solution. A.E. is
m3 + 2m2 – m – 2 = 0
i.e., (m + 2) (m – 1)(m + 1) = 0
So that m = ± 1, – 2
Hence C.F. is
C.F. = C1ex + C2e–x + C3e–2x
Note that ex is common in C.F. and the R.H.S. of the given equation.
Therefore P.I. is of the form
y p = a + bx + cx2 + dxex ...(1)
We have to find a, b, c and d such that
y ′′′+
p 2 y ′′p – y ′p − 2 y p = x2 + ex ...(2)
262 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

Eqn. (1), we get

y′p = b + 2cx + dxex + dex
y″p = 2c + dxex + dex + dex
= 2c + dxex + 2dex
y ′′′
p = dxex + dex + 2dex
= dxex + 3dex
Substituting these values is in the eqn. (2) we get
(– 2a – b + 4c) – 2 (b + c) x – 2cx2 + 6dex = x2 + ex
Comparing the coefficients, we get
– 2a – b + 4c = 0, – 2 (b + c) = 0,
– 2c = 1, 6d = 1
Solving these equations, we get,
−5 1 −1 1
a = ,b= ,c= ,d=
4 2 2 6
Using these values in Eqn. (1), we get required P.I.. is
5 1 1 1
yp = − + x − x2 + x ex
4 2 2 6
Therefore, y = C.F. + P.I.

= C1 x + C2 e − x + C3 e –2 x −
1
4
d 1
2 x 2 – 2 x + 5 + xe x.
6
i

EXERCISE 5.5
Solve the following equations by the method of undetermined coefficients:
LM Ans. y = C cos 3x + C sin 3x + 1 d9 x − 2iOP
N Q
2
1. y″ + 9y = x2. 1 2
81

LM Ans. y = C e + C e – 1 d2 x + 2 x + 1iOP
N Q
2x –2 x 2
2. y″ + 4y′ = x2 + x. 1
8
2

LM Ans. y = e bC cos x + C sin x g + 1 d5x + 6x + 35iOP

N Q
3x 2
3. y″ – 6y′+ 10y = x2. 1 2
50

4. y″ – 2y′ + y = x2 – 1. Ans. y = bC + C x g e + x + 4 x + 5
1 2
x 2

LM Ans. y = C cos 2 x + C sin 2 x + 1 e OP

N Q
–2 x
5. y″ + 4y = e–2x. 1 2
8

LM Ans. y = C e + C e – 1 e OP
N Q
3x –4x 2x
6. y″ + y′ – 12y = e2x. 1
6
2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–I 263

LM Ans. y = C e 1 –3 x OP
N + C2 e –2 x –
Q
–3 x
7. y″ + y′ – 6y = e–3x. 1 xe
5

8. y″ + 3y′ + 2y = e–2x. Ans. y = C1e – x + C2 e –2 x – xe –2 x

LM Ans. y = bC + C xge + 1 d2 x − 4 x + 3i + 1 e OP
N Q
–2 x 2 x
9. y″ + 4y′ + 4y = x2 + ex. 1 2
8 9

LM Ans. y = C e + C e + 1 b6x + 5g – xe OP
N Q
2x 3x 2x
10. y″ – 5y′ + 6y = x + e2x. 36
1 2

LM Ans. y = C cos x + C sin x + dx − 2 xi + 1 e OP

N Q
2 2x
11. y″ + y = x2 + e2x. 1 2
5

LM Ans. y = C cos5x + C sin 5x + 1 cos 2 x OP

12. y″ + 25y = cos 2x.
N 21
1
Q 2

LM Ans. y = bC + C xge – 1 b4 cos x – 3sin xgOP

N Q
–2 x
13. y″ + 4y′ + 4y = sin x. 1 2
25

LM Ans. y = C e + C e – 1 bcos 3x + 2 sin 3xgOP

N Q
x –3 x
14. y″ + 4y′ – 3y = sin 3x. 1 2
30

LM Ans. y = C cos 3x + C sin 3x – 1 x cos 3x OP

15. y″ + 9y = sin 3x.
N 6
1
Q 2

16. y″ – y = 10 sin2 x. Ans. y = C1e x + C2 e – x – 5 + cos 2 x

LM Ans. y = C e + C e – 1 b2 x + 1g – 1 bsin x − 3cos xgOP

N Q
x –2 x
17. y″ + y′ – 2y = x + cos x. 1 2
4 10

L
18. y″ – 2y′ – 3y = e + 5 cos 2x. M Ans. y = C e + C e – xe – b4 sin 2 x + 7 cos 2 x gP
1 1 O
N Q
–x –x 3x –x
1 2
4 5

LM Ans. y = C cos 2 x + C sin 2 x + 1 d2 x – 1i – 1 x cos 2 x OP

N Q
2 2
19. y″ + 4y = x + sin 2x. 1 2
8 4

20. y″ + 3y′ + 2y = x2 + cos x.

LM Ans. y = C e + C e 1
d 1
i b gOPQ
N + 2 x 2 – 6x + 7 + 3 sin x + cos x
–x –2 x
1 2
4 10

LM Ans. y = C e 1
b 1
g OP
N + C2 e –3 x + sin 2 x – 5 cos 2 x + xe 2 x
Q
2x 2x
21. y″ + y′ – 6y = cos 2x + e . 1
52 5
264 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

LM Ans. y = bC + C x ge OP −x 1 x
22. y″ + 2y′ + y = ex cos 2x.
N 1
Q 2 –
8
e cos 2 x

LM Ans. y = C cos x + C sin x + 1 bx − 1g e OP

N Q
2x
23. y″ + y = xe2x. 1
2
2

LM Ans. y = C + C e – 1 e sin xOP

N Q
2x x
24. y″ – 2y′ = ex sin x. 2
1 2

25. y″ – 2y′ + 3y = x3 + sin x.

LM Ans. y = e eC cos j 1
d 1
i b gOPQ
N 3x + C2 sin 3 x + 9 x 3 + 18 x 2 + 6 x – 8 + sin x + cos x
x
1
27 4

LM Ans. y = C e −2 x
b g 1 −x 1
d i OPQ
26. (D3 – 3D + 2) y = x2 + e–2x. N 1 + C2 + C3 x e x –
2
e + 2 x 2 + 6x + 9
4

27. (D3 + 2D2 – D – 2) y = ex + x2.

LM Ans. y = C e + C2 e − x + C3 e –2 x +
1 −x 1
d i OPQ
N e − 2x2 − 2x + 9
x
1
6 4

28. (D3 + 2D2 + 1) y = e2x + sin 2x.

LM Ans. = + O
MN y C bC g b g PP
2x
ex 1
+ C3 x e − x + + 3 cos 2 x − 4 sin 2 x
Q
1 2
18 50

29. (D3 – D2 – D + 1) y = x2 + 1.
b
Ans. y = C1 + C2 x e x + C3e − x g + d x + 2 x + 5i
2

30. (D3 – D2 + 3D + 5) y = ex cos 2x.

LM Ans. y = C e b g 1 x
b g OPQ
N + e x C2 cos 2 x + C3 sin 2 x + xe sin 2 x − cos 2 x
–x
1
16

LM Ans. y = C e + C e + C e – 1 b12 x + 13ge OP

N Q
x 2x 3x –x
31. (D3 – 6D2 + 11D – 6) y = 2xe–x. 1 2 3
144

LM Ans. y = C + C e + C e – 1 x d x + 6iOP
N Q
–x 2x 2
32. (D3 – D2 – 2D) y = x2 + x + 1. 1 2 3
6

5.7 SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Let us suppose that x and y are functions of an independent variable ‘t’ connected by a system of
d
first order equation with D =
dt